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AuditingDatabaseUsers,

Privileges,andObjectsObjectivesAftercompletingthislesson,youshouldbeabletodothefollowing:ImplementbasicdatabaseauditingImplementauditingoftheprivilegeduserImplementDMLandDDLauditingSendauditrecordstoOSfilesMonitoringforSuspiciousActivityMonitoringorauditingshouldbeanintegralpartofyoursecurityprocedures.Thebuilt-inaudittoolsinOracleDatabase10ginclude:DatabaseauditingValue-basedauditingFine-grainedauditing(FGA)AuditToolComparisonsFixedsetofdata,includingtheSQLstatementSQLstatements(INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,andSELECT)basedoncontentFine-grainedauditing(FGA)AdministratordefinedDatachangedbyDMLstatementsValue-basedauditingFixedsetofdataPrivilegeuseincludingobjectaccessStandarddatabaseauditingWhatIsintheAuditTrail?WhatIsAudited?TypeofAuditStandardDatabaseAuditingIsenabledthroughtheAUDIT_TRAILparameterCanaudit:LogineventsExerciseofsystemprivilegesExerciseofobjectprivilegesUseofSQLstatementsSettheAUDIT_TRAILParameterTheparametervaluescanbe:NONE:DisablescollectionofauditrecordsDB:EnablesauditingwithrecordsstoredinthedatabaseDB,EXTENDED:PopulatesSQLBINDandSQLTEXTcolumnsXML:EnablesauditingwithrecordsstoredinXMLformatOSfiles.XML,EXTENDED:IncludesSQLBINDandSQLTEXTcolumnsOS:EnablesauditingwithrecordsstoredintheOSaudittrailAuditLogLocation

OSVersusDatabaseWhohasaccess?Databaseaudittableisaccessibleto:SYSDBADBAroleAnyonewith*ANYTABLEprivilegesOSauditfilesareaccessibleto:RootuseronrepositorymachineAnydependingonedirectorypermissionsSpecifyingAuditOptionsSQLstatementauditing:

System-privilegeauditing(nonfocusedandfocused):Object-privilegeauditing(nonfocusedandfocused):AUDITselectanytable,createanytrigger;

AUDITselectanytableBYhrBYSESSION;AUDITtable;AUDITALLonhr.employees;

AUDITUPDATE,DELETEonhr.employeesBYACCESS;SpecifyingAuditOptions

FullNotesPageAuditingSessionsAuditunsuccessfulattemptstoconnect:MonitorDBA_AUDIT_SESSION:CheckDBA_AUDIT_TRAIL.COMMENT_TEXT.AUDITCREATESESSIONBYACCESS WHENEVERNOTSUCCESSFUL;USERNAACTION_NAMERETURNCODELOGOFF

FREDLOGON1017FREDLOGOFF0082922:39FREDLOGOFFBYCLEANUP0082922:40FREDLOGON0SchemaobjectauditingoptionsDBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTSPrivilegeauditingoptionsDBA_PRIV_AUDIT_OPTSStatementauditingoptionsDBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTSDefaultauditoptionsALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTSDescriptionDataDictionaryViewViewingAuditingOptionsAudit

trailParameterfileSpecifyauditoptions.Generate

audittrail.Reviewauditinformation.StandardDatabaseAuditingDBAUserEnabledatabaseauditing.executescommand.DatabaseOSaudittrailAuditoptionsServer

processsyslogSYSLOGfilesViewingAuditingResultsRecordsconcerningschemaobjectsDBA_AUDIT_OBJECTAllconnectanddisconnectentriesDBA_AUDIT_SESSIONDBA_AUDIT_STATEMENTDBA_AUDIT_EXISTSDBA_AUDIT_TRAILAuditTrailViewAllaudittrailentriesAuditingrecordsatthestatementlevelRecordsproducedbyNOTEXISTSauditDescriptionAuditingtheSYSDBAandSYSOPERUsersControlauditingofprivilegeduserswiththefollowingparameters:audit_sys_operationsenablesadditionalauditingoftheSYSDBAorSYSOPERactions.audit_file_destcontrolsthelocationoftheaudittrail.Thedefaultis:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/audit(UNIXorLinux)WindowsApplicationEventLog(Windows)ViewingtheSYSDBAAuditTrailsAudittoXMLFilesAuditrecordscantosenttoXMLformatfiles.StandardauditSYSoperationsauditrecordsFine-grainedaudit(FGA)recordsXMLfilescanbereadwithaavarietyofreaders.XMLfilescanbeprotectedbytheOS.AudittoSYSLOGAuditrecordssenttosyslogCanbewrittentofilesownedbyrootCanbewrittentoanothermachineaudit_syslog_levelsetsthefacility.priorityofthemessagestosyslog.Thesyslog.conffiledetermineswheresyslogwritesthemessage.For*NIXonly.ConfigureAuditingtosyslogSettheparameters:AUDIT_TRAIL=OSAUDIT_SYSLOG_LEVEL=‘facility.priority’Modifythesyslog.conffile.Addconfigurationlines.Configuretheservicesfileonremotemachines.#CaptureOracleauditrecords /var/log/oracle_audit.log @edrsr5p1*.AUDIT_TRAIL=OS*.AUDIT_SYSLOG_LEVEL=''SYSLOGLimitationsSYSLOGlimitations:Fine-grainedauditrecordsarenotcaptured.OracleLabelSecurityauditrecordsarenotcaptured.OracleDatabaseVaultauditrecordsarecryptic.Messagelimitedto1024bytesonsomemachines.RemotemessagesaresentbyUDP.Value-BasedAuditingTheuser’schangeismade.Triggerfires.Recordisinsertedintoanaudittrailtable.Ausermakeschange.Auditrecordiscreatedbytrigger.Value-BasedAuditing

FullNotesPageTriggersandAutonomousTransactionsFurtherenhanceandprotecttheauditingby:CapturingDMLchangestoshadowtableReplicat

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