中石油職稱英語閱讀理解練習(xí)

1、第 第 頁(yè)中石油職稱英語閱讀理解練習(xí)An Introduction to Petrochemicals 石油化工產(chǎn)品概述1. The petroleum era was ushered in by the 1859 finding at Titusville, Pennsylvania, but the flourishing of chemicals from petroleum has been only since the early twentieth century. Natural gas and petroleum are in fact our chief sources of

2、 hydrocarbons. Natural gas is quite variable in composition, but the major constituent (60%) is methane. Other components are the homologous alkanes, ethane, propane, and higher hydrocarbons. In terms of volume, most of the natural gas produced is used for fuel, although a substantial amount is used

3、 as raw material for the synthesis of various types of chemicals. (composition n. 成分; constituent n. 成分; )1、1859賓西法尼亞洲Titusville地區(qū)鉆出油井，開創(chuàng)(usher in)了石油時(shí)代(the petroleum era)。但從石油中勝利地提取化學(xué)產(chǎn)品，那么直到20世紀(jì)早期(since the early twentieth)才開始。事實(shí)上，自然氣和石油是我們碳?xì)浠衔?hydrocarbons)的主要來源。自然氣在成分上不大穩(wěn)定(quite variable)，但主要成分(

4、60%)是甲烷(methane)，其他組分有同系烷、乙烷(ethane)、丙烷(propane)以及高分子碳?xì)浠衔?。從?shù)量看，盡管有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的自然氣用作(be used as)各種合成化合物的原料(raw material)，但所生產(chǎn)的大多數(shù)自然氣用作燃料。(自然氣用作合成化合物的原料和燃料。)2. The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids as sources of raw materials. It is likely that in e*ce

5、ss of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are derived from these sources.2、化學(xué)工業(yè)的原材料來源嚴(yán)峻依靠石油、自然氣和液態(tài)自然氣(natural gas liquids)。當(dāng)今所應(yīng)用的(employed today 分詞作定語)上千種不同的基本有機(jī)化學(xué)產(chǎn)品中很可能有超過90%的產(chǎn)品來自(be derived from 源自于)這些資源。3. The petrochemical industry has grown with th

6、e petroleum industry and is considered by some to be a mature industry. However, as is the case with the latest trends in changing crude oil types, it must also evolve to meet changing technological needs.3、石油化學(xué)工業(yè)是隨著石油工業(yè)進(jìn)展起來的，而且有人認(rèn)為(is considered by some)已是一個(gè)成熟的(mature)工業(yè)部門。然而，從原油類型改變的最新趨勢(shì)(the lates

7、t trends)來看，石油化學(xué)工業(yè)同樣需要進(jìn)一步進(jìn)展(evolve)以適應(yīng)(meet)技術(shù)進(jìn)展的需要。4. The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents is an e*cellent e*ample of the conversion of such materials to more valuable products. The individual chemicals made from petroleum and natural ga

8、s are numerous and include industrial chemicals, household chemicals, fertilizers, and paints, as well as intermediates for the manufacture of products, such as synthetic rubber and plastics. (product n. 產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)物)4、從石油和自然氣組分(constituents)中生產(chǎn)化學(xué)產(chǎn)品或化學(xué)中間產(chǎn)品極好地證明白(an e*cellent e*ample of)這些物質(zhì)能夠轉(zhuǎn)換成更有價(jià)值的產(chǎn)品。從石油

9、和自然氣提取的單個(gè)化學(xué)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量眾多(numerous);包括工業(yè)產(chǎn)品、家庭用品、化肥(fertilizers)、油漆、以及用于生產(chǎn)其他產(chǎn)品的(for the manufacture of products)中間產(chǎn)品，如合成橡膠和塑料。5. The processing of petroleum hydrocarbon to yield materials that are, essentially, the building blocks of other chemicals industries, is now very e*tensive.5、石油碳?xì)浠衔锿ㄟ^加工所生產(chǎn)的物質(zhì)，基本上是其

10、他化學(xué)工業(yè)的預(yù)制品(the building blocks)，這種加工目前范圍非常廣泛。6. Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, lu

11、bricating oils, wa*es, asphalts, and the like are e*cluded from the definition of petrochemicals, since they are not, in the true sense, chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mi*tures of hydrocarbons.6、石化產(chǎn)品一般指徑直或間接地從石油中提煉的化合物，這些化合物往往是石油煉制的各種過程中產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)品(by-products)。汽油、煤油、燃料油、潤(rùn)滑油、石蠟、瀝青以及諸如此類的產(chǎn)品(a

12、nd the like)不屬于石化產(chǎn)品。由于(since)，從嚴(yán)格意義上說(in the true sense)，它們不是化合物，而是烴類的均質(zhì)混合物(intimate mi*tures)。7. The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds, but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other source

13、s, and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification. (compound n. 復(fù)合物, 化合物)7、像石化產(chǎn)品這樣的物質(zhì)分類用來說明化合物的來源。但應(yīng)記住，很多我們所熟知的石化產(chǎn)品也可以通過其他途徑生產(chǎn)，因而這一名稱只是用來識(shí)別原料。8. The starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from crude petroleum in one of two general ways. They may be present

14、 in the virgin petroleum and as such, are isolated by physical methods, such as distillation or solvent e*traction. On the other hand, they may be present in trace amounts and are synthesized during the refining operations. In fact, unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are not usually present in virgin p

15、etroleum, are nearly always manufactured as intermediates during the various refining sequences. (synthesize vt. 綜合, 使合成; synthesis n. 化合成; synthetic adj. 合成的, 人造的; 合成物, 合成纖維)8、石化工業(yè)的初始原料大略通過一到兩種方法(in one of two general ways)從原油中提取(obtain from)。這些原料物質(zhì)或許本身(as such)就存在于原油當(dāng)中，因此通過物理方法加以分別，如蒸餾和溶取(solvent

16、e*traction)。同時(shí)，這些物質(zhì)也可能因含量低而在煉制作業(yè)中生成了合成物。事實(shí)上，原油中一般不存在非飽和烴，幾乎全部的非飽和烴都是在各種煉制過程中作為中間產(chǎn)品而產(chǎn)生的。9. The manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response of the various compound types to basic chemical reactions, such as o*idation, halogenation, nitration, dehydrogenation, addition, polym

17、erization, and alkylation. The low-molecular-weight paraffins and olefins, as found in natural gas and refinery gases, and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can readily be isolated and dealt with. A wide range of compou

18、nds is possible, many are being manufactured, and we are now progressing the stage in which a sizable group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum. For e*ample, the various reactions of petroleum heavy ends, in particular the asphaltenes, indicate that these materials

19、may be regarded as chemical entities and are able to participate in numerous chemical or physical conversions to, perhaps, more useful materials. The overall effect of these modifications is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes comparatively easily or the formatio

20、n of products bearing functional groups that may be employed as a nonfuel material. (fraction n. 餾份)9、從石油生產(chǎn)化學(xué)品的依據(jù)是(be based on)各種類型的化合物對(duì)各種基本的化學(xué)作用(the various compound types to basic chemical reactions)感應(yīng)快速(the ready response)，如氧化作用、鹵化作用、硝化作用、脫氫作用、添加作用、聚合作用和烷基化作用。迄今為止(so far)，人們最感愛好的是從自然氣和煉油氣中所得到的低分子

21、量(low-molecular-weight)石蠟和烯烴(olefins)，以及簡(jiǎn)約芳烴，由于這些物質(zhì)能夠進(jìn)行快速分別和處理(that can readily be isolated and dealt with)。大量化合物都有望得到，其中很多化合物正在生產(chǎn)。目前我們正在探究(progress)如何從石油的重質(zhì)餾分中(from the heavier fractions of petroleum)提煉數(shù)量可觀的產(chǎn)品(a sizable group of products)。比如，石油重質(zhì)尾部餾分，尤其是瀝青質(zhì)的各種反應(yīng)說明這些物質(zhì)可以看成化學(xué)本質(zhì)(chemical entities)，或許能

22、夠通過各種化學(xué)和物理反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)變成更有價(jià)值的產(chǎn)品。這些改變的總體效應(yīng)是，所生產(chǎn)的物質(zhì)，或者能夠相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單地(comparatively easily)提供高品質(zhì)芳焦，或者能夠形勝利能族產(chǎn)品，用作非燃料材料。10. For e*ample, the sulfonated and sulfomethlated materials and their derivatives have satisfactorily undergone tests as drilling mud thinners, and the results are comparable to those obtained with c

23、ommercial mud thinners. In addition, these compounds may also find use as emulsifiers for the in situ recovery of heavy oils. There are also indications that these materials and other similar derivatives of the asphaltenes, especially those containing such functions as carbo*ylic or hydro*yl, readil

24、y e*change cations and could well compete with synthetic zeolites. Other uses of the hydro*yl derivatives and / or the chloroasphaltenes include high-temperature packings or heat transfer media.10、比如，將磺化物質(zhì)、磺甲基化物質(zhì)及其衍生物作為鉆井泥漿稀料(as drilling mud thinners)進(jìn)行測(cè)試，效果令人滿足(satisfactorily)，其應(yīng)用效果可以同商業(yè)泥漿稀料相媲美(be

25、comparable to n.)。此外，這些化合物也可用作重油初采(for the in situ recovery of heavy oils)的乳化劑(emulsifiers)。另有跡象說明，這些物質(zhì)和瀝青質(zhì)的其它類似衍生物，尤其是具有(containing)諸如羧基和羥基功能的物質(zhì)，能夠快速地交換陽(yáng)離子(cations)，并且同沸石形成有力抗衡(compete with)。羥基和/或含氯瀝青的衍生物(derivatives)的其他用途包括用作高溫包裝材料和熱傳遞介質(zhì)。11. Reactions incorporating nitrogen and phosphorus into the

26、 asphaltenes are particularly significant at a time when the effects on the environment of many materials containing these elements are receiving considerable attention. Various measures have been and will be taken to release such effects.11、將氮?dú)夂土谆旌铣蔀r青的化學(xué)反應(yīng)尤為重要(significant)，由于含有這些元素的物質(zhì)對(duì)環(huán)境造成的影響正受到嚴(yán)峻(

27、considerable)關(guān)注。人們已經(jīng)且還要采用各種措施(measures)來減削這些影響。12. Nevertheless, the main objective in producing chemicals from petroleum is the formation of a variety of well-defined chemical compounds that are the basis of the petrochemical industry. It must be remembered, however, that ease of separation of a pa

28、rticular compound from petroleum does not guarantee its use as a petrochemical building block. Other parameters, particularly the economics of the reaction sequences, including the costs of the reactant equipment, must also be taken into consideration.12、不過(nevertheless)，從石油生產(chǎn)化學(xué)制品的主要目的在于，生產(chǎn)出大量具有明確界定

29、的化合物(a variety of well-defined chemical compounds)，以奠定石化工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)。但是需要清晰，假如某種化合物能夠簡(jiǎn)單地從石油中分別出來，并不說明(guarantee)它肯定就是石化產(chǎn)品的預(yù)制品。其它因素，尤其是生產(chǎn)這些化合物的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，包括反應(yīng)設(shè)備的成本，需要考慮在內(nèi)。練習(xí)試題1. The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is considered by some _ a mature industry.A to be B / C is D be2. T

30、he chemical industry _ very heavily _ petroleum.A depend, on B depends, on C depending, with D depending, as3. It is likely _ in e*cess of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are _ these sources.A which, derived from B which, derive fromC that, derive f

31、rom D that, derived from4. The _ of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds.A classify B classified C classification D classic5. For e*ample, the various reactions of petroleum heavy ends, in particular the asphaltenes, indicate that these materials

32、may be regarded _ chemical entities and are able to participate _ numerous chemical or physical conversions to, perhaps, more useful materials.A in, as B to, with C as, in D with, to6. The petroleum era was_ in by the 1859 finding at Titusville, Pennsylvania, but the flourishing of chemicals from pe

33、troleum has been only since the early twentieth century.A used B ushered C usher D push7.Natural gas is quite _ in composition, but the major constituent (60%) is methane.A viable B variable C variety D vary8. However, as is the case with the latest trends in changing crude oil types, it must also _

34、 to meet changing technological needs.A revolve B involve C evolve D solve9.The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents _an e*cellent e*ample of the _of such materials to more valuable products.A is, conversion B are, conversion C be, convert D was, conversation10.The processing of petroleum hydrocarbon to yield materials that _, essentially, the building blocks o