跨文化交際實(shí)訓(xùn)全套課件

1、跨文化交際實(shí)訓(xùn)全套課件跨文化交際實(shí)訓(xùn)全套課件 Chapter 1 Culture, Communication & Intercultural CommunicationLearning ObjectivesIn this chapter, you should be able todefine culture, communication and intercultural communicationdescribe the characteristics of culture, elements and types of Communicationunderstand the import

2、ance of intercultural communication and intercultural business communication Chapter 1 What are the major differences between Chinese and western culture?Use some examples to explain intercultural communication. Warm-upWhat are the major differencesI. Culture 文化 Definitions of Culture文化的定義according

3、to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. from anthropologic perspective, culture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people.” culture is really difficult to define be

4、cause it is a large and inclusive concept. But the only requirement for being cultured is to be human. Culture is what distinguishes human beings from animals. I. Culture 文化 Definitions of CI. Culture 文化 Metaphors in Culture 文化中的隱喻The Culture Iceberg 文化冰山The Culture Onion 文化洋蔥 I. Culture 文化 Metaphor

5、s in CulI. Culture 文化 Characteristics of Culture 文化的特點(diǎn)Culture is shared Culture is learned Culture is based on symbols Culture is dynamic I. Culture 文化 Characteristics Key TermsGuatemalan weaving 危地馬拉的編織 危地馬拉是古代瑪雅文化中心之一。1523年淪為西班牙的殖民地，1821年擺脫殖民統(tǒng)治，宣布獨(dú)立。1823年加入中美洲聯(lián)邦，1839年成立共和國。危地馬拉人主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)，種植玉米、咖啡、香蕉、豆

6、類、辣椒、西紅柿、棉花等。在太平洋沿岸的種植園里資本主義農(nóng)業(yè)有了發(fā)展。棉紡、 絲紡、 編織、制陶、皮革等手工業(yè)較發(fā)達(dá)。農(nóng)民的住房一般系用土坯或樹枝搭蓋的窩棚。食物以玉米面餅為主。白人和印歐混血種人穿歐式服裝，印第安人穿傳統(tǒng)服裝。條紋花布長裙和帶鮮艷刺繡的短上衣是印第安婦女的主要服裝。印第安人的文化具有古代瑪雅文化的一系列特征。Key TermsGuatemalan weaving 危地GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryUse examples to explain the metaphor “Culture Iceberg” and

7、 “Culture Onion”.2. It is said that grammatical mistakes can be accepted, but cultural mistakes will cause trouble. Can you use examples to explain why cultural mistakes could be troublesome? Comprehension QuestionsComprehension QuestionsII. Communication 交際 Definitions of Communication 交際的定義General

8、ly speaking, communication can be defined as a dynamic, symbolic, transactional and contextual process in which people create shared meanings or messages.II. Communication 交際 DefinitioII. Communication 交際 Types of Communication 交際的類型 Verbal Communication 語言交流 II. Communication 交際 Types of II. Commun

9、ication 交際 Types of Communication 交際的類型 Non-Verbal Communication 非語言交流 II. Communication 交際 Types of II. Communication 交際 Types of Communication 交際的類型 Written Communication 書面交流II. Communication 交際 Types of II. Communication 交際 Types of Communication 交際的類型 Visual communication 視覺交流 II. Communication

10、 交際 Types of II. Communication 交際 Communication and Culture 交際與文化 cultures are created through communicationculture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture II. Communication 交際 CommunicaKey Ter

11、msSMS 短消息服務(wù) Short Messaging Service短消息服務(wù)，這個術(shù)語最早出現(xiàn)在80年代初期，但一直到了90年代早期才開始進(jìn)入商用市場，并且一直到99年，該業(yè)務(wù)才在世界各國迅速蔓延，并持續(xù)爆炸性的增長趨勢，它可以通過手機(jī)等移動設(shè)備發(fā)送文本型消息。Key TermsSMS 短消息服務(wù)GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryComprehension Questions1.What is the major challenge facing effective communication in interpersonal encounter?2.Do y

12、ou think that understanding is a measure of communicative success? Comprehension Questions1.What III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際 Definitions of Intercultural Communication跨文化交際的定義Edward T. Hall simply defines intercultural communication as communication between persons of different cultures.H

13、u Wenzhong, a well-known professor of intercultural communication in China, defines intercultural communication as communication between people of different cultural backgrounds. III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交際的形式Intracu

14、ltural Communication 同文化交際III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交際的形式Interethnic Communication 跨種族交際III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交際的形式Interracial Com

15、munication 跨人種交際III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際的障礙Language 語言 * Slang * Dialects * AccentsIII. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際的障礙Modern Tec

16、hnology 現(xiàn)代技術(shù) * E-mail * SMS Text Messaging * Video Conferencing / Teleconferencing III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際的障礙Behavior and Mindset 行為和精神 * Anxiety * Discomfort * Fear of the Unknown * Prejudice and Stereotyping

17、 * Perceived Cultural Superiority or Ethnocentrism * Discrimination = Racial, Sexual, EducationalIII. Intercultural CommunicatiKey Termsthe wandering nomads 游牧民族 游牧是指終年隨水草轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行游動放牧的一種粗放的草原畜牧業(yè)經(jīng)營方式。牧民長期無固定住所，過著逐水草而居的生活，生產(chǎn)設(shè)備相當(dāng)簡陋，經(jīng)營非常粗放，基本處于靠天養(yǎng)草和靠天養(yǎng)畜的落后狀態(tài)。游牧民族指的是以游牧為主要生活方式的民族。廣義上的游牧民族指的是居無定所的流浪民族，包括草原民族和

18、海洋民族。Key Termsthe wandering nomads Key Termsreligious missionaries 傳教士 傳教士，亦叫作宣教師或宣教士，是堅(jiān)定地信仰宗教，并且遠(yuǎn)行向不信仰宗教的人們傳播宗教的修道者。雖然有些宗教，如日本神道教，很少到處傳播自己的信仰，但大部分宗教使用傳教士來擴(kuò)散它的影響。雖然任何宗教都可能送出傳教士，一般傳教士這個詞是指基督教的宣教師。實(shí)際上佛教是最早大規(guī)模傳教的宗教，沿著絲綢之路送出它的信仰。Key Termsreligious missionarieGlossaryGlossaryComprehension Questions1. Wha

19、t is intercultural communication? 2. What are the forms of intercultural communication?Comprehension QuestionsIV. Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商務(wù)交際The Research of intercultural Business Communication 對跨文化商務(wù)交際的研究most of the intercultural communication relevant to ernational/int

20、ercultural business literature does not focus on communication.another focal point of intercultural communication research is individualism vs. collectivism and the impact of the relationship on the functioning of society IV. Intercultural Business ComIV. Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商務(wù)交際

21、The Importance of Learning Intercultural Business Communication 學(xué)習(xí)跨文化交際的重要性 Intercultural communication skills are essential for businesspersons in todays market the increase in globalization in the last few decadeseconomic globalization IV. Intercultural Business ComKey Termsindividualism 個人主義 中國幸福

22、學(xué)認(rèn)為，人的本性是不滿足，不滿足就是指人們都希望我或者我們的事物更好。愛國主義其實(shí)就是人們不滿足本性的一種表現(xiàn)形式，所以，個人主義就是每個人都希望我的事物更好的信仰或理念。 collectivism 集體主義 指一切言行以合乎無產(chǎn)階級及其廣大人民群眾集體利益為根本出發(fā)點(diǎn)的思想。集體主義是共產(chǎn)主義道德的核心，是社會主義精神文明的重要標(biāo)志。它同資產(chǎn)階級個人主義是根本對立的，是共產(chǎn)主義道德區(qū)別于一切舊道德的本質(zhì)特征。Key Termsindividualism 個人主義GlossaryGlossaryComprehension QuestionsHow was the study of interc

23、ultural business communication？2.Why do we should learn intercultural business communication?Comprehension QuestionsCase AnalysisCase 1Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to exp

24、ress my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phils apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didnt let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disap

25、pointment and puzzlement. Questions for Discussion1. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone.Case AnalysisCase 1Phil is myCase AnalysisCase 2Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinese firm, told a story on CCTV program Dialogue of how h

26、e once almost lost a valuable Canadian employee working for him in Vancouver. He emailed every day to the Canadian, inquiring for the index number he was most concerned about. To his great astonishment, his Canadian employee turned in his resignation after a week. Mr. Wang was puzzled how he could d

27、o that to him as he gave such great attention to his job. A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her. He then found out that, unlike Chinese employees, the Canadian took what meant great concern to Chinese as distrust. But Mr. W

28、ang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as he treated any Chinese employee.Case AnalysisCase 2Mr. Wang, Case AnalysisCase 2Questions for Discussion1. Why does the Canadian employee turn in his resignation?2. What

29、 kind of response will a Chinese employee have if a boss showed great concern for him or her? 3. What are the reasons of this communication barrier? Case AnalysisCase 2Questions Case AnalysisCase 3In exchange for some U.S.-controlled land in West Germany, the German government agreed to construct a

30、new facility at another military installation controlled by the U.S. Army. After the preliminary drawings were completed, a meeting was held with the German and American engineers and one translator repeated the question in English; the Americans question was then translated back into German.A Germa

31、n asked a question about the maximum distance allowed between two points that he had indicated in the drawing. The question was translated, and an American engineer quickly raised his hand with his index finger pointing upward and answered “one meter.” Case AnalysisCase 3In exchangCase AnalysisCase

32、3The translator, thinking no translation was necessary, remained silent. The German engineers wrote two meters in their notes; the American wrote one meter. (The Germans, when using fingers to show a number, begin counting with the thumb as number one; therefore, the index finger, being the second f

33、inger from the thumb, represents the number two.)(Source: Chery1 Hamilton, Communication for results: A Guide for Business and the Professions, 4thed, California, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993, p9 )Questions for Discussion1. Why did the translator think no translation was necessary when an Amer

34、ican engineer answered “one meter”?2. Does the index finger represent the same number in America and Germany?3. Can you use this example to explain that encoding and decoding is the area where miscommunication takes place?Case AnalysisCase 3The translPracticeTask 1Insert the phrase “intercultural /

35、cross-cultural communication” into a search engine on the internet and report to your group what you can find out about the studies of intercultural communication both at home and abroad.Task 2Clip a story from the local newspaper that is related to some aspect of intercultural communication such as

36、 problems encountered by persons of other cultures in the acculturation process or problems between subgroups; give a short report to the class.Task 3Write a oneproposal for improving relationships between U.S. students and students from other cultures in your school.PracticeTask 1PracticeTask 4In s

37、mall groups, play a word-association game. You instructor will compose a list of potentially culture-bound words such as motherland, freedom, etc, and then say the words one at a time. Write down the first thing that comes into your mind as you hear each word. Compare your reactions. Are there any m

38、ajor differences within the group? Discuss them. Then compare your answers with the entire class and discuss. Practice Chapter 2 Verbal Communication Learning ObjectivesIn this chapter, you should be able toUnderstand some commonly observed differences between English and Chinese verbal communicatio

39、n.Learn to make cross-cultural comparisons and analysis in the following aspects: Cultural differences on lexical semantics level Cultural differences on pragmatic levelLearn to carry out oral communication. Learn to carry out written communication. Chapter 2 How do people carry out their communicat

40、ion?What is verbal communication?What do plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum stand for in Chinese? Do they have the same meanings in English?How many terms do you know when you express thanks in Chinese?What topics do you think is appropriate when you first meet a foreigner from America?

41、Warm-upHow do people carry out their I. Verbal Communication 言語交際Language and culture 語言和文化I. Verbal Communication 言語交際LaI. Verbal Communication 言語交際High-context and Low-context language 高語境和低語境語言I. Verbal Communication 言語交際HiI. Verbal Communication 言語交際I. Verbal Communication 言語交際I. Verbal Communic

42、ation 言語交際The Relationship Between Language and Culture 語言與文化的關(guān)系 Language and culture are like a living organism. Language is flesh, while culture is blood. Without culture, language would be dead; without language, culture would have no shape. Language and culture are like an iceberg. The language

43、is the part above water while the greater part which is hidden beneath the surface is the invisible aspect of culture.I. Verbal Communication 言語交際ThI. Verbal Communication 言語交際Cultural difference on lexical semantics level 詞匯語義學(xué)層面上的文化差異Cultural differences in denotative meaningCultural differences i

44、n connotative meanings I. Verbal Communication 言語交際CuI. Verbal Communication 言語交際Cultural difference on pragmatics level 語用學(xué)層面上的文化差異Addressing people Showing gratitude Being modest I. Verbal Communication 言語交際CuKey Termslexical meaning 詞匯意義 詞匯意義錯綜復(fù)雜，具體表現(xiàn)在其多樣性、層次性和可變性。它不僅涉及到詞自身的含義，還涉及到詞與詞之間的關(guān)系，也涉及到詞與

45、外部世界的關(guān)系。詞匯語用學(xué)研究者認(rèn)為要以語境為基礎(chǔ)動態(tài)地研究詞語的語用意義。對詞匯意義的解釋、使用和理解不僅僅是一個語言問題，更是一個語用與認(rèn)知的問題。Key Termslexical meaning 詞匯意義Key TermsHigh-context culture 高語境文化 高語境文化是指，在傳播過程中，絕大部分信息或者已經(jīng)存在于傳播雙方的物質(zhì)語境中，或者已經(jīng)內(nèi)化于個人內(nèi)心，而極少存在于雙方所運(yùn)用的語言和信息之中，換言之，語言和信息是模糊而不充分；高語境文化強(qiáng)調(diào)含蓄,重視交流雙方的互動。Key TermsHigh-context culture Key TermsLow-context

46、culture 低語境文化 “低語境文化”正好相反，即在傳播過程中，溝通交流雙方主要依賴他們所運(yùn)用的語言，換言之，語言和信息是清晰而充分的。 舉例而言，對于朝夕相處的家庭成員來說，長期共同生活使他們形成了許多默契，因此，他們在交流中，直接通過語言或動作來表達(dá)的成分較少，更多的內(nèi)容，存在于由雙方共同生活體驗(yàn)形成的心靈感應(yīng)；而兩個初次見面陌生人的交流，卻要花費(fèi)更多的口舌。denotation 字面意義connotation 隱含意義Key TermsLow-context culture 低GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryWhat are some of the h

47、elpful factors for developing the topic and what are some of the major obstacles? 2. What is the relationship between language and culture? Try to offer two or three examples in your discussion.3. Use one or two examples to clarify your understanding of cultural differences in denotative meaning. Co

48、mprehension QuestionsComprehension QuestionsComprehension Questions4. Use one or two examples to clarify your understanding of Cultural differences in connotative meanings.5. Chinese people like being modest. How do you explain this phenomenon? Comprehension Questions4. Use II. Oral Communication 口頭

49、交際 General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from another culture include ：Avoid discussing politics or religion unless the other person initiates the discussion. Avoid highly personal questions including “What do you do?”Conversation taboos 談話禁忌II. Oral Communication 口頭交際 II. Oral C

50、ommunication 口頭交際Keep the conversation positive. Avoid asking questions that would imply criticisms; phrase questions so they can be answered in a positive manner.Avoid telling ethnic jokes because of the possibility of offending someone.II. Oral Communication 口頭交際KeeII. Oral Communication 口頭交際Count

51、ry Appropriate Topics Topics to avoid Country Appropriate Topics Topics to avoid II. Oral Communication 口頭交際CouII. Oral Communication 口頭交際Making Telephone Calls 打電話 Country ways of beginning the call llII. Oral Communication 口頭交際MakKey TermsConversation taboos 談話禁忌 談話禁忌作為一定社會的文化現(xiàn)象,其背后所依托的是一個民族深厚的文化蘊(yùn)

52、藏。文化的所指極其廣泛,人類所創(chuàng)造的所有的物質(zhì)文明和精神文明均屬文化之列。人們在日常交際中并不是可以涉及任何話題,也不是可以隨便地使用語言系統(tǒng)中的任何詞匯。在一定的文化中,參與交際的人們都會不約而同地對某些話題和語言系統(tǒng)中某些詞匯表現(xiàn)出“回避”行為。人們不愿、不能或不敢隨便談?wù)撃切┰掝}或使用那些詞匯。于是,語言中便出現(xiàn)了諸如此類的禁忌現(xiàn)象。 Key TermsConversation taboos Key Terms 英語中有些禁忌和漢語是一致的,但由于中西方的歷史發(fā)展?fàn)顩r、社會制度和價值觀念等方面的差異,也使語言禁忌的內(nèi)容和形式在許多方面存有不同。了解并掌握一些談話禁忌可以保證交際的順利進(jìn)行

53、。Key Terms 英語中有些禁忌和漢語是一致Key Terms personal questions 私人問題 西方人非常注重個人隱私權(quán)。在日常交談中，大家一般不會涉及對方的“私人問題”。這些私人問題包括：年齡、婚姻狀況、收入、工作、住所、經(jīng)歷、宗教信仰、選舉等。同時，人們還特別注重個人的私人生活空間。別人房間里的壁櫥、桌子、抽屜，以及桌子上的信件、文件和其他文稿都不應(yīng)隨便亂動、亂翻(如果需要借用別人物品，必須得到對方的許可)。假如別人在閱讀或?qū)懽鳎膊荒軓谋澈笕タ磳Ψ介喿x和寫作的內(nèi)容，即使對方只是在閱讀報(bào)紙或雜志。Key Terms Key Terms 空間距離上也很在意。即使在公共場所

54、，大家都十分自覺地為對方留出一定私人空間。比如，排隊(duì)的時候他們總是習(xí)慣和別人保持1米以上的距離。 我們的個人隱私觀念比較淡薄。特別是在親朋好友之間，大家喜歡不分你我，共同分享對方的私人生活。另外，長者往往可以隨意問及晚輩的私人生活，以顯示關(guān)心。 Key Terms 空間距離上也很在意。即使在公共GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryComprehension QuestionsGive examples of conversation taboos in your home or group of friends.2. Describe both your succe

55、ssful and unsuccessful experience in carrying out conversations or talks with foreigners. What are some of the helpful factors for developing the topic and what are some of the major obstacles?3. Why do we say being a good listener can facilitate communication?Comprehension QuestionsGive exIII. Writ

56、ten Communication 書面交際Business letters 商務(wù)信函 Elements in business lettersInstructions in writing business lettersTypes of business letters III. Written Communication 書面交III. Written Communication 書面交際Resume 簡歷 United States Great BritainCanadaAustraliaIII. Written Communication 書面交Key TermsBusiness l

57、etters 商務(wù)信函 書信是日常生活中常用的文體，是用以交涉事宜、傳達(dá)信息、交流思想、聯(lián)絡(luò)感情、增進(jìn)了解的重要工具。書信一般可分為商務(wù)信件或公函（Business Letter or Official Correspondence）和私人信件（Private Letter）兩大類。需要注意的是，英語書信的寫法與漢語書信有一些明顯區(qū)別，應(yīng)特別加以區(qū)分。英語書信通常包括下面幾個組成部分：發(fā)信人地址及相關(guān)信息、寫信日期、主題、收信人姓名及地址、稱呼、正文、結(jié)束語、簽名、附件、再啟等。Key TermsBusiness letters 商務(wù)信Key Termsdangling participles

58、 垂懸分詞 一般的分詞(短語)有意義上的邏輯主語，它或是句子的主語，或者另有自己的主語，如果沒有，就稱這種分詞為“懸垂分詞”，這樣的句子一般認(rèn)為是不能接受或錯誤的。例如，在“Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton. ”句子中的“Sitting under an apple tree”就是垂懸分詞。 Key Termsdangling participles Key Termsresume 簡歷，顧名思義，就是對個人學(xué)歷、經(jīng)歷、特長、愛好及其它有關(guān)情況所作的簡明扼要的書面介紹。簡歷是個人形象，包括資歷與能力的書面

59、表述，對于求職者而言，是必不可少的一種應(yīng)用文。Key TermsresumeKey Termsletter of application 求職信是商業(yè)信函，同向“客戶”發(fā)出的其它信函一樣，要求規(guī)范、專業(yè)，足以吸引招聘者的目光，說服他去看你的簡歷以獲得更多信息。它不同于可以一稿多投的簡歷，求職信必須量身定做。要針對不同企業(yè)、不同職位，在內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格上稍做調(diào)整，有所側(cè)重，讓招聘者覺得求職者的工作經(jīng)歷和綜合素質(zhì)與應(yīng)聘職位完全吻合或非常接近，并且期望從簡歷中得到更加肯定的答案以便安排面試。某種程度上來講，求職信來源于簡歷，又高于簡歷，具有對簡歷內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜合介紹、補(bǔ)充說明和深入擴(kuò)展的作用。Key Term

60、sletter of applicationGlossaryGlossaryComprehension QuestionsHow many parts does a business letter usually have? And what are they?2. What are the differences between a resume and a letter of application?3. Does an applicant need to enclose a copy of his or her photographs when he or she applies for