新編語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程教案課件

1、 By Ke Xianbing 2006年8月20日Lecture I: Introduction to LinguisticsLecture I: Introduction to LiTeaching Syllabus for General Linguistics:Section 1: Introduction: linguistics, language and major concepts in linguisticsSection2: The sounds of language Phonetics: the study of Speech sounds Phonology: the

2、 study of sound systems and patternsSection3: Morphology: the study of word structureSection4: Syntax: the analysis of sentence structureSection5: Semantics: the analysis of abstract meaningSection 6: Pragmatics: the analysis of specific meaning in general contextTeaching Syllabus for General Teachi

3、ng syllabus for Applied Linguistics: Section 7: Discourse Analysis (the analysis of the information structure in general contest)Section 8: Socio-linguistics (Language and society)Section9: Psycho-linguistics (Language and mind )Section 10: Cognitive Linguistics (Language and thought)Section 11: Lan

4、guage Acquisition (First and second language acquisition)Section 12: Applied Linguistics(Foreign language teaching and learning) Teaching syllabus for Applied1.1 Linguistics: 1.1.1 Definition of Linguistics: What is it?Discussion: Linguistics is “ rich mens game”? It is the game of everybody: We use

5、 language every day. We live in a world of words. Nobody can live in a world of silence. Hardly any moment passes without someone talking, writing, or reading. Language is most essential to mankind.However , linguistics is not very familiar to many people 1.1 Linguistics: 1.1.1 Defin1.1.1 Definition

6、 of Linguistics: What is it?Linguistics : the scientific or systematic study of language.The subject matter of linguistics is all natural languages, living or dead.Linguistics , a pilot science, tries to answer the basic questions:What is language? And How does language work? 1.1.1 Definition of Lin

7、guisti1.1.1 Definition of Linguistics: What is it?Linguistics studies the origin, growth, organization, nature and development of language and discovers the general rules and principles governing language.It employs scientific methods to observe, record and analyze all the phenomena related to langu

8、age.It tries to explain how language has become what it is and why it works the way it does.Linguistics has two main purposes. 1.1.1 Definition of Linguisti1.1.2 Linguistics vs. traditional grammarDiscussion: Linguistics is a new name for traditional grammar?Traditional grammar is usually based on e

9、arlier grammar of Latin or Greek and applied to some other languages, often inappropriately.Traditional grammar emphasizes correctness, linguistic purism, literary excellence, the use of Latin models and the priority of the written language. But Linguistics differs traditional grammar at least in th

10、ree ways.1.1.2 Linguistics vs. traditio1.1.3 Use of studying linguisticsLanguage is an interesting subject to study on its own right , for the simple reason that every body uses it every day.“We know very little about something we are so familiar with.”A lot of questions will arouse our interest in

11、language such as For a student of language: interest and importance.For a teacher of foreign languages: beneficial;For a researcher: displaying his abilities in three aspects.1.1.3 Use of studying linguist1.1.4 Scope of LinguisticsMicrolinguistics: phoneticsphonology morphologysyntax semantics pragm

12、atics;Macrolinguistics: sociolinguistics psycholinguisticsneurolinguistics cognitive linguistics stylistics discourse analysis computational linguistics applied linguistics1.1.4 Scope of LinguisticsMicr Linguistics may be defined as the systematic( or scientific) study of language.Linguistics tries

13、to answer the basic questions “What is language?” and “How does language work?” It probes into various aspects of these problems, such as “ What do all languages have in common?”, “What range of variation is found among languages?”, “Why do language change?”, “To what extent are social class differe

14、nces reflected in language?”, “How does a child learn to speak?” and so on . Linguistics may be defined A person who studies linguistics is usually referred to as a linguist. He does not need to be able to speak a large number of languages, though he must have a wide experience of different types of

15、 languages. He is usually a skilled, objective observer, who takes great interest in analysing and attempting to explain various linguistic phenomena. His task is basically to study and understand the general principles upon which all languages are built. A person who studies linguDescriptions of th

16、e scope of linguistics General linguistics covers a wide range of topics and its boundaries are difficult to define. A diagram in the shape of a wheel gives a rough impression of the range covered .Phonetics phonologymorphologysyntaxsemanticspragmaticssociolinguisticspsycholinguisticsCultural-lingui

17、sticsApplied linguisticsDescriptions of the scope of lThe scope of linguisticsIn the centre is phonetics, the study of human speech sounds. It is surrounded by phonology( sound patterning), then phonology is surrounded by morphology and syntax. Morphology here refers to the form of words and syntax

18、deals with their arrangements. It is these two branches that form the part of language which links together the sound pattern and the meaning. Semantics (meaning) is placed outside syntax, and next to the various disciplines which link linguistics with the external world.The scope of linguisticsIn t

19、heThe scope of linguistics Around the central core consisting of phonetics,phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics are the various branches of linguistics which are being rapidly developed at the present time: psycholinguistics (the relationship between language and psychology), sociolinguistics

20、 (the relationship between language and society), applied linguistics, etc. The scope of linguistics Ar1.4.1 Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received. the sounds of speech, the descripti

21、on and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. 語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音,包括言語(yǔ)的產(chǎn)生.也是研究言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音實(shí)際上是如何發(fā)出,傳播和接收的.它研究言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音,言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音的描寫(xiě)和分類,詞和相關(guān)的言語(yǔ)等.1.4.1 Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) Pho1.4.1 Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) Phonetics has three branches- articulatory phonetics(發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)), acoustic phonetics(聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)), and auditory phonetics

22、(聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)). Articulatory phonetics studies the human speech organs, and the way in which the speech sounds are produced. 發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)是語(yǔ)音學(xué)的一個(gè)分支,從發(fā)音的角度來(lái)研究語(yǔ)音學(xué),主要研究語(yǔ)音是如何由人的發(fā)音器官以什么方式怎樣發(fā)出的.1.4.1 Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) Phonet1.4.1 Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) Acoustic phonetics deals with the physical properties of the speech sounds; i

23、t studies the sound waves through the use of machines.聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)是從聲音本身的角度來(lái)研究語(yǔ)音學(xué),研究從說(shuō)話人傳到聽(tīng)話人那里的言語(yǔ)聲音的物理特征,主要依靠?jī)x器對(duì)音波作出定量和定性分析.聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)從音高(pitch),音強(qiáng)(intensity)音長(zhǎng)(duration)和音色(timber)四個(gè)方面來(lái)對(duì)言語(yǔ)聲學(xué)作出分析. 1.4.1 Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) Acous1.4.1 Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) Auditory phonetics is the study of the perception(感知能力)of sounds

24、by the human ear.聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)是從聽(tīng)者感受的角度來(lái)研究通過(guò)耳,聽(tīng)覺(jué)神經(jīng)和大腦傳遞的對(duì)言語(yǔ)聲音的知覺(jué)反應(yīng).1.4.1 Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué) ) Audito1.4.2 Phonology(音系學(xué)) Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. A pho

25、neme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.音系學(xué)是研究分配語(yǔ)音結(jié)構(gòu),分配規(guī)則,以及語(yǔ)音序列與音節(jié)形狀.音系學(xué)通過(guò)將音素視作起點(diǎn)來(lái)處理語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng).音素是標(biāo)明意義差異的最小語(yǔ)音單位. 1.4.2 Phonology(音系學(xué)) Phonol1.4.2 Phonology(音系學(xué)) Both phonetics and phonology are connected with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds.

26、 But they approach the subject from two different points of view. Phonetics provides the means for describing speech sounds; phonology studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.1.4.2 Phonology(音系學(xué)) Both p1.4.2 Phonology(音系學(xué)) Phonetics is the study of speech

27、 sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.語(yǔ)音學(xué)是研究人類聲音所能創(chuàng)造的言語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音,而音系學(xué)卻是研究組成語(yǔ)言與意義的語(yǔ)音集合.前者著重于無(wú)序,而后者則著重于有序. 1.4.2 Phonology(音系學(xué)) Phone1.4.

28、3 Morphology (形態(tài)學(xué),詞法學(xué)) Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning- morphemes and word-formation processes. Some words are formed b

29、y combining a number of distinct units of meaning. The most basic element of meaning is called morpheme(詞素).1.4.3 Morphology (形態(tài)學(xué),詞法學(xué)) 1.4.3 Morphology (形態(tài)學(xué),詞法學(xué)) The following list shows that in English a single word may consist of one or more morphemes. one morpheme rely two morphemes rely+able thr

30、ee morphemes rely+able+ity four morphemes un+rely+able+ity1.4.3 Morphology (形態(tài)學(xué),詞法學(xué)) T1.4.3 Morphology (形態(tài)學(xué),詞法學(xué)) In fact every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes. The above examples tell us while some morphemes like girl and rely can constitute words by themselves, others li

31、ke-ish and able are never words but always part of words. Thus un- is like -dis (dislike, disarm) and occurs only before other morphemes. Such morphemes are called prefixes. Other morphemes occur only as suffixes, i.e., only after other morphemes. Examples of such morphemes are or (actor), -er (read

32、er), and ful (careful), to mention a few.1.4.3 Morphology (形態(tài)學(xué),詞法學(xué)) In1.4.4 Syntax(句法學(xué)) Syntax is the study of how sentences are structured or in other words, it tried to state what words can be combined with others to form sentences and in what order. 句法是關(guān)于正確英語(yǔ)句子形成與理解的規(guī)則.句子的形式或結(jié)構(gòu)是受句法規(guī)則支配的.這些規(guī)則詳細(xì)解釋詞

33、序,句子結(jié)構(gòu),以及詞,詞類與其它句子成分之間的關(guān)系.1.4.4 Syntax(句法學(xué)) Syntax is1.4.5 Semantics(語(yǔ)義學(xué)) In linguistics, semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it. 語(yǔ)義學(xué)驗(yàn)應(yīng)意義在

34、語(yǔ)言中是如何編碼的.它不僅是關(guān)注詞義,涉及諸如詞匯項(xiàng)的詞義,而且還涉及詞匯層上下的語(yǔ)言層面,如詞素和句子的意義.1.4.5 Semantics(語(yǔ)義學(xué)) In li1.4.6 Pragmatics (語(yǔ)用學(xué)) Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. Pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured.語(yǔ)用學(xué)是研究語(yǔ)境中的意義.它處理特定情境中的特殊話語(yǔ),特別涉及

35、的是語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的諸多社會(huì)語(yǔ)境可能影響意義解釋的不同途徑.1.4.6 Pragmatics (語(yǔ)用學(xué)) Pr1.4.6 Pragmatics (語(yǔ)用學(xué)) 換言之,語(yǔ)用學(xué)涉及的是語(yǔ)言用于交際的方式,而非構(gòu)建的方式. 語(yǔ)用學(xué)將言語(yǔ)運(yùn)用主要看作受各種社會(huì)規(guī)約限定的社會(huì)行為.有如下主要概念, 所指,言外之意,效果和合作原則. 以會(huì)話為例,語(yǔ)言主要主要是通過(guò)言語(yǔ)模式進(jìn)行傳播,所以語(yǔ)用規(guī)則支配了一系列的會(huì)話交際,諸如序列構(gòu)造,錯(cuò)誤修補(bǔ),話語(yǔ)保持與話語(yǔ)結(jié)束,語(yǔ)題的建立與保持等.1.4.6 Pragmatics (語(yǔ)用學(xué)) 換言 The list of linguistics above should have

36、shown at least one thing: linguistics is not only something about grammar . It is certainly true that grammar is an important part of linguistics, but linguistics deals with many other things , too. Since linguistics has a very wide scope which overlaps with many other subjects and fields, it is bec

37、oming more and more interdisciplinary. The list of linguistics ab1.2 What is language?What do we mean by the word language? A. English is not my native language. B. I was hurt by his language. C. Many people think that black people speak bad language. D. He is using language of diplomacy. E. 心靈美,語(yǔ)言美

38、,行為美,環(huán)境美。 F. Professor Li studies language. G. I like Shakespeares language. H. Language is the crust of mind. I. You should use formal language in your report. J. Chinese is quite different from European languages.1.2 What is language?What do w1.2What is language?The reasonable categorization might

39、 be: A. English is not my native language.B.I was hurt by his language.C. Many people think that black people speak bad language.D. He is using language of diplomacy.E. 心靈美,語(yǔ)言美,行為美,環(huán)境美。F. Professor Li studies language.G.I like Shakespeares language.H. Language is the crust of mind.I. You should use

40、forma language in your report.J. Chinese is quite different from European languages.1.2What is language?The reason 1.2 What is language?Language is a set of rules.Language is a tool for human communication.Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and des

41、ires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.Language is a system of symbols designed for the purpose of human communication.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.2 What is language?LanThe characteristics of languageLanguage as system The key word in the de

42、finition is system. Language is systematic. Otherwise we would not be able to learn or use it consistently. Each language system contains two subsystems: a system of sound and a system of meaning. Language as arbitrary There is no natural relationship between the sound and what it means in a certain

43、 language. we cannot predicate exactly what specific features we will find in a particular language if we are not familiar with it. 3. Language as vocal By vocal we mean that the primary medium of all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing system might be. The characteristics

44、 of languagThe characteristics of language4. Language as symbol Language is just symbol for the thing it refers. Language is a symbolic system. 5. Language as human Language is human-specific, it is very different from animal communication systems. No system of animal communication makes use of the

45、design features of human language 6. Language as communication Language is used for communication. It allows people to say things to each other and express their communicative needs. The characteristics of languagThe Elements of LanguageThe Elements of LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal

46、 symbols used for human communication. Explanation for the words : Arbitrary: Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (bi in Chinese for instance) s

47、peaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language.Language is a system of arbitrExplanation for the words : symbolic and vocalThis also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. This is why some people say “A rose by any other name w

48、ould smell as sweet”. We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems.Explanation for the words : s1.2 Design features 1.2.1 Arbitrariness （任意性） As mentioned earlier ,by “l(fā)anguage is arbitrary”, we mean that there

49、 is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. There is no reason why we should use the sounds /dog/ to denote the animal “dog”, or /pig/ to refer to the animal ”pig”.由索緒爾最早論及任意性的這種特征被廣泛接受的意義是指語(yǔ)言符號(hào)形式與其意義之間不存在著任何自然關(guān)系。比如：我們無(wú)法解釋為什么book（書(shū)）被稱為/buk/, pen（筆）被稱為/pen/.1.2 Design features Exemplificat

50、ion:The Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet Juliet: Wherefore art thou ROMEO?Deny thy father and refuse thy name!This but thy name that is my enemy. Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. Whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. So ROMEO would, were he not ROMEO c

51、alld, Retain that dear perfection which he owes. Without that title. ROMEO, doff thy name, And for that name, which is no part of thee, Take all myself. (Montague-Romeo, Capulet- Juliet)Romeo: I take thee at thy word. Call me but love, and Ill be new baptizd, Henceforth I never will be Romeo.Monolog

52、ue by JulietExemplification:The Tragedy OExemplification:The Tragedy Of Romeo And JulietJuliet:哦！Romeo,你在哪里？否認(rèn)你的父親，放棄你的姓氏，記住你的姓氏是我的仇敵，你若不姓Montague,你依然還是你，Montague是什么？不是手，不是腳，不是臂，不是臉，也不是身體其他的任何部位。哦！換一個(gè)姓吧！姓算什么！我們所謂的玫瑰換個(gè)名字還是一樣的芳香！哦！Romeo,放棄你的姓氏吧！那姓氏不是你的一部分，為了彌補(bǔ)你的損失，去把我整個(gè)拿去吧！Romeo:我就照你的話去做，只要你把我稱作你的愛(ài)人！我

53、就會(huì)取個(gè)新的名字，以后我再不是Romeo. Exemplification:The Tragedy O However, language is not entirely arbitrary, there are cases where there are seems to be some association between sounds and meaning. There are certain words in every language which imitate natural sounds, suchas bang, crash, and roar in English, d

54、ingdang(叮當(dāng)），kacha （喀嚓），putong（撲通）in Chinese. They are called onomatopoeic words. They only make up a small percentage of the vocabulary in a language. However, language is not Questions for discussion 1.What does “l(fā)anguage” mean?2.Would you say that language is arbitrary?3.What would language be lik

55、e if it was not arbitrary?Questions for discussion 1.Wh1.2.2 Duality （二重性） Language is a system. This system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of mea

56、ning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.1.2.2 Duality （二重性） Langua1.2.2 Duality （二重性） The nature of this relationship constitutes a most interesting problem. For instance, we make dictionaries of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that langua

57、ge. For the number of words is relatively finite, but the number of sentences is absolutely infinite.1.2.2 Duality （二重性） The natu二重性：大致說(shuō)來(lái)，口語(yǔ)成分是那些本身并不傳達(dá)意義的語(yǔ)音。語(yǔ)音的唯一功能是相互合并，組成有意義的單位，是與主要單位（詞）相對(duì)而言的。這是因?yàn)榇我獑挝粵](méi)有意義，而主要單位卻有清楚、可識(shí)別的意義。 很多動(dòng)物以某種特殊的呼叫來(lái)進(jìn)行交際，呼叫具有相對(duì)應(yīng)的意義。換言之，主要單位是有意義的，卻不能進(jìn)一步地細(xì)分為成分。所以，我們說(shuō)動(dòng)物交際系統(tǒng)不具備人類語(yǔ)言

58、的結(jié)構(gòu)特征二重屬性。因此，動(dòng)物語(yǔ)言的交際能力受到了極大的限制。二重性：大致說(shuō)來(lái)，口語(yǔ)成分是那些本身并不傳達(dá)意義的語(yǔ)音。語(yǔ)音1.2.3Productivity（創(chuàng)造性） Language is productive in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never before been sent and understand novel message. 1.2.3Product

59、ivity（創(chuàng)造性） Langua1.2.3Productivity（創(chuàng)造性） 語(yǔ)言要比交通指示燈復(fù)雜得多，原因之一就是我們能用它來(lái)創(chuàng)造新意義。有許多的例子能用來(lái)表明詞有許多新的用法，可意指許多新事物，而且也能及時(shí)被過(guò)去從未碰到過(guò)該詞的人所理解。 例如：你好酷?。╟ool) 這事情辦得爽！陽(yáng)光男孩田亮！他這人特?fù)搁T(mén)！貝克汗姆帥呆了！1.2.3Productivity（創(chuàng)造性） 語(yǔ)言要比交1.2.3Productivity（創(chuàng)造性） 從另一個(gè)意義上講，語(yǔ)言是具有創(chuàng)造力的。語(yǔ)言具有創(chuàng)造出無(wú)窮無(wú)盡句子的潛在可能性。例如：我們可以寫(xiě)出一個(gè)諸如下面的無(wú)窮盡的句子： He bought a book wh

60、ich was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who1.2.3Productivity（創(chuàng)造性） 從另一個(gè)1.2.4 Displacement(移位) Language can be used to refer to things which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future or in far away places. 移位指人類語(yǔ)言能使其使用者用符號(hào)對(duì)物