語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)二十一：連詞

1、語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)二十一：連 詞 連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩大類(lèi)。 并列連詞是連接主語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)， 謂語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)， 句子與句子，分詞與分詞的詞，它要求前后兩部分有相同的形式和語(yǔ)法作用；而從 屬連詞一般連接主句與從句，從句形式有名詞性從句，定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。（一）并列連詞：并列連詞可用來(lái)連接詞與詞， 詞組與詞組， 分句與分句。常用的并列連詞有： and（和），as wellas（既又）,bothan（不但而且）,notonlybut alsO不但而且）,notbut（不是而是）,neithernor（既不也不）,either （r不是 就是），or （或者），but （但是），yet （然而）,for （

2、因?yàn)椋?so （所以）,while （而）， when （這時(shí)）等。女口： Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy （暗沉沉的）./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious （光榮的）yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.（二）從屬連詞 從屬連詞是指在復(fù)合句中引導(dǎo)從句的連結(jié)詞。常見(jiàn)的從屬連詞有： 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的： aft

3、er, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的： because, since, as弓丨導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的： although, though, no matte（無(wú)論），even if （though） 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的： if, unless, once, so （as） long as 弓導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的： so that , such that 弓導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的： so that , in order that 弓導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的： as as , not so （as） as , than

4、 弓導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的： as if 弓導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有： that, whether, if 三個(gè)。其中 that 和 whether間或還可以引起同位從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。（三）某些用法比較特殊的從屬連詞用法區(qū)別1、 當(dāng)while, when, as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別：while引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞必須是持續(xù)性。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為進(jìn)行時(shí)，或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般時(shí)。 while 的這些用法可 用 when 代替，等于 “at the time that ” ,“during the tin例jthat Please keep quietwhile (when) others are st

5、udying when除可指一段時(shí)間外，還可用來(lái)指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間， 等于“at theime ”，也就是說(shuō)when引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是終止性 的，也可以延續(xù)性的。因此主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)可以是一般時(shí)，進(jìn)行時(shí)，或完成時(shí)。例如： When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.(when 不能換成 while) He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.(when 可換成 while) as常可與 when,while 通用，但強(qiáng)調(diào)“一邊、一邊”。例如：A

6、s (when, while) I was walking dow n the street, I no ticed a police car in front of nu mber 37. whe n 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中 的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致，主、謂是“主語(yǔ) +系動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，這時(shí)主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞可以 省略。例如： When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man./ Shell be here to givehelp when (if it is) necessary.when有時(shí)代替if,引導(dǎo)條件句，意為“如果”、“假如”， 例如： I ll come

7、 when (if) I m free.2、 before作連詞一般表示時(shí)間，意為“在之前”，但有些句子中這樣譯就顯得別扭。試看以下句子的翻譯： He almost kn ocked me dow n before he saw m他幾乎把 我撞倒才看見(jiàn)我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me.還沒(méi)來(lái)得及 插話(huà)， 他已經(jīng)給我量好了尺寸。3、till, until 作為介詞式從屬連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句， 用于否定句時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為notuntil (till)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞延續(xù)與非延續(xù)皆可，意為“直到才”。用 于肯定句時(shí)，只與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

8、連用，表示“到為止”。例如：They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didn(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)until (till) the interpreter (譯員)came./ He didn t go to (e非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞) until (till) the his father came back. ； until 可以放在句首， till 則不行，例如： Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work

9、 did he go home.(倒裝)；till, until 只用于時(shí)間，以下句子 是錯(cuò)誤的： We walked till the edge of the forest.(要用 as far as或 to)。4、because, since, as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)注意使用上的區(qū)別： 如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分,一般用because，因此because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。用 why提問(wèn)的句子，一定用 because回答。例如： He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.:如原因已為人們所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用a

10、s，或sinceo since比as更正式些。as和si nee引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開(kāi)頭。例如： As you are tired, you had better rest/. Since everyone is here, now lets begin.5、although 和 though 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句往往用法一樣，但注意以下區(qū)別： although用于各種文體，而though則多用于非正式的口語(yǔ)或書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。 注意由although, though引導(dǎo)的從句后，主句不能用but,但可用副詞yet, still。例如：Although/ Though it rained all th

11、e morning, they still went on working. (或 yet they went on working、 though常與even連用，even though表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，意為“即使”,但不能說(shuō)even although, 例如：Even though I didn t understand a word, I dept smilfttjiough 可用作畐寸詞，意 為“然而”，常用逗號(hào)與句子分開(kāi)。 although 則不能這樣使用，它只作連詞。例如：It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.6、 once作副詞譯

12、“曾經(jīng)”，作為連詞譯“一旦”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。相當(dāng)于if 的加強(qiáng)形式。例如：I don t believe he was once a thief. (on這里是副詞 ” Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his stude nts. (on c連詞)7、 unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句等于 if not。例如：He II accept the job unless the salary

13、is too low. ( = He ll accept the job if the salary is not too low.)&在用as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句及表語(yǔ)從句中，根據(jù)情況要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例 如： He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有時(shí)也可用直陳語(yǔ)氣。 例如： It looks as if it is going to rain.9、whether, if引導(dǎo)從句的用法區(qū)別：引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)， 用 whether，不用 if。例如：Whether they will go to the Great Wall is

14、not known./ The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The question whether we will take partin the physics con test has not bee n decidec whether 可接不定式，而 if 貝 U不可。例如： I haven t decided whether to leave or nowhether可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)或置于句首表示 強(qiáng)調(diào)，而 if 貝不可。例如： Everything depends on whether we have en

15、ough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure.whether和 if 均可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，whether 弓 I導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句一般都是肯定句， if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以是肯定的， 也可以是否定的(此 時(shí)不能用 whether),例如：Could you tell us whether/ if it rai ns in win ter in Australia?/ I wonder if it doesn 引n導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的 whether和if常可與or not連用。連用時(shí) 要注意or not的位置，它一般與 whether、if分開(kāi)使用，有時(shí)它可

16、與 whether合起來(lái) 使用，但不能與 if 合起來(lái)使用。 例如： I don t know whether/ if they will come or not./ I don t knowhetheror not they will come.if可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，譯“如果”， whether 貝 U不行。例如：If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.10、as作從屬連詞可引導(dǎo)多種狀語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“當(dāng) 時(shí)”。例如： As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and lat

17、er a postmaster./ He sang as he worked.as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“象一樣”。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us.as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。意為“由于”，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。意為“雖然”、“盡管” Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.)另外，as做為關(guān)系代詞還可 以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，如： I have the same

18、 book as you.練習(xí)、連詞1 .He is very old, he still works very hard. A. butB.ifC.whenD.as you are dismissed.A. Neither you go nor B. Either you go or C. Whether you go or D.Both you go andThey had camped once before, they knew what to take.A. becauseB. nowC. soD. sinceA. becauseB. nowC. soD. sinceWhy thes

19、e things happened was the driver had been careless.A. because ofB. owing toC. due toD. thatAlthough, its raining, are still working in the fields.A. theyB. but they C. and theyD. so they_we have satisfied you, you have no grounds of complaint.A. So B. Since that C. Now thatD. By now.Write clearly yo

20、ur teacher can understand .you correctly.A. since B. for C. because D. so thatYoull miss the train you hurry up.A. unless B. as C. if D.untilFrancis did the task his brother. A. as good as B. as better as C. as well asD. as best asThe size of the audience, we had expected, was well over twenty thous

21、and.A. as B. what C. that D. whom11.I thought he hated the TV .You are right, he still watches the program.A. yet B. besides C. also D. thenIt looks its going to rain. A. that B. as C. as if D. likethat to New York, her father has not heard from her.A. Because she wentB. After she wentC. When she we

22、nt D.Since she went_he daydreamed, Peter saw figures in the sky. A. Until B. Since C. While D. DuringWe arrived at the station the train had leftA. . after B. before C. since D.when he was in poor health, he worked just as hard as everyone else.A. ButB. AlthoughC. Even ifD. IfA. ButB. AlthoughC. Eve

23、n ifD. IfGive me one more minute Ill have finished.A. so B. until C. andD. whenThe worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, he could not find any work.A. and B. yet C. orD. and butHurry up, youll be late. A. or B. and C. soD. yetDo not make the same mistake I did. A. so B. as C. likeD. thatMy

24、sister is expecting me, I must be off now.A. however B. or C. soD. otherwiseWe should pay attention to industry to agriculture.A. either, orB. neither, norC. not, butD. both, andHe ran off I could stop him.A. before B. after C. sinceD. when you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. A. Till

25、B. Until C. AfterD. SinceWhere have you been you left home? A. before B. as C. sinceD. when the problem of method is solved, talking about the task is useless.A. Until B. Since C. AfterD. UnlessWe have produced 15% more cotton this year we did last year.A. as B. thanC. likeD.white28.It is late; , Im

26、 too tired to go out. A. besides B. except C. except for D.except that29. Everything around us is solid .liquid gas.A. not . .but.B. either. .or.C. neither.nor.D.whether. .or.30. He will come _ you ask him.A.whether B.unlessC. ifD.while31. he will come or not is still unknown.A. If B. WhereC.ThatD.W

27、hether32.I don t know to stay at home or go out. A. whetherB.ifC.howD. where33. He spoke loudly the audience could hear him clearly.A. soB. thatC. so thatD.in order to34. The book is not easy. its rather difficult.A. On the one handB. On the contrary35. You must work hard,35. You must work hard,you

28、will not learn English well.A. ifB. whetherC. otherwiseD.A. ifB. whetherC. otherwiseD.unless36. It rained heavily,unless36. It rained heavily,the basketball match had to be put off.A. so thatB. whenC. otherwiseD. thereforeA. so thatB. whenC. otherwiseD. therefore37. We must do37. We must dothe peopl

29、e want us to do.A. whateverB. howeverC. whereverD.A. whateverB. howeverC. whereverD.whenever38. You are certainly right,others may say.38. You are certainly right,others may say.A. what B. whatever C. thatD. as39.makes mistakes must correct them.A.Who B. What C. Whoever39.makes mistakes must correct

30、 them.A.Who B. What C. WhoeverD. WhateverD.D.D. OnlyA. No matter how B. No matter whatC. No matter whenD. No matterD.D.D. OnlyA. No matter how B. No matter whatC. No matter whenD. No matterA. when B. where C. whoever whenever you work, you must always serve the people heart and soul.A. Wherever B. W

31、heneverC. WhereWhen_you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.A. Once B. At once C. Only then_ difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.whereWe can surely overcome these difficulties _,_ we are closely united.A. so far asB. so long asC. as soon asD. as well asA. so

32、 far asB. so long asC. as soon asD. as well as_ I know he will stay here for half a year.A. as soon asB. as long asC. so far asD.asA. as soon asB. as long asC. so far asD.aswell as46. Please write meyou arrive in New York.A. as well asB. so long asC. as far asD.46. Please write meyou arrive in New Y

33、ork.A. as well asB. so long asC. as far asD.assoon as47. That is notI want.A. thatB. whyC.what47. That is notI want.A. thatB. whyC.whatD.whose48.he did it remains a secret. A.WhatB.WhomC. Which48.he did it remains a secret. A.WhatB.WhomC. WhichD. How49. It is quite clearhe wont see us.A. whatB. that

34、49. It is quite clearhe wont see us.A. whatB. thatC. whyD. how50. Would you tell me way I should take?A. whatB. thatC. whichD.whose51. I am sure you said is true.A. whatB. thatC.whichD.who52. The trouble is we can not find such an expert.A. whyB. thatC. whereD./53. It has not been decided they will leave.A. whyB. whenC. whichD. what54. We shall go _ you are ready. A. whileB. assoon asC. asD.since55. He will tell youabout it you get there.A. whileB. asCwhenD./56. Dont try to get off the bus it has stopped.A. whileB. asC. sinceD. before57. Ill come and see you I go