初高中英語銜接 基礎(chǔ)語法講義

句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。1）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代詞）2）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）3）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（動(dòng)名詞）4）Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。1）Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2）Wearestudents.（）（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： 1）OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞） 2）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞） 3）Thespeechisexciting.（分詞）（五）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞（介賓）后面。例如： 1）Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） 2）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代詞） 3）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（數(shù)詞）（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。1）HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名詞）2）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容詞）3）Letthefreshairin.（副詞）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： 1）Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容詞）2）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語）（八）狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介詞短語）練習(xí)題：一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.第2講簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：肯定:Heissixyearsold;否定:Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：一般:Dotheylikeskating?特殊:Howoldishe?選擇:Ishesixorsevenyearsold?反意:Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列連詞（and,but,or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g:Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.(主+謂+賓and主+謂+賓） Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。主語從句：Whowillgoisnotimportant.賓語從句：Ihope(that)everythingisallright.表語從句：Myideais(that)wecangetmorecomradestohelpinthework.同位語從句：Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.定語從句：Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestofall.狀語從句：Theforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywere[attheGreatWall.]一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句，在橫線說明。1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.____________________2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom._____________________3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?__________________4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.___________________5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo._________________6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.__________________7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.__________________8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?__________________9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.__________________10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic._________________時(shí)態(tài)句句過英語中的八個(gè)基本時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)。時(shí)態(tài)定義：英語的時(shí)態(tài)是一種動(dòng)詞形式。含義：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為。1、習(xí)慣動(dòng)作：Lucy________vegetableseveryday.Lucy每天都吃蔬菜。獨(dú)一無二：Themoon_____________theearth.月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。計(jì)劃的航班：Theplane________________(at15:00PM.)飛機(jī)下午三點(diǎn)起飛。2、We_________________now.我們現(xiàn)在正在學(xué)習(xí)。 3、Lucy____________fruitslastnight.Lucy昨晚吃了水果4、I_____________ahighschoolstudentsnextyear.下年我將是一名高中生。5、Whenhe_____________atthedoor,hismother_______________.當(dāng)他敲門的時(shí)候，他媽媽正在煮飯。 6、They_______________methatthey________________toworkinGuangDong.他們告訴我他們將要去廣東工作。7、I_______________thatfilm.我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。8、She_______________Englishbefore______________toLondon.他去倫敦之前學(xué)了英語。參考答案：習(xí)慣動(dòng)作：Lucyeatsvegetableseveryday.獨(dú)一無二：Themoongoesaroundtheearth.計(jì)劃的航班：Theplanetakesoff(at15:00.)2、We'restudyingnow.3、Lucyatefruitslastnight.4、Iwillbeahighschoolstudentsnextyear.5、Whenheknockedatthedoor,hismotherwascooking.6、TheytoldmethattheywouldgotoworkinGuangdong.7、Ihaveneverseenthatfilm.8、ShehadlearnedEnglishbeforecametoLondon.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：常與always,often,sometimes,everyday(時(shí)間狀語)連用，表示習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。當(dāng)?shù)谌朔Q單數(shù)（she/he/it/人名）做主語時(shí)，別忘了動(dòng)詞（謂語）的變化。Lucy________vegetableseveryday.Lucy每天都吃蔬菜。獨(dú)一無二：Themoon_____________theearth.月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。計(jì)劃的航班：Theplane_______________(at15:00PM.)飛機(jī)下午三點(diǎn)起飛?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：要注意其構(gòu)成：由be+動(dòng)詞+ing,表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。We__________________now.我們現(xiàn)在正在學(xué)習(xí)。3、一般過去時(shí)：表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday,lastyear,in1949,twoyearsago,等表示（過去時(shí)間的狀語)連用。Lucy______fruitslastnight.4、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：顯然過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在做什么，常和特定的時(shí)間狀語如atthattime，atsixyesterday，atthatmoment，whenhecamein等連用。Whenhe____________atthedoor,hismother________________.當(dāng)他敲門的時(shí)候，他媽媽正在煮飯。一般將來時(shí)：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來時(shí)間狀語如nextyear,tomorrow等連用。I__________ahighschoolstudentsnextyear.下年我將是一名高中生。6、過去將來時(shí)：不可以單獨(dú)使用，它一般在賓語從句中作間接引語，表示從過去某一時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。They_________methatthey____________toworkinGuangDong.7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：顧名思義，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，但動(dòng)作造成的影響還在，常被just,already,yet等副詞修飾。I_______________thatfilm.我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。8、過去完成時(shí)：我們可以用"過去的過去"來概括過去完成時(shí)，表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)，通常與by,before等構(gòu)成的短語或when,before,after引導(dǎo)的從句連用。She___________Englishbefore________toLondon.他去倫敦之前學(xué)了英語。1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):主語+do/does(現(xiàn)在分詞)

2、一般過去時(shí):主語+did

3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):主語+am/is/aredoing

4、過去進(jìn)行時(shí):主語+was/weredoing

5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):主語+have/hasdone

6、過去完成時(shí):主語+haddone

7、一般將來時(shí):主語+willdo/

begoingto8、過去將來時(shí):主語+was/wereto/woulddo

一．(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))用括號(hào)中適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空。1．I________(am,are,is)fromAustralia.2．She________(am,are,is)acollegestudent.3．JaneandTom________(am,are,is)myfriends.4．Mymother________(is,play,plays)tenniswell.5．LiLeialways________(come,comes,coming,tocome)toschoolat8:30.6．________(Are,Is,Do,Does)thereaChineseschoolinNewYork?Yes,thereis.7．________(Be,Are,Do,Does)theyspeakEnglishinJapan?二、（一般過去時(shí)）用括號(hào)中適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空。1．I________(am,is,was,were)busylastweek.2．TomandI________(am,are,was,were)lateforschoolyesterday.3．I________(walk,walks,walked,walking)toschooltheotherday.4．Rose________(doesnot,didnot,hasbeen,hasto)visitherunclethemonthbeforelast(month).5．There________(is,was,are,were)alotofpeopleinthisvillagetenyearsago.三、（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）用括弧中動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1．Tomandhisfather____________

(swim)now.2．Look!They_____________(run)alongthestreet.3．We____________(practice)hardthesedaysbecausewewillhaveabigmatchnextmonth.4．What____________he___________(do)atnineo'clocklastnight.5．They_____________(listen)tothemusicatthattime.6．Whentheheadmastercamein,thestudents____________(read)thetext.7．We____________(watch)TVwhensuddenlythetelephonerang.8．She____________(make)thepaperflowersthewholenight.9．________you________(study)English?Yes,Iam.四、(一般將來時(shí)和過去將來時(shí)）用括弧中動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1．Beforelong，he____________（forget）allaboutthematter.2．He__________（be）backinthreehours.3．Lookattheseclouds.It___________（rain）.4．They_________（make）progresssoon.5．Ifheisn'tfreetomorrow，he___________（nottake）partintheparty.6．Hesaidifhehadtime，he__________（go）tothecinemathatnight.7．Wewon'tgountilyou___________（come）soon.8．Idon'tknowwhenshe_________（return），butwhenshe_______（return）I_________（let）youknow.9．We__________（send）foradoctorifyou__________（be）notbetterintheevening.10．Shesaidshe____________（have）aconcertthenextyear.五、（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1．He________(wait)foranhour.2．I________(notfinish)theworkyet.3．________you________(know)himsincethen?4．I________(hear)frommyfatherrecently.5．We________(be)theremanytimesinthepast3years.6．Thesun________(rise)whenwegotthere.7．They________(finish)theworkbytheendoflastmonth.8．Howlongyou________(stay)athomealready9．I________(notread)thebookbefore.10．He________just________(do)it.11．Mysister________(walk)toschooleverydaylastyear.12．We________(have)anexam.againsometimenextweek.13．By1993,we________(plant)20,000trees.14．Hersister________(go)toShanghai.She________(leave)thismorning.15．MyfriendWangHaioften________(swim)intheriver.16．Thewriter________(finish)severalstory-bookssince1980.17．Iaskedmymother________she________(come)backsoon.18．What________you________(do)whenIcalledyou?19．Don'tcry!Ourteacher________(go)overhislessons.20．Hejust________(have)hisbreakfast.21．Ibelievethatourvolleyballteam________(be)backinaweek.22．Thefamousscientist________(reach)Beijingtwodaysago.23．We'llgotovisitthemuseumifit

________(notrain)tomorrow.24．IsawmyfriendwhenI________(walk)inthestreet.25．Look,theboys________(play)ontheplayground.26．He________(live)inhishometownsincehelefthere.27．He________(go)toseehisgrandfatherlastSunday.28．Whenwegottotheclassroom,theclass________(begin).一、參考答案：1．a(chǎn)m

2．is

3．a(chǎn)re

4．plays5．comes

6．Is

7．Do二、參考答案：1．was2．were3．walked4．didnot5．were三、參考答案、1．a(chǎn)reswimming2．a(chǎn)rerunning3．a(chǎn)repracticing4．was,doing5．werelistening6．werereading7．werewatching8．wasmaking四、參考答案、1．willforget2．willbe3．isgoingtorain4．willmake5．won'ttake6．wouldgo7．Come8．willreturn,returns,willlet9．willsend,arenot10．wouldhave五、參考答案1．haswaited2．haven'tfinished3．Have,known4．haveheard5．havebeen6．hadrisen7．hadfinished8．have,stayed9．haven'tread10．has,done11．walked12．willhave13．hadplanted14．hasgone,left15．swims16．hasfinished17．if,wouldcome18．were,doing19．isgoing20．has,had21．willbe22．reached23．doesn'train24．waswalking/walked25．a(chǎn)replaying26．haslived27．went28．hadbegun第4講簡單句之五個(gè)基本句型基本句型一：

Ｓ＋Ｖi

（主＋謂）此句型有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。1.

The

sun

│was

shining.

1.

太陽在照耀著。

2.

The

moon

│rose.

2.

月亮升起了。3.

We

all

│breathe,

eat,

and

drink.

3.我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.

What

he

said│does

not

matter.

4.

他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。

基本句型二

Ｓ＋Ｖt＋Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）

此句型的共同點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。

1.

Who

│knows

│the

answer?

1.

誰知道答案？2.

She

│thanked

│her

mother.

2.

她感謝了她的母親。3.

He

│is

making

│a

cake.

3.

他正在做蛋糕。4.

He

│enjoys

│reading.

4.

他喜歡看書?；揪湫?/p>

三

Ｓ＋LinkＶ＋

Ｐ（主＋謂＋表）此句型有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：一類表示情況如be,

look,

keep,

seem等；另一類，表示變化如get,

grow,

become,

turn等。be

本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。

1.

This

│is

│an

English-Chinese

dictionary.

1.

這是本英漢辭典。2.

The

dinner

│smells

│good.

2.

午餐的氣味很好。3.

He

│feels

│a

little

tired.

3.

他感到有點(diǎn)累。4.

Everything

│looks│different.

4.

一切看來都不同了。5.

He

│is

growing

│tall

and

strong.

5.

他長得又高又壯。基本句型四

Ｓ

＋Ｖt＋I(xiàn)nO

＋DO（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

此句型有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)的直接承受者（多指物），另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者（多指人）。

1.

She

│is

making

│herself

│a

new

dress.

1.

她正在給自己制作一套新衣裳。2.

She

│cooked

│her

husband

│a

delicious

meal.

2.

她給丈夫煮了一餐美餐。3.

He

│buys

│you

│a

dictionary.

3.

他給你買了一本字典。4.

He

│passes

│her

│nothing.

4.

他什么也沒有傳給她。

(A)

buy

/

build

/

catch

/

cut

choose

/

cook

/

find

/

get

/

keep

/

make

/

draw

/

do如：He

bought

me

a

new

bike.

=

He

bought

a

new

bike

for

me.(B)

give

/

take

/

send

/

bring

/

teach

/

show

/

tell

/

pay

/

write

/

read

/

sell

/

lend

/

如：She

lent

me

a

book.

=

She

lent

a

book

to

me.注意：當(dāng)兩賓語都為代詞時(shí)，必須用介詞把人放后面。eg:

Please

give

it

to

me.基本句型五

Ｓ＋Ｖt＋Ｏ＋Ｃ

（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）

此句型的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。

Ｓ

│Ｖ（及物）│

Ｏ（賓語）│Ｃ（賓補(bǔ)）

1.

They

│are

painting

│the

door

│green.

1.他們正把門漆成綠色。2.

They

│find

│the

house

│empty

2.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。1、太陽在照耀著。

_________________________________2、月亮升起了。_________________________________3、誰知道答案？_________________________________4、

她感謝了她的母親。________________________________5、

這是本英漢辭典。____________________________________6、午餐的氣味很好。_____________________________________7、

她正在給自己制作一套新衣裳