社會(huì)調(diào)查與研究方法復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、社會(huì)檢查與研究方法復(fù)習(xí)資料社會(huì)檢查與研究方法復(fù)習(xí)資料社會(huì)檢查與研究方法復(fù)習(xí)資料社會(huì)檢查與研究方法復(fù)習(xí)資料名詞解說(shuō)Systematicsampling(系統(tǒng)抽樣):Insystematicsampling,everykthelementinthetotallistischosen(systematically)forinclusion.(系統(tǒng)抽樣是系統(tǒng)地選擇完好名單中的每第k個(gè)因素構(gòu)成樣本.)Induction(概括):Inductivereasoning,orinduction,movesfromtheparticulartothegeneral,fromasetofspecificobser

2、vationstothediscoveryofapatternthatrepresentssomedegreeoforderamongallthegivenevents.(概括推理,或許說(shuō)概括,是從個(gè)別出發(fā)以達(dá)到一般性,從一系列特定的察看中,發(fā)現(xiàn)一種模式,在必定程度上代表全部給定事件的次序.)Theecologicalfallacy(區(qū)位錯(cuò)誤):Theecologicalfallacyistheassumptionthatsomethinglearnedaboutanecologicalunitsayssomethingabouttheindividualsmakingupthatunit.(

3、區(qū)位錯(cuò)誤是假設(shè)以區(qū)位為單位獲取的結(jié)果也能夠在區(qū)位個(gè)體中獲取證明.)Dimension(維度):Thetechnicaltermforsuchgroupingsisdimension:aspecifiableaspectofaconcept.(分類(lèi)的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)就是維度:觀點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)方面或?qū)用?)5.Macrotheoryandmicrotheory(宏觀理論和微觀理論):macrotheory:Atheoryaimedatunderstandingthe“bigpicture”ofinstitutions,wholesocieties,andtheinteractionsamongsocieties

4、.KarlMarxsexaminationoftheclassstruggleisanexampleofmacrotheory.microtheory:Atheoryaimedatunderstandingsociallifeattheintimatelevelofindividualsandtheirinteractions.Examininghowtheplaybehaviourofgirldiffersformthatofboyswouldbeanexampleofmicrotheory.Deduction(演繹推理):Thissecondmodeofinquiry,knownasded

5、uctivereasoningordeduction,movesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itmovesfrom(1)apatternthatmightbelogicallyortheoreticallyexpectedto(2)observationsthattestwhethertheexpectedpatternactuallyoccurs.(這是第二種研究方式,就是演繹推理,或許演繹.演繹推理是從一般到個(gè)別,從邏輯或理論上預(yù)期的模式到察看查驗(yàn)預(yù)期的模式能否的確存在.)Reductionism(簡(jiǎn)化論):Reductionisminvolvesattempt

6、stoexplainaparticularphenomenonintermsoflimitedand/orlowerorderconcepts.(簡(jiǎn)化論是用一組特其他,狹小的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看待和解說(shuō)全部事物.)Ordinalmeasure(定序丈量):Variablewithattributeswecanlogicallyrank-orderareordinalmeasures.(依據(jù)變量的屬性進(jìn)行邏輯擺列就是定序丈量.)Close-endedquestions(關(guān)閉式問(wèn)題):Surveyquestionsinwhichtherespondentisaskedtoselectandanswerfrom

7、amongalistprovidedbytheresearcher.(*檢查中，受訪(fǎng)者被要求選擇和回答經(jīng)由研究者供給的清單問(wèn)題.)10.Nominaldefinition(名詞性定義):Anominaldefinitionisonethatissimplyassignedtoatermwithoutanyclaimthatthedefinitionrepresentsa“real”entity.(*名詞性定義是一個(gè)根本沒(méi)有任何宣稱(chēng)分派的定義是一個(gè)“真實(shí)的”實(shí)體的一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ).)Indicator(指標(biāo)):Anindicatorisasignofthepresenceorabsenceoftheco

8、nceptswerestudying.(指標(biāo)就是我們正在研究的觀點(diǎn)能否存在的一個(gè)標(biāo)志.)Ratiomeasures(定比丈量):Alevelofmeasurementdescribingavariablewithattributesthathaveallthequalitiesofnominal,ordinal,andintervalmeasuresandinadditionarebasedona“truezero”point.Ageisanexampleofaratiomeasure.Intervalmeasures(定距丈量):Alevelofmeasurementdescribingav

9、ariablewhoseattributesarerank-orderedandhaveequaldistancesbetweenadjacentattributes.(*一個(gè)描繪一個(gè)變量，其屬性等級(jí)排序，并在相鄰的屬性同樣的距離丈量的水平.)14.Reliability(信度):Intheabstract，reliabilityisamatterofwhetheraparticulartechnique，appliedrepeatedlytothesameobject，yieldsthesameresulteachtime.(信度是指派用同樣研究技術(shù)重復(fù)丈量同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)獲取同樣研究結(jié)果的可能

10、性。)15.Samplingframe（抽樣框）：Asamplingframeisthelistorquasilistofelementsfromwhichaprobabilitysampleisselected.(抽樣框是整體因素的列表或準(zhǔn)列表.)16.Open-endedquestions(開(kāi)放式問(wèn)題):Questionsforwhichtherespondentisaskedtoprovidehisorherownanswer.(*關(guān)于被申請(qǐng)人被要求供給他或她自己的回答下列問(wèn)題.)17.Paradigms(范式):Thefundamentalmodelorframeofreference

11、weusetoorganizeourobservationsandreasoning.(*最根本的模型或參照系，我們來(lái)組織我們的察看和推理.)Structuralfunctionalism(構(gòu)造功能主義):Structuralfunctionalismisabroadperspectiveinsociologyandanthropologywhichsetsouttointerpretsocietyasastructurewithinterrelatedparts.簡(jiǎn)答Errorininquiryandsomesolution.InaccurateObservations.(不切實(shí)的察看)-S

12、implymakingobservationmoredeliberatehelpsreduceerror.Overgeneralization.(過(guò)分概化)-Anothersafeguardisprovidedbythereplicationofinquiry.SelectiveObservation.(選擇性察看)-IllogicalReasoning.(非邏輯推理)-UsingsystemsoflogicconsciouslyandexplicitlyTheoryfunctionsthreewaysinresearch.Helpingtoavoidflukes;Makingsenseofo

13、bservedpatterns,andshapinganddirectinginresearchefforts.Whatlevelofmeasurement-nominal，ordinal，internal，orratio-describeseachofthefollowingvariables.a.Race(white,AfricanAmerican,Asian,andsoon);b.Orderoffinishinarace(first,second,third,andsoon);c.Numberofchildreninfamilies;d.Populationsofnations;e.At

14、titudestowardsnuclearenergy(stronglyapprove,approve,disapprove,stronglydisapprove);f.Regionofbirth(Northeast,Midwest,andsoon);g.Politicalorientation(veryliberal,somewhatliberal,somewhatconservative,veryconservative)（注：答案不確立）anominalmeasure（定類(lèi)丈量）ordinalmeasure（定序丈量）ratiomeasure（定比丈量）intervalmeasure（定

15、距丈量）ordinalmeasure（定序丈量）nominalmeasure（定類(lèi)丈量）ordinalmeasure（定序丈量）Threepurposeofresearch.Socialresearchcanservemanypurposes.Threeofthemostcommonandusefulpurposesareexploration,description,andexplanation.(社會(huì)研究要知足很多目的.三個(gè)基本目的是:探究,描繪和解說(shuō).)Therearethreemaincriteriafornomotheticcausalrelationshipsinsocialres

16、earch.Thevariablesmustbecorrelated,thecausetakeplacebeforetheeffect.thevariablesarenonspurious.(社會(huì)研究中的公則式因果關(guān)系,有三個(gè)主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn):變量之間一定有關(guān),原由一定先于結(jié)果發(fā)生,不是假有關(guān).)Herearesomeexampleofrealresearchtopics，foreachexample（答案不確立）Reviewthelogicofsupriousness，canyouthinkupanexamplewhereanobserved.relationshipbetweentwovariab

17、lescouldactuallybeexplainedawaybyathirdvariable？AgeShoesmathskillTheunderlyingvariableofagecausesbothbiggershoesizeandgreatermathskill,thusexplainingtheobservedcorrelation.Whatclosed-endedquestionscouldyouconstructfromeachofthefollowingopen-endedquestions?（注明：答案不確立）題目在書(shū)P282左欄第1題題目的意思是要把關(guān)閉式的問(wèn)題改成開(kāi)放式的問(wèn)

18、題，你加一些選項(xiàng)就能夠了，能夠改一改這個(gè)我就不幫你加了圖表剖析b這題的題目1.依據(jù)表所供給的信息，填空并說(shuō)明variable與attributesVariableAttributesAgeYoung，middleage，oldGenderMale，femaleOccupationLawyer，doctor，teacherRace/EnthicityAfricanAmerican，AsianSocialclassUpper，middle，lower的有關(guān)關(guān)系。Variablesandattributes.Insocialresearchandtheory,bothvariablesandattributesrepresentsocialconcepts.Variablesaresetofrelatedattributes.2.依據(jù)表所供給的信息，說(shuō)明信度與效度的關(guān)系。Reliabilitylookslikea“tightpattern,”regardlessofw