《綜合教程》(第2版)第一冊(cè)-精品課件-Unit12

Unit12GenderBiasinLanguageGender=Sex?Sexmarksthedistinctionbetweenmenandwomenasaresultoftheirbiological,physicalandgeneticdifferences.Genderrolesaresetbyconventionandothersocial,economic,political,andculturalforces.Itisnotnecessarilyonthebasisofbiologicaldistinction.GenderDifferencesGenderdifferenceisatermusedtorefertosocialcharacteristicthatdistinguishmenandwomen.Theseincludesuchthingsasdifferencesinhairstyles,clothing,familyresponsibilities,occupationalroles,acceptablebehaviorandotherculturallylearnedactivitiesandtraits.Allofthesedifferencesarelinkedtothenon-biologicalnotionsofmasculinityandfemininitywhichvaryfromoneculturetoanother.MenandwomenspeakdifferentlyPerceptually,femaleandmalearesaidtospeakdifferentvarietiesoflanguage:womenaresaidtousedistinctlyfemininewords,aremoremeticulousthanmeninenunciatingwordsandsentencesandintheuseofintonationpatterns,employmarkedgrammaticalfeatures,andtendtobegrammaticallyhypercorrect.Phonologically:InmanyaccentsofAmericanEnglish,ithasbeenfoundthatwomen’svowelsaremoreperipheral–morefront,moreback,higher,orlowerthanmen’s.Lexically:Mentendtousetaboowordsmoreoftenthanwomen.Wordchoiceinsomelanguagesisgender-markedGrammatically:Multiplenegation,charactersConversation:topic,howmuchtotalkGenderBiasGenderbiasinChinese

language妄、妥、妻、委、妾、耍、婆、娶、婪爺、爸、爹、斧妖、奴、奸、婪、妄、妒、嫉、婊、娼、妓

好、妙、嬈、嫵、姣、婷、嫻、嫩、婉、嬌、婧GenderbiasinChinese

language男女、夫妻、夫婦、子女、公婆、兄妹、父母、祖父母、伯父伯母、岳父岳母、夫唱婦隨、男尊女卑、男男女女、男耕女織、男歡女愛、男婚女嫁爺們兒，婦人之見，女流之輩先生，小姐/女士市長，女市長，女強(qiáng)人賤內(nèi)，糟糠，渾家，屋里的，燒火的GenderbiasinChinese

language黛玉—芙蓉;寶釵—牡丹;元春—桃花;迎春—菊花;探春—杏花;惜春—水仙;妙玉—梅花;李紈—蘭花;巧姐—梨花;鳳姐—玫瑰;可卿—櫻花;湘云—芍藥紅顏禍水水性楊花HaveyoufoundanygenderbiasinEnglishlanguage?

Canyougivesomeexamples?GenderbiasinEnglish

language

1.

InEnglish,man:M&FMancanconquerthenature

meeting:

woman→chairmanThen:Madamchairman2.speakingorwriting:genderunknownperson→he!notshe?One&one’s,repeated

→he!notshe?Everyone,everybody,anyone,anybody:he,sheorthey,butmorefrequentlyhe/him/his,notsheGenderbiasinEnglish

language3.

menandwomen,boysandgirls,fatherandmother,husbandandwife,Mr.andMrs.,SirandMadam,etc.Ofcoursethereareexceptions:

ernorgovernessacallboyacallgirl.........GenderbiasinEnglish

languagethecolourofsexdiscrimination;theequalityofthesexesThencomesfeminism…Attheendofthe20thcentury,manygender-relatedtermswerereplacedbygender-neutralforms(e.g.,actor

forbothmanandwoman,server

insteadofwaiterandwaitress,chairinsteadofchairmanandchairwoman,mailcarrier

insteadofmailman)inanumberofEnglishspeakingcommunitiesspokesperson,businessperson,chairperson,mailperson,evenspokeswoman...PossibleexplanationsBiology—menareinnatelypredisposedtoindependenceandverticalrelationshipsandwomentodependenceandhorizontalrelationships.Dualculturemodel(apolitical)—howsociety’sworkisdividedbetweenthetwosexes.Dominancemodel(political)—maledominanceinsocietyisamajorcontributingfactor.Languagesocializationpatterns—howyoungchildrenaresocializedwithinfamilyandinsocialsurroundings(menlearntobemenandwomenlearntobewomen).Globalreadingofthetext1.Whattypeofwritingisthetext?Thistextisanexpositiveessaywithreferencetogenderbiasinlanguage.2.What’sthemainstrategytodevelopthisexpositiveessay?Thetextismainlydevelopedbymeansofexemplification.Examplesareabundantlyusedin

Paragraphs2-6.Structuralanalysis

3.WorkoutthestructureofthetextParagraph(s)Mainidea1Thewriterraisestheissuetobediscussedbyintroducingtwodifferentopinions.2-6Thewriterprovidesquiteanumberoftypicalexamplestoillustrategenderbiasinlanguage.7Thewritermakeshisattitudeoropinionclearontheissueofgenderbiasinlanguage.Detailedreading-Para.1Whatdoestheauthorthinkoflanguage?Powerful,yetcomplicated.Whichtwoopinionsarepresentedinthefirstparagraph?“Islanguagethecauseofthebias?”“Islanguagereflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserholds?Whatisyouropinion?Understand&InterpretHowdoyouinterpretthetwoopinionsmentionedinthetext?Thelanguageweuseeverydayisbynaturenotfairandthewayitisusedisalsobiased.Firstofall,wehaveprejudicesandbiaswithinourselvesandthenwedenoteitthroughtheuseoflanguage.Paraphrase…,thatwemusttakeintoaccount

theperson'slinguisticgenealogy.…isitreflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserholds?Thatistosay,thewordsthatpeoplechoosetouseinconversationdenotethebiasthattheyharborwithintheirownexistence.Languagework1.bias:1)n.anopinionorfeelingthatstronglyfavorsonesideinanargumentoraniteminagrouporseries;predisposition;prejudiceEx:Thisuniversityhasabiastowardsthesciences.

Studentswereevaluatedwithoutbias.2)vt.tounfairlyinfluenceattitudes,choices,ordecisionsEx:Severalfactorscouldhavebiasedtheresultsofthestudy.Collocation:

biasagainst/towards/infavorofEx:It'sclearthatthecompanyhasabiasagainstwomenandminorities.Languagework2.nuance:adj.slight,delicateorsubtledifferenceincolor,appearance,meaning,feeling,etc.Ex:Languageteachersshouldbeabletoreacttonuancesofmeaningofcommonwords.

Hewasawareofeverynuanceinhervoice.Synonym:subtletyCollocation:nuanceof3.genealogy:adiagramshowingaparticularperson'sancestry;successivegenerationsofkin;familytreeLanguageworkLanguagework4.reflective:adj.(ofaperson,mood,etc.)thoughtful;(ofasurface)reflectinglightEx:Sheisinareflectivemood.

Thesearereflectiveplates.Derivation:reflectv.reflectiveness:n.Languagework5.harbor:v.tokeepbadthoughts,fearandhopesinyourmindforalongtimeEx:Ithinkheisharboringsomesortofgrudgeagainstme.tocontainsthesp.sthhiddenanddangerousEx:Sinkscanharborgerms.toprotectandhidethecriminalEx:Youmaybepunishedifyouharboranescapecriminal.Detailedreading-Para.2WhatisthepointinregardtogenderbiastheauthorwantstomakeinPara.2?SomewordsinEnglishare

inherentlybiasedagainstwomen.TheEnglishlanguagegenerallyreflectsmalesupremacyandfemalesubservience.Examples?

Understand&ParaphraseTherearewordsintheEnglishlanguagethatareexistingorhaveexisted…(and)thathave

inherently

beensexuallybiasedagainstwomen.Thelanguageisarrangedsothatmenareidentifiedwithexaltedpositions,andwomenareidentifiedwithmoreservice-orientedpositionsinwhichtheyarebeingdominatedandinstructedbymen.Sothelanguageusedtoconveythistypeofmalesupremacy

isgenerallyreflectingthehonoredpositionofthemaleandthesubservienceofthefemale.Languagework1.inherent:adj.existingasanaturalorpermanentfeatureorqualityEx:Theproblemsyoumentionareinherentinthesystem.勤勞儉樸是中華民族的本色。IndustryandfrugalityaretheinherentqualitiesoftheChinesenation.inherently:adv.2.identify:v.showorprovewhosb.isorwhatsth.is;recognizesb./sth.asbeingthespecifiedEx:Sheidentifiedthemanasherattacker.

Wecannotidentifywealthwithhappiness.

Herefusedtoidentifyhimselfwiththeradicalleft.identification:n.Languagework3.orient:v.directsb’sinteresttosth;directsthatsb;speciallydesignsthforsbEx:Theteachertriedtoorienthisstudentstowardsthescience.

Thesecourseswereorientedtoforeignstudents.

Womentendtodoservice-orientedjobs.4.

insult:v.speakoractinawaythatintendstohurtsomeone’sfeelingordignityinsulting:adj.veryrudeandoffensivetosomeoneEx:Itisinsultingtoahighlyskilledworkertobeofferedsuchalowsalary.Detailedreading-Para.3Canyoufindoutthetopicsentenceinparagraph3?ThisshowsthattheusageofmanyoftheEnglishwordsisalsowhatcontributestothebiaspresentintheEnglishlanguage.Examples?1.Whataman/womanisvaluedfor?2.Inwordpairs,theusageshowsthebias,thatismasculinewordsusuallygobeforethefemininewords.CanyougivesomeChineseexamples?MenfromMars,WomenVenusDetailedreading-Para.4Whatisputforwardbytheauthorbygivingustwoexamples?Womenareseenaspassivewhilemenareactiveandcanbringthingsintobeing.Examples?1.Thebridewillbegivenawayfromonemantoanotherman.2.Thewomanbecomesabridewhilemanwedwoman.Themantakesawayawoman’svirginityandawomanloseshervirginity.Languagework1.bringthingsintobeing:causethingstocomeintoexistence;createthingsEx:Thatoutstandingscientistisgoodatbringingthingsintobeings.Sthcomesintobeing:comeintoexistence;happenEx:Ieintoplay:beactiveorhaveaninfluenceEx:Personalfeelingsshouldnotcomeintoplaywhenyoumakepoliticaldecisions.

Highpricesoffoodhavecomeintoplayinourlife.bringsthintoplay:causesthtocomeintoplayEx:Youmaybringyourstrengthintoplay.Languagework3.perpetuate:vt.makeasituation,attitude,etc.,especiallyabadone,continuetoexistforalongtimeEx:Thesemeasureswillperpetuatethehostilitybetweenthetwogroups.Derivation:

perpetuation:n.Understand&ParaphraseThisdenotesherinability,apparentlyduetohergender,toholdontosomethingthatisapartofher,thusenforcingtheman’sabilityandrighttoclaimsomethingthatisnothis.Thisexampleindicatesthatbecauseofhergender,womanisnotabletokeeporretainsomethingthatisanaturalpartofher,thereforeitstrengthensman’sabilityandrighttorequestanddeclaresomethingthatdoesnotbelongtoher.Languagework4.enforce:vt.1)makesth.suchasastatement,anargument,abelief,etc.moreforcefulEx:Haveanystatisticsthatwouldenforceyourargument?

2)makesth.suchaslaw,rules,etc.effectiveEx:Governmentsmakelawsandthepoliceenforcethem.

Collocations:

enforcesth.on/againststh.enforcesth.onsbDetailedreading-Para.5What'sthemainideaofthisparagraph?Itstatesthelinguisticdifferencethatarefargreaterpositiveconnotationsconnectedwithbeingamanthanwithbeingawoman.Examplesshrew:n.smallmouse-likeanimalthatfeedsoninsects鼩鼱ill-temperedscoldingwomanshrewd:adj.havingorshowinggoodjudgmentandcommonsense“markedbycleverdiscerningawareness”LittlegirlsforbeingtomboyisOK,butlittleboysplayingdollsorridinggirls’bicyclesisnotacceptable.Understand&ParaphraseTobeendowedbygeneticswiththeencodingofamalewouldbeashavingbeenshowngrace,unmerited

favor.Paraphrase:Tobepredeterminedbyone'sgeneticstructuretobeamalewouldbeashavingbeenshownGod'skindnessandundeservedfavor.Languagework1.beendowedwithsth:tonaturallyhaveagoodfeatureorqualityEx:Shewasendowedwithbothgoodlooksandbrains.endowsb/sthwithsth:makesb/sthhaveaparticularqualityEx:Herbshavebeenusedforcenturiestoendowawholerangeoffoodswithsubtleflavors.2.merit:vt.beworthyof,deserveEx:Ithinkthesuggestionmeritsconsideration.merit:n.unmerited:adj.notreallydeservedLanguagework3.vicious:adj.actingordonewithevilintentions;spitefulEx:Iwasshockedbyhisviciouslook.(ofanimals)savageanddangerousEx:Judgingfromthebasicmeaningof“shrew”,womenmayberegardedthesameasaviciousanimal.

viciously:adv.viciousness:n.Detailedreading-Para.6WhichsentencesinParagraph6denotethewriter’sattitude?Thesentencesthatshowthewriter’sattitudetowardstheuseofimpolitetermsinreferencetowomenare“…butwhyusethemwhentherearesomanymoretochoosefrom?”and“Itisalsothemosteffectiveweaponofdestruction.”Detailedreading-Para.6Vulgarorderogatorywordsareusedinreferencetoordirectedtowardwomen.babe:n.(sl.)youngwomanbroad:n.(USsl.)womanchick:n.(dated,sexist)youngwomanattractiveyoungwomanawayofspeakingtoawoman,offensiveawayofspeakingtosomeoneyoulove,wifeorhusbandrude,withsexbroadinthebeamDetailedreading-Para.7Whatkindofchangehastakenplaceinregardtogenderbiasinlanguage?Whatisthewriter’sopinioninreferencetogenderbiasinlanguage?Thewriterthinksitisnecessarytomaketheproperadjustmentsinternallytouseappropriatelanguagetoeffectivelyincludebothgenders,andthatitisuptoourdecisionoftheproperwordused.Languagework1.qualify:v.havetherighttohaveordosthEx:Hequalifiedfortheunemploymentbenefit,buthedidnotplantoapplyforit.

Membershipoftheclubqualifiesyoufortheaccess.PassanexaminationorfinishacourseinordertodosthEx:Hefinallyqualifiedasapilot.MakethestatementlessgeneralorextremeEx:Imustqualifymylastremarksincasetheyaremisinterpreted.qualified:adj.Ex:Ittakesmorethan10yearstobecomeaqualifieddoctor.Languagework2.beuptosb.:berequiredasadutyorobligationfromsb.;belefttosb.todecideEx:Itisuptoustohelpthoseinneed.

It'suptoyouwhetheryoutakethejobornot.

Whatdoyouprefer,anIndianmealoraChinesemeal?Itisuptoyou.KeytoExercisesExercise-ComprehensionI.DII.TFFTTExercise-ComprehensionIV.Languageisanintricatesystemcapableofexpressingsubtledifferencesinmeaning,emotion,attitudeandsoon.Thewordspeoplechoosetouseinconversationshowtheprejudices

theyholdwithinthemselves.Nilsenarguesthat,atthebeginningofaweddingceremony,whenthefatherisaskedwhogivesthebrideawayandheranswers,"Ido"sexualprejudiceshowsitself.Tobebornaman,withthemarkof"male",isalmostlikereceivinggrace,afavorfromGodonedoesn’tusuallydeserve.Exercise-VocabularyI.1.consider/takeintoconsideration2.byitsnatureandbythewayitisused.3.men’ssuperiority4.thereasonthatleadsto5.beginstoshowitself6.inconnectionwithExercise-VocabularyII.1.bias2.perpetuate3.oriented4.achievements5.exalts6.misinterpreted7.Inreferenceto8.yielded9.tempers10.supremacyExercise-VocabularyIII.CDABCAABCDExercise-VocabularyIV.Prejudice:referstoadislikeorevenhatredforaparticulargroup,race,orreligion,inalargelyunexpressedorevenunknownmanner.Bias:pointstoapredispositioneitherfororagainstsomething.Whereprejudicecanindicateafixed,inflexibleattitude,biasmightsuggestonlyatendancytotakeagivenview.1.a.bias

b.prejudicec.bias

d.prejudiceExercise-VocabularyIV.Request:suggestsacourteousstatementofdesire,anditisfrequentlyusedasaeuphemismfor"demand"inordertohidethelatter'sharshness;Claim:suggeststhatarightisbeingassertedoronehastherighttosomething.2.a.requested

b.claimc.requested

d.claimExercise-VocabularyIV.Connect:isusedofthingsthatcomeintocontactatsomepointwhileclearlyremainingseparate.Itmayalsosuggestacontactthatresultsinthetransferofpowerfromasourcetoareceiver.Attach:appliestothefasteningonofaparttoawhole,ofalesserthingtoagreater,orofsomethingmovabletosomethingfixed.3.a.connecting

b.connectedc.attaches

d.attachedExercise-VocabularyIV.Example:mayindicatesomethingphysicallypresentasaspecimen,andmoreoftenitsuggeststhecitingofsupplementarymaterial.Itoftenimpliesbriefcitationsgivenforclarityratherthantocorroborateathesis;Instance:pointstoparticularorconcreteexamplesoroccurencies.4.a.instances

b.examplec.instances

d.exampleExercise-VocabularyV.strong,mighty,forcefulunderstand,comprehend,interpretentertain,cherish,nurtureinclude,embraceunbiased,just,balancedinferiority,subservienceconventional,common,usual,habituallittle,small,inconsiderable,insignificantExercise-VocabularyVI.Theaircraftcancarry480peopleexcludingthecrewandcabinstaff.Hispoetryconveysagreatsenseofreligiousdevotion.Thejudgedecidedthatallowingthevideotapeasevidencewouldbeprejudicialtotheoutcomeofthetrial.Itseemshe’snotsolelytoblamefortheaccident.Thepoliticaldisparitybetweenthetwocommunitiesisobvious.Attheceremonymanyspeakersexaltedhislifetimecontributiontothemovieindustry.Inthelasttwotothreeyears,drinkershavebecomemorediscerningandarenowenjoyingawidervarietyofbeerofbetterquality.Thechangestothenationalhealthsystemwillbeimplementednextyear.Exercise–GrammarI.1.Therearepeoplewhouselanguagethatwouldbeconsideredprejudicialorbiasednuse.(who:subject;that:subject)2.Butthequestionthatisraisedisinregardtolanguageusage:Islanguagethecauseofthebiasorisitreflectiveofthepreexistingbiasthattheuserhokds?(that:subject)3.Therearethosewhobelievethatthelanguagethatweuseinday-to-dayconversationisbiasedinandofitself.(who:subject;that:object)4.Theyfeelthatthetermmailman,forexample,isonethatexcludeswomenmailcarriers.(that:subject)5.Thentherearethosewhofeelthatlanguageisareflectionoftheprejudicesthatpeoplehavewithinthemselves.(who:subject;that:object)6.Thatistosay,thewordsthatpeoplechoosetouseinconversationdenotethebiasthattheyharborwithintheirownexistence.(that:object;that:object)7.TherearewordsintheEnglishlanguage…thathaveinherentlybeensexuallybiasedagainstwomen.(that:subject)Exercise–GrammarI.8.Forexample,thepersonwhoinvestigatescomplaints…(who:subject)9.ThisisanexampleofthegenderbiasthatexistsintheEnglishlanguage.(that:subject)10.…andwomenareidentifiedwithmoreservice-orientedpositionsinwhichtheyarebeingdominatedandinstructedbymen.(inwhich:adverbial)11.…thereareinstanceswhenwomenareseenaspassivewhilemenareactiveandbringthingsintobeing.(when:adverbial)12.Intheconversationsthatcomeupbetweenfriends,yousometimeshearthewords“babe,”“broad,”and“chick.”(that:subject)13.Thesearewordsthatareusedinreferencetoordirectedtowardwomen.(that:subject)14.AlthoughtherearebiasesthatexistintheEnglishlanguage,therehasbeenconsiderablechangetowardrecognizingthesebiasesandmakingthenecessarychangesformally…(that:subject)Exercise–GrammarII.1.that2.who/whom/-3.that/which4.when/atwhich/-5.