Chapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情緒心理學(xué)教學(xué)課件

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotions1Chapter4BiologicalBasisofEmotions(I):EmotionalbrainFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions2CaseofPhineasGage(1885)&moderncasesofPhineasGage;Cannon’sresearch(1931)Papez(1937)hypothesisThreelevelofbrain&forebrainrevolution;LimbicsystemAmygdalaBasalgangliaOFC&VMPCLPCACCInsular,et.al.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions31.CaseofPhineasGageDamageofprefrontalcortex;Intact:language,skill,intelligence,attention,memory,perceptions;Damage:personalityandemotionregulationandmotivation;---whatfunctionsofprefrontalcortexinemotionalprocessing?Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioChapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情緒心理學(xué)教學(xué)課件Chapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情緒心理學(xué)教學(xué)課件Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotions6PatientA(Brickner,1932)Damage:allleftfrontallobesbeforeareaforlanguageremoved;allrightfrontallobesincludingcortexinfrontofareascontrollingmovement;ventral(orbital)surfaceandlowerpartoftheinternal(medial)surfaceofbothsidesoffrontallobes;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions7PatientAIntactfunctions:perception,memory,language,motorabilities,calculations,playgames,intelligence,physiologicalhealth;Changedinpersonality:boasted自夸ofhisprofessional,physicalandsexualpowers威力althoughhedidnotwork.Neverreturntoworkafterward.Impoverished貧乏emotionallife,nosignsofsad,embarrassment,ordistress.Passiveanddependent.Detachedfromothers.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions8Implication:variesfrontallobesandspecificfunctionsinemotionalprocessing.情緒受損---情緒分化性和豐富性減弱---部分情緒回路被損傷；情緒的動(dòng)力性受損---情緒的主觀體驗(yàn)損傷；或情緒影響認(rèn)知，或認(rèn)知影響情緒的功能出現(xiàn)損傷；情緒障礙與人格障礙;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions9Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions10CerebralcortexthalamusvisceraSkeletalmusclesReceptor/emotionalstimuli12345Cannon-Bardtheory(1931)Subjectiveemotion情緒體驗(yàn):與認(rèn)知評(píng)價(jià)有直接關(guān)系,與生理喚醒無關(guān)Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions112.PointsofCannonSubjectiveemotionalexperienceisresultedfrominteractionbetweenactivationinthalamusandcognitiveevaluationinneo-cortex;Physiologicalarousaliskindofnonspecificstateaccompaniedwithsubjectiveemotionalexperience.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions12Hypothalamuswasimportantfortheexpressionofemotion;otherregionsconnectedtoitwereresponsiblefortheexperienceofemotion.Sensory----》thalamus---threepathways:Neo-cortext新皮層—streamofthoughtLimbicsystem邊緣系統(tǒng)andhypothalamus下丘腦----streamoffeeling;Striatalregion紋狀區(qū)---streamofmovement;3.Papez(1937)’shypothesisaboutemotionalexperienceFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions13Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions144.ThreeLevelsinBrain

(Hughlings&Jackson,1959）Lowerlevel:simplereflexpathwaysincludingsuchfunctionsasreactionstosimplestimuli,posture,andmovement;Nextlevel:morerecentlyevolvedstructures,includingthoseofemotions;Highestlevel:mostrecentlyevolvedlevel,thecortexcontrolalllevelbelowit;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions15EvolutionoftheforebrainReptile爬行動(dòng)物:Telecephalon端腦:corpusstriatum紋狀體Diencephalon間腦:hypothalamus;Earlymammals早期的哺乳動(dòng)物:Telecephalon:corpusstriatum+limbicsystem(amygdala+septum)邊緣系統(tǒng)Diencephalon:hypothalamus;Mammals:Telecephalon:Neocortex新皮層+corpusstriatum+limbicsystem(amygdala+septum)Diencephalon:hypothalamus;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions16Figure5.3

Humanbrainatfivestagesofdevelopment

Thebrainalreadyshowsanadultstructureatbirth,althoughitcontinuestogrowduringthefirstyearorso.

Video

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions17EvolutionofforebrainandemotionStriatalSystem(紋狀系統(tǒng))EnlargedwiththeevolutionofreptilesDevotedschedulingandgeneratingoutlinescriptsfordailylife;有規(guī)律的作息方式Reptilianbehaviors(modernlizards)Preparationandestablishmentofahomesite建立家園/做窩Markingandpatrollingofterritory建立領(lǐng)地Formalizedfightingindefenseofterritory建立防御系統(tǒng)--“筑長(zhǎng)城”Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions18Evolutionofforebrainandemotion（接上頁(yè)）Foraging覓食Hunting狩獵Hoarding囤積Formingsocialgroupsincludinghierarchies形成有等級(jí)的社會(huì)團(tuán)體;Greeting問候Grooming整飾Mating交配,Flocking聚集Migration遷徙…Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions19Continuing…TypesofbehaviorRoutinizing常規(guī)Imitationormimicry模仿Tropisms定向Repetitious重復(fù)Reenactments裝扮Deceptivebehavior欺騙Hypothesis:thestriatalregionisinvolvedinschedulingspecies-characteristicbehaviorpatternsinmammalsthatarecomparabletothoseofreptiles;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions20communicativedisplaySignaturedisplay信號(hào)Challengedisplay挑戰(zhàn)Courtshipdisplay求愛Submissivedisplay順從Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions21Figure8.16

Connectionsfromthesubstantianigra:(a)normaland

(b)inParkinson’sdiseaseExcitatorypathsareshowningreen;inhibitoryareinred.Thesubstantianigra’saxonsinhibittheputamen.Axonlossincreasesexcitatorycommunicationtotheglobuspallidus.Theresultisincreasedinhibitionfromtheglobuspallidustothethalamusanddecreasedexcitationfromthethalamustothecerebralcortex.PeoplewithParkinson’sdiseaseshowdecreasedinitiationofmovement,slowandinaccuratemovement,andpsychologicaldepression.

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions22Figure12.1

Thelimbicsystem

Thelimbicsystemisagroupofstructuresintheinteriorofthebrain.Hereyouseethemasifyoucouldlookthroughatransparentexteriorofthebrain.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions235.LimbicsystemMaclean(1952):三個(gè)基本功能系統(tǒng)爬行腦reptilianbrain：以腦干為主，支配刻板行為；并產(chǎn)生一些基本情緒，如恐懼、憤怒及攻擊行為；舊哺乳腦oldmammalianbrain/visceralbrainandlimbicsystem：以邊緣系統(tǒng)為主，使動(dòng)物具有體驗(yàn)和表達(dá)情緒的可能；產(chǎn)生基本情緒及社會(huì)情緒；新哺乳腦：新皮層，使動(dòng)物具有更高級(jí)、更復(fù)雜的功能。進(jìn)行情緒與認(rèn)知的相互作用。Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions24LimbicsystemBroca(1878)：limbiclobe.邊緣葉由胼胝體周圍的皮層，如扣帶回和顳葉內(nèi)表面皮層（包括海馬）組成。與嗅覺有關(guān)；IncludingmanyofcomponentsofthePapezCircuit.e.g.thalamus,hypothalamus,hippocampus,cingulatecortex,andamygdalaandPrefrontalCortex.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions25Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions26Continuing…ThelimbicsystemSelf–preservationbehaviorEatingcompetingMating交配Caregiving照顧Infantattachment嬰兒依戀Socialfunction社會(huì)功能OldsandMilner(1954):self–stimulationonlimbicsystem;Limbicsystem:PleasurecentersorcentersofemotionsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions276.RolesofAmygdalaQuicklyemotionalresponse;Modulatedbyhighercognitiveprocess;EmotionalphysiologicalresponseRoleinsocialcognitive;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions28EarlystudiesKluver-Bucysyndrome(1939)Docile(溫順);Nofearoforiginalfearfulobjects;Changeinsexbehavior(hyper-sexuality);社會(huì)地位改變;TemporallobeorpsychomotorepilepsyFeelingofdesire,fear,anger,dejection,gratulantfeeling欣快;pugilisticbehavior拳擊行為,paroxysm發(fā)作ofkissing;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions29312LeDoux(1995)的情緒雙通道模型:杏仁核—生理反應(yīng);雙通道影響杏仁核的激活;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions30AmygdalacentralnucleusCGLHPVNRPCfreezingBloodpressureStresshomonesStartlereflexCG:centralgray中央灰質(zhì);LH:lateralhypothalamus外側(cè)下丘腦;PVN:paraventricularhypothalamus下丘腦室旁核，聯(lián)系杏仁核與紅核及紋狀體;RPC:reticulopontiscaudalis網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)-腦橋-蒼白球；BruceKapp(1979)Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions31EmotionalstimuliLABABCEEmotionalresponsesamygdalaLA：lateralNucleus;CE:centralnucleiB:basalAB:accessorybasalFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions32Fearconditioningexperimentonrats:Sound+briefmildshocktothefeetoftherats(ormeetacat);Conditionedresponses:bloodpressureandheartraterise,stresshormonesarereleasedintobloodstream;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions33EvidencesfromLeDoux(1988,1995)中央核(CE)損傷,不能形成條件反射;外側(cè)下丘腦損傷:干擾血壓變化;PVN損傷:干擾激素變化;RPC損傷:干擾驚跳反射;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions34Evidences

Subcorticalpathway-Ittakesabout12msinrat:quickly;Crudeimage;Corticalpathway:slowly,24ms,producedetailedandaccuraterepresentationandpreventinappropriateresponse;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions35Thalamus-amygdalaconnection:onesynapse;Thalamus-hippocampusconnection:severalsynapses;---takemore(40ms)time;----emotionalresponseisprimaryandquickly;AnatomicevidenceFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions36杏仁核的情緒反應(yīng)功能

(Zola-Morgan,1991)EmotionandCognitionareseparatesystems?Bilateralamygdalectomies(onmonkeys):cognitivetaskintact,butemotionalrespondinginpropriately;Emotionaltest:Reactiontoemotionalstimulation;Hippocampiremoved:emotionalresponsesintact,butdifficultyonthecognitivetask;Cognitivetest:learningandrecall,matchingtosample,anddiscrimination;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions37NormalgroupFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions38Amyg.andHippo.removedFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions39HRemovedFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions40Amyg.Removed.OnlyFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions41Amygdala’sactivationtoConscious&unconsciousemotionalstimuliCarlsson&Petersson,2004(PET研究)Conscious:snakephobia:snake--A+snakephobia:spider—A-Unconscious:Snakephobia:snakeA+Snakephobia:spiderA+在無意識(shí)條件下,杏仁核有更強(qiáng)的激活;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions42Liu&Huang(Inpress)InvisibleBothintacterotic&mutilatedpictureselicitstrongerSCRthanscrambledones;VisibleJustmutilatedintactpictureselicitstrongerSCRthanscrambledones;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions43Humanamygdalainsocialjudgment(R.Adolphs,D.Tranel,andA.R.Damasio,1998)Questions:社會(huì)認(rèn)知中情緒的作用?RoleofAmygdalainjudgmentofexpressivefaces?Subjects3bilateralamyg.Damage;7unilateralamyg.Damage;4right3leftControl:10braindamagebutnotinamyg.Norms:46undergraduatestudents;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions44Stimuliandtasks50positivefaces;50negativefacesForcedchoicetasksAnchorfaces(ratingas0.0)Veryapproachability可接近—veryun-approachabilityVerytrustworthiness可信---veryuntrustworthiness;Lexicalstimuli88Adjectivesanddescribedpersonalityattributes;20shortbiographiesaboutlifestylesandactivities;Judgment:veryLikeable(3)—veryun-likeable(-3)Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions4550negativefacesFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions4650positivefacesFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions47conclusionsAmygdaladamagelettoincorrectjudgmenttonegativefaces;noeffectwasfoundinjudgmenttolexicaldescription;Nodamagedifferencebetweenrightandleftdamageofamyg.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions48Animalstudies:Singleunitrecordingstudiesinanimalsshowthatamygdalaneuronscanresponddifferentlytodifferentfaces(Leonard,etal.1985)andrespondselectivelydynamicsocialstimuli;Humanstudies:fMRIandPETstudiesalsoprovideconsistencyevidencestosupportthatamygdalacanresponsetofearfulfaces面部andvocal聲音expression;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions49AmygdalaactivationandmemoryenhanceCahilletal.(1996)reportedonepatientwithamygdaladamagedidn’tshowmemoryenhancementforemotionalaspectsofstories.PETstudiesshowedthatlevelsofglucosemetabolisminrightamygdaladuringencodingcouldpredicttherecallofcomplexnegativeorpositiveemotionalstimuliuptoseveralweekslater(Cahill,etal.1996;Hamann,etal.1999);Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions50Amygdalaactivationneedattention?Pesssoaet.al.(2002)suggestedactivationinamygdalabyemotionalfacesrequireattention;Andemotionalprocessinamygdalaissusceptibletotop-downcontrol.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions51AmygdalaactivationandattentionFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions52resultsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions53Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions547.Basalganglia:learningtoskillfullyattainrewardsAnatomy解剖組成：globuspallidus蒼白球—舊紋狀體(paleostriatum)Caudate尾狀核\putamen殼核—新紋狀體(neostriatum)、subthalamicnucleus底丘腦核substantianigra黑質(zhì)Input（傳入）:來自大腦皮層廣泛區(qū)域;Output（傳出）:通過丘腦直接傳入到前額皮層，前運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層和運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層。Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions557.Basalganglia:learningtoskillfullyattainrewards損傷結(jié)果：運(yùn)動(dòng)計(jì)劃和運(yùn)動(dòng)執(zhí)行Parkinson”sdiseaseHuntington’sdisease形成趨與避的行為習(xí)慣和正情緒有密切關(guān)系；----習(xí)慣的形成總是發(fā)生在正情緒之中！?。?--這些區(qū)域與好壞的判斷/知覺有關(guān)，好—趨向，不好—避；如果這些部位損害，就可能無法辨認(rèn)好/壞;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions56Figure8.16

Connectionsfromthesubstantianigra:(a)normaland

(b)inParkinson’sdiseaseExcitatorypathsareshowningreen;inhibitoryareinred.Thesubstantianigra’saxonsinhibittheputamen.Axonlossincreasesexcitatorycommunicationtotheglobuspallidus.Theresultisincreasedinhibitionfromtheglobuspallidustothethalamusanddecreasedexcitationfromthethalamustothecerebralcortex.PeoplewithParkinson’sdiseaseshowdecreasedinitiationofmovement,slowandinaccuratemovement,andpsychologicaldepression.

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions57SupportingevidencesLesionsstudies（損傷研究）:Impairperceptionofemotionconveyedthroughfacialexpressionandtoneofvoice（不能辨認(rèn)聲音與表情）;depression（抑郁）;Neuroimagingstudies:Activationwhenexperienceofpositiveemotion;Dopaminereleasinginbasalganglia;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions58Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions598.AnatomicconnectionsofObito-frontalcortex(OFC)andVentral-medialprefrontalcortex(VMPC)ReceivedinputfromeverysensorymodalityReciprocalconnectionswithsub-corticalbrainstemnucleiinvolvedinemotionReceivedinputfromfrontalandtemporallobesthatintegrateandassociateinformationfrommanymodalities.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions60Theorbitofrontalcortex(OFC)andrewardprocessingRolls(1996,1999)proposedthatOrbitofrontalregionisinvolvedinlearningtheemotionalvalueofthestimuli.OFCworkwithamygdalatolearnandrepresentrelationshipbetweennewemotionalstimuliandprimarydrive(e.g.food,drinkandsex).學(xué)習(xí)情緒刺激與這些基本的內(nèi)驅(qū)力之間的關(guān)系。對(duì)情緒信息進(jìn)行精細(xì)認(rèn)知評(píng)價(jià),產(chǎn)生情緒價(jià)(正-負(fù)評(píng)價(jià))；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions61TocomputingthemotivationalvalueofexternalstimuliNeuroimaging:OFCactivationwhenpairedwithreinforcer;ContextdependentactionselectionLesionsofOFC/VMFC:impairabilitiestocontrolemotionaccordingcontextdemandingandthenimpairtheirsocialinteraction;Unabletouseemotionalcuestoguideandfacilitateadaptivebehaviors;例如：前額頁(yè)損傷與決策；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions62TheventromedialPFCandbodilysignalsSomaticmarkerhypothesisbyDamasioetal.(1991).Emotionalphysiology;Subjectiveemotionalexperience;VentrolmedialcortexPFCisactingassomaticmarkertoprocesssomaticcodesactivatedbyemotionalstimuliandenableindividualtoconsideruncertainlyinformationandthanmakeadecisionbasedonemotionaspectsofstimuliarray.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions63TheventromedialPFCandbodilysignalsE.g.EVR,moderndayPhineasGage:vertrolmedialcortexdamage,cognitiveintactbutcan’tmakeareasonabledecision.----ModifiedversionofJames-Langeapproach;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions64Bechara,Damasioetal.(1994)Cardgameexperiment;Subjects:patientswithventromedialPFCdamage,healthcontrolsubjects;Task:cardgameFourconditions:

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions65ABCDgainpossibilitypenalties$100$100$50$5050%10%$250$125050%$5010%$250Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions66Trick:tooverlookimmediaterewards($100)andbecomesensitivetodelayedrewards(ortoavoidlargepenalties)Thepatientscan’tlearntofingerouttheoptimalsolutiontoperformthetask,andnormalsubjectswereabletoresponseemotionalsensitivelyandlearntofindoutagoodchoice.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions67OrbitalandventromedialfrontalcortexFunction:context-dependent(場(chǎng)依存）actionselection;Useandapplication:inhibitongoingemotionalresponsesbasedonanalysesofcontext;generateaffectivereactionsbasedontheseanalysesthatguidefurtherregulatoryjudgments;(依據(jù)環(huán)境特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行情緒反應(yīng)及情緒調(diào)節(jié))Controlled;決定如何調(diào)節(jié)及如何實(shí)施調(diào)節(jié);Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions68ThePFCand‘top-down’regulationDavidsonetalproposethatPFCandACCsend“biassignals”(emotionalinformation)tootherpartsofbraintoguidebehaviorstowardsthemostadaptivecurrentgoals;Left-sidePFCisrelatedwithapproachgoalsandisactedasappetitiveregion;--趨近系統(tǒng);Right-sidePFCregionsarerespondingtonegativesignalsandinvolvedinwithdrawalbehaviors;--回避系統(tǒng)；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions69LateralprefrontalandassociationcorticesRetrievingandstoringsemanticemotionknowledge;情緒知識(shí)的提取與存儲(chǔ);Useandapplication:identity識(shí)別stimuli&differentiate分化feelingstates;attribute歸因emotionalqualitiestostimuli;repository存儲(chǔ)ofregulatorystrategies&layemotionknowledge;Retrievalcanbeautomaticorcontrolled;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions70Representation表征ofEmotionconcepts情緒概念orschemas

圖式TheabstractcauseofanexperienceThemeaningofasituationtotheindividualandhisorherimmediategoalsBodilysensationsExpressivemodesHowemotionfunctionsinterpersonallyEmotionalSemanticmemoryFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions71RoleofSemanticmemoryinemotion:Repository存儲(chǔ)ofknowledgeaboutorigins,evolution,andsequenceofemotion;Whenlackamygdalaandbasalgangliaactivation,itcouldtoldwhatmeaningoftheobject;Whencombinedwiththeseactivation,itwillbepartofemotion.（？？?。。┊a(chǎn)生特異的體驗(yàn)（？？?。。┰黾有畔⒌耐ㄟ_(dá)性（?。〣uildingLinksbetweenstimuliwithsimilarvalence;不能單獨(dú)產(chǎn)生情緒（！）Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions72AnteriorCingulateCortex(扣帶回,ACC)AkeysubstratetogenerateconsciousemotionalexperiencesuggestedbyPapez;Apointtointegrationofvisceral,attentionalandemotionalinformationthatiscruciallyinvolvedintheprocessesofaffectiveregulationandotherformsoftop-downcontrol;Tomonitor/detectconflictinfo.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions73AnteriorcingulatecortexConflictmonitoring監(jiān)控沖突;Useandapplication:monitoron-goingbehavioranddeterminewhetherchangeisnecessary;監(jiān)控行為并決定是否需要改變Conflictdetectedautomaticallybutmakingchangestakescontrol;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions74AnatomyofACCHeterogeneousareaCorticalconnection:OFC，VMFC，parietal,motorcontrolSub-corticalconnection:amygdala,hypothalamus,striatum,motorcontrolandpainarea…..Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions75SupportingevidencesNeuro-imagingstudiesACCActivitywhenerroroccurrence,painfulexperience,conflict,uncertaintyACCactivitywhenpainfulexperienceERPstudiesPsychosurgicallesiontoACC:----Afteranemotionisgenerated,anACCsignalthatthecurrentbehaviorisinneedofchangeandtheinitiatesearchforcausesofconflict;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions76OtherareasinvolvedinemotionalbrainAnteriorinsularcortex前腦島;Accumbennucleus:rewardcircuitofdopapimne;Hypothalamus:angercenterandhappycenter;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions77Multiplelevelsofemotionalprocesses

(KevinOchsner&LisaF.Barrett,2001Hypotheses:Emotiongenerationandregulationarehappenedinthesameprocesses;Multiplelevelsinvolvedindifferentlevelsofbrainandneuro-modulatorsanddifferentlevelsofconsciousnessandcontrol;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions78AutomaticemotionprocessingQuickly;Effortlessly;Rapiddetectionofpotentialthreatsorreward;Accessingofassociatedinformation;Initiateapproachoravoidancebehaviors;Automatic;Bottom-up;Elicitingbyprimaryappraisal;---存在快速/下意識(shí)的情緒反應(yīng);Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions79ControlledemotionprocessingConsciouslyandAttentivelyControlledanddeliberatelyEffort-demandingprocessingForexamplePainperception--painlessenSubjectivereportofemotionalexperienceEmotiondisclosuredemonstratingDecisionmakingEmotionregulation---說明存在著可控/可調(diào)/有意識(shí)的情緒及調(diào)節(jié)過程Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions80FivesystemstoprocessemotionsAmygdala:automaticdetectpotentialthreatsBasalganglia:registeringreward&acquiringhabits,automaticallybutrequiresattention;Lateralprefrontalandassociationcortices:retrievalemotionknowledgeautomaticallyorcontrolled；Anteriorcingulatecortex:tomonitorconflictanddecidetoregulation;Orbitalandventromedialfrontalcortex:toguildbehaviorandregulationemotion;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions81InternalandexternalstimuliAC:SemanticemotionalknowledgeBG:rewardhabit&approachAMY:Threat&AvoidanceLPC：回憶情緒知識(shí)ACC：監(jiān)測(cè)控制的需要OVFC：選擇調(diào)節(jié)的反應(yīng)Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions82FutureresearchEmotiongeneration,eg.IndividualdifferenceofemotionalexperienceEmotionregulation;Emotionandcognitioninteraction；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions83Howmanyemotionsystemsinbrain?Single-systemmodelsE.g.Cannon&Bard,Papes,Maclean,andDamasio;Dual-systemmodelsDavidsionvalenceasymmetrymodelLeftsideapproachsystemRightsidewithdrawalsystemMultiple-systemmodelsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions84情緒識(shí)別的左右半球不對(duì)稱Right-sidedsuperiorityinrecognitionofemotionalexpression(Etcoff,1989):Gazzaniga(1988)report:onesplit-brainpatientscanrecognizeemotionallysignificanteventswhenfilmsareshownonlytotherightsidebuttheycan’tdescriptwhattheysaw;----filmclipfallintoright-sidecortex---feelscared;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions85Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions86左腦有損傷的病人在識(shí)別焦慮方面(識(shí)別說謊)更敏感;右腦比較發(fā)達(dá)的人在情緒識(shí)別上要更有優(yōu)勢(shì);左腦發(fā)達(dá)的人言語能力較強(qiáng);右腦對(duì)刺激物的情緒識(shí)別與其認(rèn)知相獨(dú)立;對(duì)情緒面孔的情緒識(shí)別與對(duì)面孔本身的識(shí)別不同;對(duì)聲音的情緒識(shí)別與對(duì)聲音本身的識(shí)別所以來的腦區(qū)不同;總之,右腦在情緒的識(shí)別上具有優(yōu)勢(shì);Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions87WHY?Tucker&Frederick(1989)：可能是因?yàn)橛夷X與杏仁核的連接更近，發(fā)展更早；Epstein(1993):右腦：體驗(yàn)自我，基于情緒的加工特點(diǎn)，形象化的、整體性、比喻性；左腦加工特點(diǎn)：言語性、符號(hào)性及分析為主；小時(shí)候哭得多的孩子（負(fù)情緒系統(tǒng)較強(qiáng)）言語發(fā)展較慢；右腦為情緒腦？情緒加工都在右腦進(jìn)行？右腦發(fā)達(dá)的人：更抑郁？更有創(chuàng)造性？Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions88PositiveemotionsaremorestronglyrepresentedontheleftandnegativeemotionsontherightFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions89StudiesofDavidson(1992a)Stimulus:TwohappyfilmclipsTwodisgustfilmclipsRecording:EEGactivationLeftsideRightsideResults:Happy:moreleft-sideactivationDisgust:moreright-sideactivationConclusion:AsymmetryoffrontalemotionalactivationFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions90StudybyDavidson(1992b)AdultsplayvideotypegameTworewards:GainedMonetaryreward;Sufferedmonetarypunishment;10montholdinfantApproachtheirmothersApproachstrangersRecording:EEGactivationLeftsideRightsideResults:Happy:moreleft-sideactivationDisgust:moreright-sideactivationFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions91StudyofAffectivestylesSubjects:31Mon386childrenInhibitedMiddleUninhibited