2000年考研英語試題及答案

2000年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe_47-Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor_48extrafundsinthe

formofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof[D]morethan[A]onlyif[B]muchas[C]longbefore[D]eversince[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequentlySectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked,[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'ssbethsetm,oisttskwilolerdk.eArmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America'smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment.“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause.ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoalitsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbeforethewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitorstheunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomyThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican.TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarketsemiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprisesmachine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactionsautoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarketWhatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtotheturningofthebusinesscyclerestructuringofindustryimprovedbusinessmanagementsuccessineducationText2Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepass100,000years--eventhepass100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“l(fā)ookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?Alackofmates.Afiercecompetition.Alowersurvivalrate.Adefectivegene.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvancethenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendecliningourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolutionthedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearingWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhereText3Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays;foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:“Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?Thispassageismainly.asurveyofnewapproachestoartareviewofFuturistpoetryaboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovementaboutlawsandrequirementsofliteratureWhenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto.determineitspurposesignoreitsflawsfollowthenewfashionsaccepttheprinciplesFuturistsclaimthatwemust.increasetheproductionofliteratureusepoetrytorelievemodernstressdevelopnewmodesofexpressionavoidusingadjectivesandverbsTheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.basedonreasonableprinciplesnewandacceptabletoordinarypeopleindicativeofbasicchangeinhumannaturemoreofatransientphenomenonthanliteratureText4AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon'tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan'srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.“Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personality,ability,courageorhumanity--arecompletelyignored,”saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty'seducationcommittee.“Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.”LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.“InJapan,”sayseducatorYokoMuro,“it'sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.”Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan's119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.IntheWesterner'seyes,thepostwarJapanwas.underaimlessdevelopmentapositiveexamplearivaltotheWestonthedeclineAccordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?[A]Women'sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat.theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlifethedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbeforetheJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlifeText5Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif.itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrificesitisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpoweritsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterialitissharedbytherichandthefamousThelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis.customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwordstoolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletoutdishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoalimpracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambitionSomepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause.theythinkofitasimmoraltheirpursuitsarenotfameorwealthambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefitstheydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptibleFromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.secretlyandvigorouslyopenlyandenthusiasticallyeasilyandmomentarilyverballyandspirituallySectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;or