新高考版英語(yǔ)高中總復(fù)習(xí)專(zhuān)題二十三《構(gòu)詞法（講解練）》教與學(xué)

1、專(zhuān)題二十三構(gòu)詞法高考英語(yǔ)課標(biāo)導(dǎo)航構(gòu)詞法 考點(diǎn)清單構(gòu)詞法包括派生法、合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、縮寫(xiě)和簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě),其中派生法是高考的重點(diǎn)。高考?？键c(diǎn)詳解派生法即由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞。添加前綴往往改變?cè)~義,添加后綴往往改變?cè)~性。常用后綴例詞-ageshortshortage不足;短缺-cyefficientefficiency效率;功效fluentfluency流利;流暢accurateaccuracy準(zhǔn)確性privateprivacy隱私;私密-domfreefreedom自由;自主wisewisdom明智;智慧-encedifferentdifference 差異silentsilence沉默一

2、、形容詞變名詞的常用后綴常用后綴例詞-nessweakweakness虛弱;弱點(diǎn)kindkindness仁慈;好意carelesscarelessness粗心大意-thstrongstrength力氣;優(yōu)點(diǎn)warmwarmth溫暖;熱情-y-ty-ityhonesthonesty誠(chéng)實(shí)difficultdifficulty困難cruelcruelty殘酷;殘暴safesafety安全disabledisability傷殘responsibleresponsibility責(zé)任續(xù)表二、動(dòng)詞變名詞的常用后綴常用后綴例詞-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrectcorrection改正

3、celebratecelebration慶祝;慶祝會(huì)concludeconclusion結(jié)論;結(jié)束discussdiscussion討論decidedecision決定admitadmission接納;準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)attractattraction吸引inviteinvitation邀請(qǐng)explainexplanation解釋graduategraduation畢業(yè)expectexpectation期望常用后綴例詞-er/-ordrivedriver司機(jī);駕駛員gathergatherer收集者;采集者conductconductor指揮;售票員teachteacher老師announceanno

4、uncer播音員-mentpunishpunishment懲罰achieveachievement成績(jī);成就argueargument辯論;論據(jù)treattreatment對(duì)待;治療equipequipment裝備;設(shè)備governgovernment政府續(xù)表常用后綴例詞-ance/-enceappearappearance出現(xiàn);外貌guideguidance指引;指導(dǎo)performperformance表演;演出existexistence存在;生活preferpreference偏愛(ài)referreference參考;查閱-inghearhearing聽(tīng)力;聽(tīng)覺(jué)beginbeginning開(kāi)

5、始-ure/-turefailfailure失敗presspressure壓力mixmixture混合;混合物departdeparture離開(kāi);出發(fā)續(xù)表常用后綴例詞-yrecoverrecovery恢復(fù);痊愈discoverdiscovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choosechoice選擇varyvariety多樣化;種類(lèi)tendtendency趨向;趨勢(shì)續(xù)表三、動(dòng)詞變形容詞的常用后綴四、名詞變形容詞的常用后綴常用后綴例詞-ing,-ed,-able,-ful,-less,-iveamazed,confusing,reliable,enjoyable,forgetful,care-ful, carele

6、ss, attractive常用后綴例詞-able,-ful,-ous,-al,-y,-ivevaluable, comfortable, successful, dangerous, medical, lucky, expensive常用前綴和后綴例詞en-, -en, -izeenforce, threaten, strengthen, heighten, symbolize五、名詞變動(dòng)詞的常用前綴和后綴課標(biāo)必備點(diǎn)梳理一、合成法合成法是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞按一定的規(guī)則合成一個(gè)新詞的方法。 構(gòu)成方式典例數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞two-hour 兩小時(shí)的,one-child 獨(dú)生子女的數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容

7、詞a two-meter-long ruler一把兩米長(zhǎng)的尺子,a ten-year-old boy 一個(gè)10歲的男孩數(shù)詞+名詞+-edfour-footed四只腳的,three-legged 三條腿的形容詞+名詞full-time全日的,high-class高級(jí)的形容詞/副詞+形容詞dark-blue深藍(lán)的,light-green淺綠的形容詞+名詞+-edkind-hearted好心腸的,cold-blooded冷血的1.合成形容詞構(gòu)成方式典例形容詞/副詞+動(dòng)詞-inghard-working勤奮的,good-looking長(zhǎng)相好看的形容詞/副詞+動(dòng)詞-edready-made現(xiàn)成的,wel

8、l-developed發(fā)育良好的名詞+形容詞worldwide世界各地的, ice-cold冰冷的名詞+動(dòng)詞-ingpeace-loving愛(ài)好和平的,man-eating吃人的名詞+動(dòng)詞-edhandmade手工制作的,man-made人造的續(xù)表2.合成名詞構(gòu)成方式典例名詞+名詞power plant發(fā)電廠,chairman主席,postman郵遞員形容詞+名詞blackboard黑板,high chair高腳椅,supermarket超市動(dòng)名詞+名詞swimming pool游泳池,sewing machine縫紉機(jī)動(dòng)詞+副詞take-off起飛,cut-off截止點(diǎn),breakdown故

9、障類(lèi)別典例合成動(dòng)詞safeguard保衛(wèi),underline強(qiáng)調(diào),sleepwalk夢(mèng)游合成代詞everybody每人,everything每件事,anyone任何人 合成副詞sometimes有時(shí),outdoors在戶外,meanwhile同時(shí)合成介詞throughout遍及,inside在里面,within在之內(nèi)3.其他形式的合成詞二、轉(zhuǎn)化法轉(zhuǎn)化法指的是單詞在詞形不變的情況下,由一種詞性直接轉(zhuǎn)化為另外一種詞性的方法。轉(zhuǎn)化方式例詞名詞動(dòng)詞milk(n.牛奶;v.擠奶),name(n.名字;v.命名),water(n.水;v.澆水)名詞形容詞quiet(n.安靜;adj.安靜的),total(

10、n.總數(shù);adj.全部的),light(n.光;adj.輕的)形容詞動(dòng)詞dirty(adj.臟的;v.弄臟),free(adj.自由的;v.釋放),slow(adj.慢的;v.放慢)形容詞副詞hard(adj.困難的;adv.努力地),high(adj.高的;adv.高),deep(adj.深的;adv.深深地)三、縮寫(xiě)和簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)縮寫(xiě)和簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)指的是通過(guò)縮寫(xiě)或簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)的形式來(lái)構(gòu)成單詞的方法。這一方法通常被稱為縮略法;另外,通過(guò)這一方法所構(gòu)成的單詞的特點(diǎn)是讀音和拼寫(xiě)發(fā)生了變化,但是詞義和詞性均保持不變?？s略方式例詞截掉開(kāi)頭omnibusbus公共汽車(chē),telephonephone電話,bicyclecycle自行車(chē)刪掉結(jié)尾kilogramkilo千克,laboratorylab實(shí)驗(yàn)室,math-ematicsmath數(shù)學(xué) 截頭去尾inf