英美概況課件-英國的二戰(zhàn)

BritainintheTwoWorldWarsBritainandFirstWorldWarBritainandtheSecondWorldWarThePostWarBritainTheRivalrybetweenBritainandGermany1)NavalRivalryIn1898theGermanyKaiserannouncedthatheintendedtodeveloptheGermanynavy.BritainwasafraidthatGermanynavywouldbeabletocompeteonneatequalterms,sointheyearbeforethewarthereappearedanavalraceasbothsidestriedtooutbuildtheother.2)ColonialRivalryTheKaiserenviedBritainandFrancetheirhugeempires.HethoughtthatthetimewascomingforGermanytohaveits“placeinthesun”.ThisworriedBritainbecauseanygainsGermanymadecouldwillbeatBritain’sexpense.損失3)EconomicRivalryBy1914Germanyhadbeenproducingmoreiron,steel,coalandevenmorecars.Britain’seconomicleadwasgone.TwoMilitaryBlocsThereweretwoseparateEuropeanalliances:Austria,Germany,ItalywereintheTripleAlliancein1882.In1894,RussiaandFrancesignedtheirDualAlliance.In1907BritainreachedanagreementwithRussia,andalliedherselfwithFranceandRussia.TheTripleEntentewasformed.

causesthefundamentalcause:RedividingtheworldcoloniesamongtheEuropeanimperialistpowers.thedirectcause:On28June1914,theAustriaprince,heirtotheAustrianthrone,wenttoinspecttroopsinScessAustria,backedbyGermany,usedthisasanexcusefordeclaringwaronSerbia塞爾維亞.RussiasupportedSerbia.GermanydeclaredwaronRussiaandFrance.WhenGermanyinvadedBelgium,BritaindeclaredwaronGermanonAgu.41914.Becauseofinatreatysignedin1839,BritainhadagreedtodefendBelgium’sneutrality.In1917,theUnitedStatesjoinedtheAllies.Thewarlastedfouryears.GermanysurrendedinNovember1918,andthesideofEntentewonthevictory.BombdamageinNorthLondon

consequencesThewarwasover,butitwasadisaster.Itclaimedthelivesof2,700,000menanddisfiguredtwiceasmanyagain.Britainborrowed1,000milliondollarsfromUSandthismadeBritainbecomeadebtornation.soLondonwasconsequentlyreplacedbyNewYorkastheworld’leadingbankingcenter.InJanuary1919,representativesfrom27nationsgatheredinParistodecidethefateofthedefeatednations.Thetalkwasdominatedbythe“Bigthree”:theUnitedStates,France,Britain.AtthePeaceConference,Britaingotmostofwhathewanted.BritainandtheSecondWorldWar

Reason:

TheharshtermsofTreatyofVersaillesleftGermanyembittered氣憤,unstableandbroughtHitlerandNazism.(1933)Process:A.HitleroccupiedAustriain1938;C.Sudetenlandin1938;蘇德臺地區(qū)(MunichAgreement慕尼黑協(xié)定1938)ForthefailureofChamberlain’spolicy,Churchillbecamewarleaderin1940.WhenWinstonChurchillbecamePrimeMinisterin1940Britainwasunderdailyairattackandindangerofaninvasionbysea.InAug.1940theGermanyairForcebegananattackontheairfieldsinsoutheasternEnglandandthebattlereacheditsheightinSept.andOct.TheNotoriousMunichConferenceMunichConference(29September1938)AttheMunichConferencewereGermany,Britain,FranceandItaly.Theleaderswere,respectively,Hitler,NevilleChamberlain,EdouardDaladierandMussolini.TheSudetenlandGermanterritorysetthebasisforthisagreement.Hitler'sdictatorshipheredominatedoverFranceandBritain.TheFrenchandtheBritishwerenotuptowarwithGermany'srearmament.ThiswasahandicapinWorldWarII.

PrimeMinisterChamberlainservedasPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfromMay1937toMay1940.Chamberlainisbestknownforhisappeasementforeignpolicy,andinparticularforhissigningoftheMunichAgreementin1938,concedingtheSudetenlandregionofCzechoslovakiatoNaziGermany.WinstonChurchill-BritishPrime

MinisterBritishpoliticianknownchieflyforhisleadershipoftheUnitedKingdomduringWorldWarII.HeservedasPrimeMinisterfrom1940to1945andagainfrom1951to1955.Anotedstatesmanandorator,ChurchillwasalsoanofficerintheBritishArmy,anhistorian,writerandartist.Todate,heistheonlyBritishPrimeMinistertohavereceivedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,andthefirstpersontoberecognisedasanHonoraryCitizenoftheUnitedStates.ByApril30,1945,HitlercommittedsuicideandaweeklatertheGermanssurrenderedunconditionallytotheAllies.ByAgu.1945theBritishLaborgovernmentwasorderinganationalholidayon“VJDay”(VictoryoverJapanDay)tocelebratethedroppingoftwoatomicbombsonHiroshimaandNagasaki.ResultoftheWardestroyedmanycities;changedthefaceofLondon;250,000casualties[`k??ju?lti]

causedpooreconomicandfinancialdifficulties;endofempire.Churchillreceivedmassivepopularsupport.ThePostwarUKNationalizationTheThatcherEraNorthernIrelandProblemsNationalizationThenewlabourgovernmentnationalizedmanyindustries:electricity,gasandwater,etc.Result:madelittledifference.80%oftheBritisheconomyremainedinprivatehands.DealingwithsocialproblemsEstablishingmuchwelfarefortheBritishpeopleandthe“WelfareState”hadbegun.

TheThatcherEraIn1979,MargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.(theironlady)(1979-1990)Thatcherism:Itincludedthereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetarypolicies(thesupplyofmoneyinBritain)tocontrolinflation,theweakeningoftradeunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.FalklandIslandswar1982(withArgentina)whichwasherclimax.InforeignaffairsThatcheragreedin1985toreturnHongKongtoChinesesovereignin1997.ThatcherwasagainstEuropeanunionandadoptedpolltax,which