國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸InternationalCargoTranport-課件

1、International Cargo TransportChapter 6International Cargo TransportCObjectives the different modes of transport, esp. ocean transport the nature of liner transport general considerations on cargo transport the various kinds of B/L the contents of the transport clauseFocus The time of delivery Shipme

2、nt termsDifficult pointsApplication of transport documents 國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù) 第6章 Modes of transport ( ocean transport)Transport documentsChapter 61Objectives the different mode 6.1. Modes of Transport 6.2. General Considerations on Cargo Transport 6. 3. Major Transport Documents 6.4. Clause of Shipment 2Chapte

3、r Six 2Chapter SixWhat are the major types of transportation? Can you describe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of transportation you have mentioned?What should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation? 3What are the major types of tr4Overview Transport aids trade grea

4、tly. By moving goods from places in one country where they are sold to places in another where they are bought, transport helps to bring about the realization of a transaction. Transport is indispensable to import and export business. In international trade, both the seller and the buyer should nego

5、tiate and stipulate the terms and conditions of the shipment clause, such as shipment date, port of shipment and destination, partial shipment, transshipment, etc. Without specific stipulations of the shipment clause in the sales contract, some disputes would arise from the performance of the sales

6、contract and lead to serious outcome. 4Overview The concept of delivery The seller delivers the contracted goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manner to the buyer. In international trade, the delivery also means to transport the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer.

7、The former is called physical delivery of goods, which is applied in sales under E terms and D terms, while the later is called symbolic delivery of goods, which is applied in the sales under F terms and D terms.5 The concept of delivery 6.1. Modes of Transport(International Cargo Transportation) In

8、land Trans. Water Trans. Container Trans. River-sea Costal Trans. Combined Sea Trans. Inshore Trans. Trans. Land Bridge Trans. Ocean-going Trans. ICT Intl Multimodal Trans. Rail Trans. Land Trans. Air Trans. Road Trans. Pipe Trans. Postal Trans. 66.1. Modes of Transport(Int (1) Features of ocean tra

9、nsport(2) Operational modes of ocean transport(3) Freight Rates71. Ocean/Sea/Marine Transport 71. Ocean/Sea/Marine TransFeatures of Ocean Transport Advantages: The easy passage since about 70% of the earth is covered by water. Large capacity. The unit distribution cost reduced. Good adaptability to

10、cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc. Disadvantages: The low passage of ocean transport. Vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.8Features of Ocean Transport 1) Liner Transport（班輪運(yùn)輸）A passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route accord

11、ing to an advertised time-table. Features fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight loading and unloading charges included in freight simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantityTypes of Shipping Services91) Liner Transport（班輪運(yùn)輸）A pas2) Charter Transport 租船運(yùn)輸 （Tramp Shippi

12、ng)不定期船運(yùn)輸 The practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats. Much cheaper than that of the liner. Shippers may choose direct route. Widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.102) Charter Transport 租船運(yùn)輸 Charter Transport Voyage Charter Time CharterBareboat Charter.The charter or hi

13、ring of a vessel and crew for a single voyagesingle trip charter 單航次租船 return trip charter 來(lái)回程航次租船consecutive voyages 連續(xù)航次程租The charter of a ship for a definite period of time. The ship owner is responsible for providing seaworthy ship and the related charges. The renter has the right to dispatch th

14、e ship, but bear all expenditures in transit, such as charges for fuels, port and loading & unloading. A ship without crew and ships masterThe charterer is responsible for crewing, provisioning and fuelling, maintaining and even paying different taxes or duties within a period of time, usually a num

15、ber of years 11Charter Transport Voyage Char12 Freight is a special unit used in calculating charges that must be paid for shipping the cargo. Freight is collected in different ways. Shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, if possible, the cost of transport. Ocean frei

16、ght may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight. Ocean Freight12 Freight is a special Liner FreightBasic freight rates1）Weight重量法: for items marked with “W” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton).2) Measurement體積法: for items ma

17、rked with “M”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton).3) Ad Val.從價(jià)法: for items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. For some valuable goods like gold, silver, expensive

18、 fur, usually 1-5% of the price.4) Weight or Measurement， W/M or Ad val ，W/M plus ad val（選擇法）5）Per Head、Per Unit（按件法）6）Open Rate 議定法13Liner FreightBasic freight raSurcharges bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (B.A.F.燃料附加費(fèi) ) devaluation surcharge/currency adjustment factor (C.A.F.貨幣 貶值附加費(fèi)) tra

19、nsshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(繞航附加費(fèi))14Surcharges bunker surcharg How to calculate liner freightSelect relevant freight list/freight tariffDetermine the freight basis and class of the goodsFind

20、 the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destinationFind the types of receivable surchargesAdd surcharges to basic rate to get actual freightfreight = actual freight x freight ton15 How to calculate liner freiCharter freightThe freight rate f

21、or charter is usually charged by quantities of the goods carried and fluctuates with market conditions of supply and demand. 1) Liner terms/gross terms(班輪條件): the freight includes loading and unloading charges. The ship owner shall be responsible for loading and unloading.2) Free in(船方管卸不管裝): the sh

22、ip owner bears the unloading charges, not loading charges.3) Free out(船方管裝不管卸): the ship owner bears the loading charges, not the unloading charges.4) Free In and Out(船方裝卸均不管): the ship owner bears no unloading and loading charges.5) Free In and Out and Stowed and Trimmed（船方不管裝卸、理艙和平艙）: the ship own

23、er is neither responsible for loading and unloading nor for stowed and trimmed charges.16Charter freightThe freight raOperational Procedure of Ocean Transport for Export備貨報(bào)驗(yàn)審核裝運(yùn)條款貨證齊全托運(yùn)訂艙貨物集中港區(qū)報(bào)關(guān)放行裝 船簽發(fā)收貨單換取已裝船提單制單結(jié)匯保 險(xiǎn)簽發(fā)裝貨單報(bào)關(guān)單據(jù)裝船通知17Operational Procedure of OceanWorld-famous Shipping Companies 澳大利亞

24、國(guó)家航運(yùn)公司 澳國(guó)航運(yùn) ANL 美國(guó)總統(tǒng)輪船（中國(guó)）有限公司 美國(guó)總統(tǒng) APL波羅的海航運(yùn)公司 波羅的海 BOL中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)洋集裝箱運(yùn)輸有限公司 中遠(yuǎn)集運(yùn) COSCON長(zhǎng)榮香港有限公司上海辦事處 香港長(zhǎng)榮 EMC 香港航運(yùn)有限公司 香港海運(yùn) HKMSH 現(xiàn)代商船株式會(huì)社上海代表處 現(xiàn)代商船 HMM川崎汽船（中國(guó)）有限公司 川崎汽船 KLINE 上海天海貨運(yùn)有限公司 天海貨運(yùn) TMSC 東航船務(wù)有限公司 東航船務(wù) TOHO日本郵船有限公司 日本郵船NYK東方海外貨柜航運(yùn)有限公司 東方海外OOCL上海國(guó)際輪渡有限公司 國(guó)際輪渡SFCO中海發(fā)展股份有限公司 中海發(fā)展CSD中外運(yùn)（集團(tuán)）總公司 中外運(yùn)SIN

25、OTRANS18World-famous Shipping Companie2. Air Transport Advantages: High speed Good quality Low risk Competitive insurance premium Disadvantages High cost Low capacity Vulnerable to disruption Sparsely located facilities.192. Air Transport19Types of Air Transport ServicesFour categories: Scheduled ai

26、rlines 班機(jī)運(yùn)輸 Chartered carriers 包機(jī)運(yùn)輸 Consolidated consignments by freight forwarders 集中托運(yùn) Air express service / desk to desk service 航空速遞(1) Scheduled airlines: operating on a scheduled service, over a fixed airline and between fixed airports, suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods

27、.(2) Chartered carriers: the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes, ideal for carrying cargoes of large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination.(3) Consolidated consignments: the air freight forwarder usually assembles a number o

28、f individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. A consolidated shipment made up by several shipments can be dispatched to one common destination. Many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10% lower than that of a scheduled airline. (4) A

29、ir express service : the express service provided by air freight forwarders specializing in this line of business between consignors, airports and users, suitable for urgently needed articles and important documents20Types of Air Transport ServiceAirline RatesAir freight is normally collected accord

30、ing to actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement weight for large volume cargo. The rates are normally quoted per kilogram. The air freight excludes other charges such as customs fees and storage fees.In order to stimulate traffic, different types of air freight rates are designed. For instance,

31、General Cargo Rates are the basic rates. Specific Commodity Rates are reduced rates applicable to a wide range of commodities specified in the tariff of the carrier. If no commodity rate is available for cargoes like live animals, human remains or valuable cargoes, Classification Rates apply.21Airli

32、ne RatesAir freight is nAirline RatesM/W (subject to the higher rate)Four types of airline rates: - General Cargo Rate (G.C.R.)一般貨物運(yùn)價(jià) - Specific Cargo Rate (S.C.R.)特種貨物運(yùn)價(jià) - Class Rate (C.R.)等級(jí)運(yùn)價(jià) - Unitized Consignments Rate (U.C.R)Characteristics of airline rates: - one-way freight from one airport

33、to another - delivery charges, customs charges and storage charges excluded - publicized in local currency - measurement unit is kilo or pound - fluctuate in line with market conditions22Airline RatesM/W (subject to The division of responsibilities of the parties concerned in the air freight發(fā)貨人空運(yùn)代理航

34、空公司航空公司空運(yùn)代理收貨人責(zé)任承擔(dān)者提貨空運(yùn)代理航空公司空運(yùn)代理或地面運(yùn)輸公司報(bào)關(guān)交付航空 運(yùn)輸提貨 報(bào)關(guān)交貨23The division of responsibilitiSome Airlines in the World Some Airlines in the World Rail Transport Advantages Large capacity (second to ocean transport) Relatively high speed Economical Relatively punctual Less prone to interruptions by poor

35、weather Disadvantages Confined to railroad Less flexible24Rail Transport Advantages 2International Railway Through Transport - under one rail consignment note - shipper or consignee not involved when goods are transiting the countries Siberia Transcontinental Railway Eurasia Transcontinental Railway

36、 Railway transport to Hong Kong and MacaoDomestic Rail Transport 25International Railway Through Road Transport Advantages Versatile Flexible in operation High distributive ability Disadvantages Low capacity High operating cost High risk of pilferage and damage Complication26Road Transport Advantage

37、s ContainerizationContainerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. It is the most modern form of physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, adva

38、nced technology and so on.27ContainerizationContainerizatFeatures of containerization: Advantages Increase the efficiency of handlingImprove the transportation qualitySave operating costsSimplify delivery formalitiesPromote multi-modal transportation28Features of containerization:Containers and Cont

39、ainer TransportThe majority of containers are built to the ISO specification. The 20-foot and 40-foot containers are most popular. (8 X 8 X 40 and 8 X 8 X 20). The container capacity is measured in TEUs (Twenty-feet Equivalence Units). Containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but

40、not widely used. Three major types of containers: 8 X 8 X 40 (IA); 8.6 X 8 X 40(IAA); 8 X 8 X 20 (IC)29Containers and Container TransContainer Transport Containerization offers: a door to door service under FCL/FCL（整裝整拆）, door to container freight station (CFS) service under FCL/LCL（整裝拼拆） CFS to CFS

41、 service under LCL/LCL（拼裝拼拆） CFS to door service under LCL/FCL （拼裝整拆） 30Container Transport ContainerContainer Freight Based on container capacity/origin and destination of the merchandise Inland transportation cost is included Based on the type of commodity For LCL, each commodity is charged separa

42、tely for the freight 31Container Freight Based on co International Multi-modal TransportAt least two modes of transportOne contract, one transport document, one operator, one freight rateUse of containers Advantages High efficiency Good quality Cost and time saving Economy and simplicity of document

43、ation32 International Multi-modal Tra6.2. General Considerations on Cargo Transport(1） Reliability(2）Speed and Frequency(3）Cost336.2. General Considerations on6.3 Major Transport DocumentsBill of ladingConsignment note (for Rail and Road)Air waybillCombined transport documents (CTD)346.3 Major Trans

44、port DocumentsBBill of Lading (B/L)1. Definition and FunctionA bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as: 1) a receipt of the goods(貨物收據(jù)) 2) a document of title(物權(quán)憑證) 3) the evidence of the contract between the consignor and the carrier (運(yùn)輸契約的證明)35Bill of Lading (B/L)1. Defini Bill of lad

45、ing (B/L) A bill of lading (B/L) is used for sea shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods. It must be produced at the port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods.As a document of title, the bill of lading is also a negotiable document and you may sell the goods by en

46、dorsing or handing it over to another authorized party, even while the goods are still at sea.Although negotiable bills of lading are in common use, some countries do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used. You have to be sure that a negotiable B/L is accepted in your country. Other

47、wise, a non-negotiable B/L is issued.The B/L is a formal, signed receipt for a specified number of packs, which is given to the export agent by the shipping line when the shipping line receives the consignment. If the cargo is apparently in good order and properly packed when received by the shippin

48、g line, the bill of lading, is deemed as clean. The ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill.See sample B/L36 國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸InternationalCargoTranport-課件2. Types of B/LAs per whether the goods are shipped on board:Shipped (on board) B/L已裝船提單Received for shipment B/L備運(yùn)提單As p

49、er whether the B/L is clean or not:Clean B/LUnclean/Foul B/LUnclean B/L can not used for negotiation.Some remarks can not be regarded as “ unclean”.不明白地表示貨物或包裝不能令人滿意，如：“舊包裝”，“舊箱”強(qiáng)調(diào)承運(yùn)人對(duì)于貨物或包裝性質(zhì)引起的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不負(fù)責(zé)任否認(rèn)承運(yùn)人知悉貨物內(nèi)容、質(zhì)量、重量等發(fā)貨人裝載并計(jì)數(shù)372. Types of B/LAs per whether 提單抬頭 是否背書 能否轉(zhuǎn)讓 Straight B/L No endorsemen

50、tThe consignor can not transfer.The consignee can if necessary. Blank B/L No endorsement TransferableOrder B/L) order to order to order of shipper to order of consignee to order of bankerBy the consignorBy the consigneeBy the bankTransferable after endorsement. 38As per the name of the consigneeStra

51、ight B/L記名提單Blank B/L /Bearer B/L不記名提單Order B/L指示提單 (widely used)Comparisons 提單抬頭 是否背書 能否轉(zhuǎn)讓 S As per the modes of transportDirect B/L直達(dá)提單Transshipment B/L轉(zhuǎn)船提單Through B/L聯(lián)運(yùn)提單Liner B/L班輪提單Container B/LCombined B/LAs per the content of the B/LLong form B/L全式提單Short form B/L簡(jiǎn)式提單As per the effect of B/LO

52、riginal B/L)正本提單Copy B/L副本提單39 As per the modes of transport As per the issuing date of B/LOn deck B/L甲板提單 When cargo is placed on the deck of a ship for delivery, an On Deck B/L is given to the exporter when the ship leaves port. Stale B/L過(guò)期提單 Bills presents to the consignee or buyer or his bank af

53、ter the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination Ante-dated B/L倒簽提單 When the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the require

54、ment so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. Advanced B/L預(yù)借提單 When the expiry date of the L/C is due but the exporter hasnt yet got the goods ready for shipment. The purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the L/C. 40 As per the issuing

55、date of B/Anti-dated B/L &Advanced B/L 倒簽提單和預(yù)借提單被認(rèn)為是典型的海運(yùn)欺詐行為。不論出于什么原因，承運(yùn)人通過(guò)倒簽和預(yù)借提單，總是向收貨人或提單持有人傳達(dá)了一個(gè)關(guān)于裝船時(shí)間的虛假情況。如果是應(yīng)托運(yùn)人的要求所為，那么從買賣關(guān)系上說(shuō)，承運(yùn)人則是幫助賣方掩蓋了未能按時(shí)交運(yùn)的違約事實(shí)。倒簽和預(yù)借提單的主要原因是賣方不能按照買賣合同的約定時(shí)間交運(yùn)貨物，有時(shí)也因?yàn)槌羞\(yùn)人船期延誤。Anti-dated B/L &Advanced B/L Case Study (1) 我國(guó)某公司與瑞士某公司簽訂某農(nóng)產(chǎn)品3500公噸的合同，每公噸CIF鹿特丹24英鎊共值84000英鎊。

56、裝船日期為當(dāng)年12月至次年1月，對(duì)方以不可撤銷的即期信用證進(jìn)行支付。我國(guó)某公司在租船裝運(yùn)時(shí)，因原訂貨船臨時(shí)損壞，在國(guó)外修理，不能在預(yù)定的時(shí)間到達(dá)我國(guó)口岸裝貨，臨時(shí)改派香港某公司租船裝運(yùn)，但又因連日風(fēng)雪，遲至2月11日才裝完畢，2月13日開航。我某公司了取得符合信用證所規(guī)定的裝船日期（即19年12月1日至次年1月31日）提單，要求外輪代理公司按次年1月31日簽發(fā)提單，并以此提單向我銀行辦理議付。貨物到達(dá)鹿特丹，經(jīng)買方聘請(qǐng)律師上船查閱航行日志，查實(shí)提單的簽發(fā)日期是偽造的立即憑證向當(dāng)?shù)胤ㄔ浩鹪V，并由法院發(fā)出扣船通知。船由外輪公司以30000英鎊擔(dān)保放行，我方經(jīng)四個(gè)月的談判，共賠償20600英鎊，買方

57、才撤回上訴而結(jié)案，既損失了外匯，又對(duì)外造成了不良的影響。試對(duì)此案進(jìn)行分析。 Case Study (1) 我分析:倒簽提單是一種違法行為，一旦被識(shí)破，產(chǎn)生的后果是嚴(yán)重的。但是在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，倒簽提單的情況相當(dāng)普遍。尤其是當(dāng)延期時(shí)間不多的情況下，還是有許多出口商會(huì)鋌而走險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)?shù)购灥娜兆虞^長(zhǎng)的情況出現(xiàn)，就容易引起買方懷疑，最終可以通過(guò)查閱船長(zhǎng)的航行日志或者班輪時(shí)刻表等途徑加以識(shí)破。分析:倒簽提單是一種違法行為，一旦被識(shí)破，產(chǎn)生的后果是嚴(yán)Case Study (2) 我國(guó)A公司與某國(guó)B公司于2004年10月20日簽訂購(gòu)買52500噸化肥的 CFR合同。A公司開出信用證規(guī)定，裝船期限為2005年1月1日

58、至1月10 日，由于B公司租來(lái)運(yùn)貨的“順風(fēng)號(hào)”輪在開往某外國(guó)港口途中遇到颶風(fēng)，結(jié) 果裝運(yùn)2005年1月20日才完成。承運(yùn)人在取得B公司出具的保函的情況下 簽發(fā)了與信用證條款致的提單?！绊橈L(fēng)號(hào)”輪于1月21日駛離裝運(yùn)港。A公 司為這批貨物投保了水漬險(xiǎn)。2005年1月30日“順風(fēng)號(hào)”輪途經(jīng)巴拿馬運(yùn)河 時(shí)起火，造成部分化肥燒毀。船長(zhǎng)在命令救火過(guò)程中又造成部分化肥濕 毀。由于船在裝貨港口的延遲，使該船到達(dá)目的地時(shí)正遇上了化肥價(jià)格下 跌A公司在出售余下的化肥時(shí)價(jià)格不得不大幅度下降，給A公司造成很大 損失。請(qǐng)根據(jù)上述事例，回答以下問(wèn)題： 問(wèn)題: (1)途中燒毀的化肥損失屬什么損失，應(yīng)由誰(shuí)承擔(dān)?為什么?(2

59、)途中濕毀的化肥損失屬什么損失，應(yīng)由誰(shuí)承擔(dān)?為什么?(3)A公司可否向承運(yùn)人追償由于化肥價(jià)格下跌造成的損失?為什么?Case Study (2) 我國(guó)A公司與某國(guó)B回答: (1)屬單獨(dú)海損，應(yīng)由保險(xiǎn)公司承擔(dān)損失。途中燒毀的化肥屬于單獨(dú)海損，依CFR術(shù)語(yǔ)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由A公司即買方承擔(dān)；而A公司購(gòu)買了水漬險(xiǎn)，賠償范圍包含單獨(dú)海損，因此由保險(xiǎn)公司承擔(dān)。 (2)屬共同海損，應(yīng)由A公司與船公司分別承擔(dān)。因船舶和貨物遭到了共同危險(xiǎn)，船長(zhǎng)為了共同安全，有意又合理地造成了化肥的濕毀。 (3)可以。因?yàn)槌羞\(yùn)人遲延裝船，又倒簽提單，須對(duì)遲延交付負(fù)責(zé)。回答: (1)屬單獨(dú)海損，應(yīng)由保險(xiǎn)公司承擔(dān)損失。途中Consignme

60、nt Note (for rail and road)Contract of carriageReceipt of goodsNot a document of title41Consignment Note (for rail andAir WaybillReceipt of goodsContract of carriageCertificate of insuranceCustoms declarationInstruction sheet to the carrierBill for the freight42Air WaybillReceipt of goods4243 Time o