新高考版英語(yǔ)高中總復(fù)習(xí)專題二十一《情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣（講解練）》教與學(xué)

1、專題二十一情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣高考英語(yǔ)課標(biāo)導(dǎo)航情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣 考點(diǎn)清單高考?？键c(diǎn)詳解一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和態(tài)度,具有一定的詞義,但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ), 它們要和行為動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞連用構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。(一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法1.can,could用法例句can表示現(xiàn)在一般的能力,could表示過(guò)去一般的能力,即不表示做與未做某事Mary can speak three languages.瑪麗能說(shuō)3門語(yǔ)言。Tom could sing English songs at the age of 6.湯姆6歲就能唱英文歌了。用法例句表示請(qǐng)求、允許。在一般疑問(wèn)句中could可代替can,但比ca

2、n語(yǔ)氣更委婉,答語(yǔ)要用canCan/Could you help me?Yes, I can.你能幫我嗎?可以。can表示具體事情發(fā)生的可能,常用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句,表示疑惑、驚訝或不相信等意思。can表示理論上的可能時(shí)可用于肯定句。could表示推測(cè)時(shí)比can可能性小,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句That cant be true.那不可能是真的。(具體事情發(fā)生的可能,表示不相信)Accidents can happen in this weather. 這種天氣可能會(huì)發(fā)生事故。(理論上的可能性)It could be weeks before we get a reply. 我們可能要等好幾

3、個(gè)星期才得到回復(fù)。用于固定句型中:cant.too/enough(無(wú)論也不為過(guò));cant help doing sth./cant help but do sth.忍不住做某事;cannot but do sth.不得不做某事I cant thank him too much.我怎么感謝他也不為過(guò)。I could not but admire her. 我不得不佩服她。續(xù)表2.may,might用法例句may表示請(qǐng)求或允許,意為:可以。might為may的過(guò)去式,常用于間接引語(yǔ)You may leave the book where it was.你可以把書放在原來(lái)的位置。She said

4、I might call her at the weekend. (間接引語(yǔ)) 她說(shuō)我可以周末給她打電話。may,might 表示推測(cè),用于肯定句,意為“可能”,may not意為“可能不”, 如表達(dá)“不可能”則用cantThis coat may be Peters.這件大衣可能是彼得的。 This coat may not be Peters.這件大衣可能不是彼得的。may表示祝愿May you succeed!祝你成功!用于固定句型中:may/might as well do不妨,還是做為好;may/might well+ do (=be very likely to do)很可能So

5、you might as well do what you love. 所以你不妨做你喜歡做的事情。Her appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize her.她的模樣變化如此大,你很有可能認(rèn)不出她了。3.must用法例句表示必要性,意為:必須,其否定回答為neednt/dont have toMust I give up smoking? 我必須戒煙嗎?Yes, you must.是的,你必須。/No, you neednt/dont have to.不,你不必。mustnt表示:禁止,為may作“可以”講

6、時(shí)的否定式Y(jié)ou mustnt smoke here.你不可以在這里吸煙。表堅(jiān)持,意為:偏要,非要Must you make so much noise?你就非得弄出這么大聲嗎?表推斷,用于肯定句,意為:一定,準(zhǔn)是You must be tired after your long walk. 你走了那么長(zhǎng)的路,一定累了。用法例句征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn),與第一、三人稱的一般疑問(wèn)句連用Shall I/he go to see you? 我/他去看你,好嗎?與第二、三人稱的陳述句連用,表示說(shuō)話者的意志,用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話者給對(duì)方的命令、 指示、允諾。此種用法還可用來(lái)宣布法律、規(guī)定You shall have a n

7、ew dress for your birthday. 你過(guò)生日一定會(huì)有件新連衣裙。Each competitor shall wear a number. 每個(gè)參賽者要戴一個(gè)號(hào)碼。(宣布規(guī)定)4.shall5.should用法例句=ought to,意為:應(yīng)該。可表示義務(wù)上的“應(yīng)該”,也可表示推測(cè)上的“按說(shuō)應(yīng)該”You should/ought to be listening.你應(yīng)該聽(tīng)才對(duì)。(義務(wù)上的“應(yīng)該”) He should/ought to arrive by now. 現(xiàn)在他按說(shuō)應(yīng)該到了。(推測(cè)上的“按說(shuō)應(yīng)該”) 竟然Its strange that he should be la

8、te.真奇怪,他竟然會(huì)遲到。用于條件從句中。意為:萬(wàn)一If I should be free tomorrow,Ill come. 萬(wàn)一明天有空,我就來(lái)。與表示命令、建議、請(qǐng)求、要求的動(dòng)詞或名詞連用用于表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的if從句中用法例句用于各種人稱,表示主語(yǔ)的意愿和意志He will/would take you home.他愿意送你回家。與第二人稱的一般疑問(wèn)句連用,表示請(qǐng)求、建議Will/Would you go with me?你愿意和我一起去嗎?will用來(lái)敘述目前的習(xí)慣;would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣He would get up early when he lived in the c

9、oun-try.他住在鄉(xiāng)下時(shí)總是早起。6.will,would7.need,dare分類用法例句實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有人稱和數(shù)的變化,可用于肯定句、否定句或疑問(wèn)句中,構(gòu)成否定句或疑問(wèn)句時(shí)要用助動(dòng)詞do、does、didHe neednt do it.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)He doesnt need to do it.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)Dare you jump off the high wall?(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)Do you dare(to) jump off the high wall?(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)He dared not do it.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)He didnt dare(to)do it.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)Try it i

10、f you dare come here. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化(dare可以有過(guò)去式dared),直接接動(dòng)詞原形,主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中,構(gòu)成否定句和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)不用助動(dòng)詞另外,dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),還可用于條件句中;作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),dare用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句,后面的to也可省略;I dare say是習(xí)慣說(shuō)法,意為“我想,大概”(二)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done用法例句must have done想必/準(zhǔn)是/一定做了否定式為:cant/couldnt+have doneIt must have rained last night,for

11、the road is quite muddy.昨晚一定下雨了,因?yàn)槁泛苣酀?。can/could have done本來(lái)能夠做過(guò)去可能會(huì)做Can he have gone to his aunts?他有可能去他姨媽家了嗎?cannot/could nothave done過(guò)去不可能做過(guò)去沒(méi)能夠做He cannot have forgotten it.他不可能忘了那件事。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done用法例句may/might have done也許/或許已經(jīng)做了,一般只用于肯定句或否定句中(在否定句中表示“可能不”),不用于疑問(wèn)句,用might則表示語(yǔ)氣更加弱Its too late.I thi

12、nk he may have gone to bed.太晚了,我想他或許已經(jīng)睡了。He may not have finished the work.他也許還沒(méi)完成那項(xiàng)工作。should/ought tohave done本該做而實(shí)際上未做You ought to have done this ex-ercise more carefully.你本應(yīng)該更仔細(xì)地做這個(gè)練習(xí)。續(xù)表情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done用法例句should not/ought notto have done本不該做而做了You shouldnt have told her the truth.你本不該告訴她真相。neednt

13、have done本不必做而做了You neednt have taken a taxi here,for it is very near to your house.你本來(lái)不必打車來(lái)這里的,因?yàn)檫@里離你家很近。had better have done當(dāng)時(shí)最好做了(其否定式had bet-ter not have done表達(dá)相反的含義)You had better not have scolded her.要是那時(shí)你沒(méi)責(zé)罵她就好了。續(xù)表情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done用法例句would rather have done寧愿當(dāng)時(shí)做了(其否定式would rather not have done表達(dá)

14、相反含義,兩者都表示“后悔”之意)I raised objections at the meeting,but now I would rather not have done that.我在會(huì)上提出了反對(duì)意見(jiàn),但現(xiàn)在我寧愿沒(méi)那么做。would like/love tohave done過(guò)去愿意做但未做成I would love to have gone to the party last night,but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.昨晚我本來(lái)很想去參加聚會(huì)的,但我得加班完成一個(gè)報(bào)告。續(xù)表二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于非真實(shí)條件句

15、中 從句謂語(yǔ)形式主句謂語(yǔ)形式例句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were)would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形If I were you, I would seize the chance.如果我是你,我就會(huì)抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+過(guò)去分詞would/should/could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed.如果你聽(tīng)了我的建議,你就不會(huì)失敗。與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反過(guò)去式should+動(dòng)詞原形were to+動(dòng)詞原形would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞

16、原形If he shouldnt come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting.如果他明天不來(lái),我們就推遲這個(gè)會(huì)議。2.用于“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣(1)用于賓語(yǔ)從句中以下動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句常常使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即謂語(yǔ)為“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”。The teacher recommended that everyone (should)take an active part in the English party.老師建議每一個(gè)人都應(yīng)積極參加英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)。易錯(cuò)提示suggest作“暗示”講,insist作“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”講,由于后面賓語(yǔ)從句

17、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不再后于suggest和insist發(fā)生,故賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不再使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式(should+動(dòng)詞原形),而使用陳述語(yǔ)氣。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他臉上的微笑暗示著他對(duì)我們的工作很滿意。The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.那個(gè)人堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他沒(méi)有偷錢。(2)用于主語(yǔ)從句中It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strang

18、e/natural/a pity/essential+that從句,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可以省略。It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off till next week.人們建議將會(huì)議推遲到下周。It is strange that he (should)have treated his parents like that.(從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生時(shí),要用“should have+過(guò)去分詞”,should可以省略)真奇怪,他竟然那樣對(duì)他父母。(3)用于表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中在

19、suggestion、proposal、order、idea、request、advice等名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其構(gòu)成是“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可以省略。We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should)go to Dalian for sightseeing. 我們都同意他讓我們?nèi)ゴ筮B觀光的建議。條件從句謂語(yǔ)形式例句從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were)If only/How I wish I were a flying bird!我多希望我是一只會(huì)飛的鳥(niǎo)兒啊!He looks as

20、 if he were an artist.他看上去好像是名藝術(shù)家。從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞先于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生had+過(guò)去分詞If only I had seen the film!=How I wish I had seen the film!我要是看過(guò)那部電影該多好啊!She speaks English so fluently as if she had stayed in America for a long time.她說(shuō)英語(yǔ)如此流利,好像她在美國(guó)待過(guò)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間似的。 從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生would+動(dòng)詞原形He learns English so hard as if he wou

21、ld go to the U.S.A.他如此努力學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),好像他要去美國(guó)。課標(biāo)必備點(diǎn)梳理一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在wish、as if、if only (=how I wish)后的從句中二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在“would rather+that從句”中條件從句謂語(yǔ)形式例句對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的虛擬過(guò)去式(be用were)Id rather they didnt hear of the news.我寧愿他們沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息。對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬had+過(guò)去分詞Id rather I had not told him the bad news.我寧愿沒(méi)有告訴過(guò)他那個(gè)壞消息。that從句謂語(yǔ)形式例句過(guò)去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形,且

22、should不能省略It is(high)time that you went/should go to school.你(們)該去上學(xué)了。三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在“It is (high) time+that從句” 中四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于含蓄條件句中有時(shí)為了表達(dá)的需要,在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)if引導(dǎo)的條件從句,而是通過(guò)其他手段來(lái)代替條件從句。Without your help,we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.=But for your help,.=If it had not been for your help,.=Had it not

23、been for your help,.沒(méi)有你的幫助,我們不可能提前完成這項(xiàng)工作。I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副詞)我那天病了。否則,我就參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)了。He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would have known nothing about it.(連詞)他打電話通知了我你的生日,否則,我對(duì)此一點(diǎn)都不知道。I would write to her,but I dont know her addres

24、s.(連詞)我要給她寫信來(lái)著,可是不知道她的地址。A few hours earlier(=If you had come a few hours earlier),you would have been able to meet the famous writer.要是你早來(lái)幾個(gè)小時(shí),你就能見(jiàn)到那位著名的作家了。五、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于目的狀語(yǔ)從句中在in case、for fear that、in order that、so that等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中,動(dòng)詞用“could/should/might/would+動(dòng)詞原形”,表示虛擬。 They left early for fear that

25、they would meet him. 他們動(dòng)身很早,以免和他碰面。But I gave you a map so that you wouldnt get lost!但我怕你迷路,給過(guò)你一張地圖!易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)突破幾組易混情態(tài)(助)動(dòng)詞1.would,used to 用法例句would表示過(guò)去反復(fù)的動(dòng)作,常與every day、often、frequently等連用When he was abroad, he would often read as many books as pos-sible.在國(guó)外時(shí),他總是盡可能多地讀書。used to表示過(guò)去的狀態(tài)、習(xí)慣,但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不存在She doesnt get up so early as she used to.她不像以前那樣起得那么早了。 用法例句could表示過(guò)去的能力,但不表示是否做He could ride a bicycle at the age of 5.五歲時(shí)他就會(huì)騎自行車了。was able to表示過(guò)去有能力并且成功地做了,相當(dāng)于managed to do sth.The fire spread very quickly but everyone