Chapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情緒心理學教學課件

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotions1Chapter4BiologicalBasisofEmotions(I):EmotionalbrainFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions2CaseofPhineasGage(1885)&moderncasesofPhineasGage;Cannon’sresearch(1931)Papez(1937)hypothesisThreelevelofbrain&forebrainrevolution;LimbicsystemAmygdalaBasalgangliaOFC&VMPCLPCACCInsular,et.al.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions31.CaseofPhineasGageDamageofprefrontalcortex;Intact:language,skill,intelligence,attention,memory,perceptions;Damage:personalityandemotionregulationandmotivation;---whatfunctionsofprefrontalcortexinemotionalprocessing?Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioChapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情緒心理學教學課件Chapt-4-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of-Emotions情緒心理學教學課件Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotions6PatientA(Brickner,1932)Damage:allleftfrontallobesbeforeareaforlanguageremoved;allrightfrontallobesincludingcortexinfrontofareascontrollingmovement;ventral(orbital)surfaceandlowerpartoftheinternal(medial)surfaceofbothsidesoffrontallobes;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions7PatientAIntactfunctions:perception,memory,language,motorabilities,calculations,playgames,intelligence,physiologicalhealth;Changedinpersonality:boasted自夸ofhisprofessional,physicalandsexualpowers威力althoughhedidnotwork.Neverreturntoworkafterward.Impoverished貧乏emotionallife,nosignsofsad,embarrassment,ordistress.Passiveanddependent.Detachedfromothers.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions8Implication:variesfrontallobesandspecificfunctionsinemotionalprocessing.情緒受損---情緒分化性和豐富性減弱---部分情緒回路被損傷；情緒的動力性受損---情緒的主觀體驗損傷；或情緒影響認知，或認知影響情緒的功能出現(xiàn)損傷；情緒障礙與人格障礙;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions9Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions10CerebralcortexthalamusvisceraSkeletalmusclesReceptor/emotionalstimuli12345Cannon-Bardtheory(1931)Subjectiveemotion情緒體驗:與認知評價有直接關系,與生理喚醒無關Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions112.PointsofCannonSubjectiveemotionalexperienceisresultedfrominteractionbetweenactivationinthalamusandcognitiveevaluationinneo-cortex;Physiologicalarousaliskindofnonspecificstateaccompaniedwithsubjectiveemotionalexperience.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions12Hypothalamuswasimportantfortheexpressionofemotion;otherregionsconnectedtoitwereresponsiblefortheexperienceofemotion.Sensory----》thalamus---threepathways:Neo-cortext新皮層—streamofthoughtLimbicsystem邊緣系統(tǒng)andhypothalamus下丘腦----streamoffeeling;Striatalregion紋狀區(qū)---streamofmovement;3.Papez(1937)’shypothesisaboutemotionalexperienceFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions13Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions144.ThreeLevelsinBrain

(Hughlings&Jackson,1959）Lowerlevel:simplereflexpathwaysincludingsuchfunctionsasreactionstosimplestimuli,posture,andmovement;Nextlevel:morerecentlyevolvedstructures,includingthoseofemotions;Highestlevel:mostrecentlyevolvedlevel,thecortexcontrolalllevelbelowit;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions15EvolutionoftheforebrainReptile爬行動物:Telecephalon端腦:corpusstriatum紋狀體Diencephalon間腦:hypothalamus;Earlymammals早期的哺乳動物:Telecephalon:corpusstriatum+limbicsystem(amygdala+septum)邊緣系統(tǒng)Diencephalon:hypothalamus;Mammals:Telecephalon:Neocortex新皮層+corpusstriatum+limbicsystem(amygdala+septum)Diencephalon:hypothalamus;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions16Figure5.3

Humanbrainatfivestagesofdevelopment

Thebrainalreadyshowsanadultstructureatbirth,althoughitcontinuestogrowduringthefirstyearorso.

Video

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions17EvolutionofforebrainandemotionStriatalSystem(紋狀系統(tǒng))EnlargedwiththeevolutionofreptilesDevotedschedulingandgeneratingoutlinescriptsfordailylife;有規(guī)律的作息方式Reptilianbehaviors(modernlizards)Preparationandestablishmentofahomesite建立家園/做窩Markingandpatrollingofterritory建立領地Formalizedfightingindefenseofterritory建立防御系統(tǒng)--“筑長城”Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions18Evolutionofforebrainandemotion（接上頁）Foraging覓食Hunting狩獵Hoarding囤積Formingsocialgroupsincludinghierarchies形成有等級的社會團體;Greeting問候Grooming整飾Mating交配,Flocking聚集Migration遷徙…Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions19Continuing…TypesofbehaviorRoutinizing常規(guī)Imitationormimicry模仿Tropisms定向Repetitious重復Reenactments裝扮Deceptivebehavior欺騙Hypothesis:thestriatalregionisinvolvedinschedulingspecies-characteristicbehaviorpatternsinmammalsthatarecomparabletothoseofreptiles;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions20communicativedisplaySignaturedisplay信號Challengedisplay挑戰(zhàn)Courtshipdisplay求愛Submissivedisplay順從Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions21Figure8.16

Connectionsfromthesubstantianigra:(a)normaland

(b)inParkinson’sdiseaseExcitatorypathsareshowningreen;inhibitoryareinred.Thesubstantianigra’saxonsinhibittheputamen.Axonlossincreasesexcitatorycommunicationtotheglobuspallidus.Theresultisincreasedinhibitionfromtheglobuspallidustothethalamusanddecreasedexcitationfromthethalamustothecerebralcortex.PeoplewithParkinson’sdiseaseshowdecreasedinitiationofmovement,slowandinaccuratemovement,andpsychologicaldepression.

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions22Figure12.1

Thelimbicsystem

Thelimbicsystemisagroupofstructuresintheinteriorofthebrain.Hereyouseethemasifyoucouldlookthroughatransparentexteriorofthebrain.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions235.LimbicsystemMaclean(1952):三個基本功能系統(tǒng)爬行腦reptilianbrain：以腦干為主，支配刻板行為；并產(chǎn)生一些基本情緒，如恐懼、憤怒及攻擊行為；舊哺乳腦oldmammalianbrain/visceralbrainandlimbicsystem：以邊緣系統(tǒng)為主，使動物具有體驗和表達情緒的可能；產(chǎn)生基本情緒及社會情緒；新哺乳腦：新皮層，使動物具有更高級、更復雜的功能。進行情緒與認知的相互作用。Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions24LimbicsystemBroca(1878)：limbiclobe.邊緣葉由胼胝體周圍的皮層，如扣帶回和顳葉內(nèi)表面皮層（包括海馬）組成。與嗅覺有關；IncludingmanyofcomponentsofthePapezCircuit.e.g.thalamus,hypothalamus,hippocampus,cingulatecortex,andamygdalaandPrefrontalCortex.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions25Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions26Continuing…ThelimbicsystemSelf–preservationbehaviorEatingcompetingMating交配Caregiving照顧Infantattachment嬰兒依戀Socialfunction社會功能OldsandMilner(1954):self–stimulationonlimbicsystem;Limbicsystem:PleasurecentersorcentersofemotionsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions276.RolesofAmygdalaQuicklyemotionalresponse;Modulatedbyhighercognitiveprocess;EmotionalphysiologicalresponseRoleinsocialcognitive;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions28EarlystudiesKluver-Bucysyndrome(1939)Docile(溫順);Nofearoforiginalfearfulobjects;Changeinsexbehavior(hyper-sexuality);社會地位改變;TemporallobeorpsychomotorepilepsyFeelingofdesire,fear,anger,dejection,gratulantfeeling欣快;pugilisticbehavior拳擊行為,paroxysm發(fā)作ofkissing;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions29312LeDoux(1995)的情緒雙通道模型:杏仁核—生理反應;雙通道影響杏仁核的激活;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions30AmygdalacentralnucleusCGLHPVNRPCfreezingBloodpressureStresshomonesStartlereflexCG:centralgray中央灰質(zhì);LH:lateralhypothalamus外側(cè)下丘腦;PVN:paraventricularhypothalamus下丘腦室旁核，聯(lián)系杏仁核與紅核及紋狀體;RPC:reticulopontiscaudalis網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)-腦橋-蒼白球；BruceKapp(1979)Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions31EmotionalstimuliLABABCEEmotionalresponsesamygdalaLA：lateralNucleus;CE:centralnucleiB:basalAB:accessorybasalFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions32Fearconditioningexperimentonrats:Sound+briefmildshocktothefeetoftherats(ormeetacat);Conditionedresponses:bloodpressureandheartraterise,stresshormonesarereleasedintobloodstream;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions33EvidencesfromLeDoux(1988,1995)中央核(CE)損傷,不能形成條件反射;外側(cè)下丘腦損傷:干擾血壓變化;PVN損傷:干擾激素變化;RPC損傷:干擾驚跳反射;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions34Evidences

Subcorticalpathway-Ittakesabout12msinrat:quickly;Crudeimage;Corticalpathway:slowly,24ms,producedetailedandaccuraterepresentationandpreventinappropriateresponse;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions35Thalamus-amygdalaconnection:onesynapse;Thalamus-hippocampusconnection:severalsynapses;---takemore(40ms)time;----emotionalresponseisprimaryandquickly;AnatomicevidenceFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions36杏仁核的情緒反應功能

(Zola-Morgan,1991)EmotionandCognitionareseparatesystems?Bilateralamygdalectomies(onmonkeys):cognitivetaskintact,butemotionalrespondinginpropriately;Emotionaltest:Reactiontoemotionalstimulation;Hippocampiremoved:emotionalresponsesintact,butdifficultyonthecognitivetask;Cognitivetest:learningandrecall,matchingtosample,anddiscrimination;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions37NormalgroupFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions38Amyg.andHippo.removedFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions39HRemovedFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions40Amyg.Removed.OnlyFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions41Amygdala’sactivationtoConscious&unconsciousemotionalstimuliCarlsson&Petersson,2004(PET研究)Conscious:snakephobia:snake--A+snakephobia:spider—A-Unconscious:Snakephobia:snakeA+Snakephobia:spiderA+在無意識條件下,杏仁核有更強的激活;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions42Liu&Huang(Inpress)InvisibleBothintacterotic&mutilatedpictureselicitstrongerSCRthanscrambledones;VisibleJustmutilatedintactpictureselicitstrongerSCRthanscrambledones;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions43Humanamygdalainsocialjudgment(R.Adolphs,D.Tranel,andA.R.Damasio,1998)Questions:社會認知中情緒的作用?RoleofAmygdalainjudgmentofexpressivefaces?Subjects3bilateralamyg.Damage;7unilateralamyg.Damage;4right3leftControl:10braindamagebutnotinamyg.Norms:46undergraduatestudents;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions44Stimuliandtasks50positivefaces;50negativefacesForcedchoicetasksAnchorfaces(ratingas0.0)Veryapproachability可接近—veryun-approachabilityVerytrustworthiness可信---veryuntrustworthiness;Lexicalstimuli88Adjectivesanddescribedpersonalityattributes;20shortbiographiesaboutlifestylesandactivities;Judgment:veryLikeable(3)—veryun-likeable(-3)Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions4550negativefacesFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions4650positivefacesFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions47conclusionsAmygdaladamagelettoincorrectjudgmenttonegativefaces;noeffectwasfoundinjudgmenttolexicaldescription;Nodamagedifferencebetweenrightandleftdamageofamyg.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions48Animalstudies:Singleunitrecordingstudiesinanimalsshowthatamygdalaneuronscanresponddifferentlytodifferentfaces(Leonard,etal.1985)andrespondselectivelydynamicsocialstimuli;Humanstudies:fMRIandPETstudiesalsoprovideconsistencyevidencestosupportthatamygdalacanresponsetofearfulfaces面部andvocal聲音expression;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions49AmygdalaactivationandmemoryenhanceCahilletal.(1996)reportedonepatientwithamygdaladamagedidn’tshowmemoryenhancementforemotionalaspectsofstories.PETstudiesshowedthatlevelsofglucosemetabolisminrightamygdaladuringencodingcouldpredicttherecallofcomplexnegativeorpositiveemotionalstimuliuptoseveralweekslater(Cahill,etal.1996;Hamann,etal.1999);Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions50Amygdalaactivationneedattention?Pesssoaet.al.(2002)suggestedactivationinamygdalabyemotionalfacesrequireattention;Andemotionalprocessinamygdalaissusceptibletotop-downcontrol.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions51AmygdalaactivationandattentionFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions52resultsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions53Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions547.Basalganglia:learningtoskillfullyattainrewardsAnatomy解剖組成：globuspallidus蒼白球—舊紋狀體(paleostriatum)Caudate尾狀核\putamen殼核—新紋狀體(neostriatum)、subthalamicnucleus底丘腦核substantianigra黑質(zhì)Input（傳入）:來自大腦皮層廣泛區(qū)域;Output（傳出）:通過丘腦直接傳入到前額皮層，前運動皮層和運動皮層。Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions557.Basalganglia:learningtoskillfullyattainrewards損傷結(jié)果：運動計劃和運動執(zhí)行Parkinson”sdiseaseHuntington’sdisease形成趨與避的行為習慣和正情緒有密切關系；----習慣的形成總是發(fā)生在正情緒之中！??！---這些區(qū)域與好壞的判斷/知覺有關，好—趨向，不好—避；如果這些部位損害，就可能無法辨認好/壞;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions56Figure8.16

Connectionsfromthesubstantianigra:(a)normaland

(b)inParkinson’sdiseaseExcitatorypathsareshowningreen;inhibitoryareinred.Thesubstantianigra’saxonsinhibittheputamen.Axonlossincreasesexcitatorycommunicationtotheglobuspallidus.Theresultisincreasedinhibitionfromtheglobuspallidustothethalamusanddecreasedexcitationfromthethalamustothecerebralcortex.PeoplewithParkinson’sdiseaseshowdecreasedinitiationofmovement,slowandinaccuratemovement,andpsychologicaldepression.

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions57SupportingevidencesLesionsstudies（損傷研究）:Impairperceptionofemotionconveyedthroughfacialexpressionandtoneofvoice（不能辨認聲音與表情）;depression（抑郁）;Neuroimagingstudies:Activationwhenexperienceofpositiveemotion;Dopaminereleasinginbasalganglia;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions58Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions598.AnatomicconnectionsofObito-frontalcortex(OFC)andVentral-medialprefrontalcortex(VMPC)ReceivedinputfromeverysensorymodalityReciprocalconnectionswithsub-corticalbrainstemnucleiinvolvedinemotionReceivedinputfromfrontalandtemporallobesthatintegrateandassociateinformationfrommanymodalities.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions60Theorbitofrontalcortex(OFC)andrewardprocessingRolls(1996,1999)proposedthatOrbitofrontalregionisinvolvedinlearningtheemotionalvalueofthestimuli.OFCworkwithamygdalatolearnandrepresentrelationshipbetweennewemotionalstimuliandprimarydrive(e.g.food,drinkandsex).學習情緒刺激與這些基本的內(nèi)驅(qū)力之間的關系。對情緒信息進行精細認知評價,產(chǎn)生情緒價(正-負評價)；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions61TocomputingthemotivationalvalueofexternalstimuliNeuroimaging:OFCactivationwhenpairedwithreinforcer;ContextdependentactionselectionLesionsofOFC/VMFC:impairabilitiestocontrolemotionaccordingcontextdemandingandthenimpairtheirsocialinteraction;Unabletouseemotionalcuestoguideandfacilitateadaptivebehaviors;例如：前額頁損傷與決策；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions62TheventromedialPFCandbodilysignalsSomaticmarkerhypothesisbyDamasioetal.(1991).Emotionalphysiology;Subjectiveemotionalexperience;VentrolmedialcortexPFCisactingassomaticmarkertoprocesssomaticcodesactivatedbyemotionalstimuliandenableindividualtoconsideruncertainlyinformationandthanmakeadecisionbasedonemotionaspectsofstimuliarray.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions63TheventromedialPFCandbodilysignalsE.g.EVR,moderndayPhineasGage:vertrolmedialcortexdamage,cognitiveintactbutcan’tmakeareasonabledecision.----ModifiedversionofJames-Langeapproach;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions64Bechara,Damasioetal.(1994)Cardgameexperiment;Subjects:patientswithventromedialPFCdamage,healthcontrolsubjects;Task:cardgameFourconditions:

Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions65ABCDgainpossibilitypenalties$100$100$50$5050%10%$250$125050%$5010%$250Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions66Trick:tooverlookimmediaterewards($100)andbecomesensitivetodelayedrewards(ortoavoidlargepenalties)Thepatientscan’tlearntofingerouttheoptimalsolutiontoperformthetask,andnormalsubjectswereabletoresponseemotionalsensitivelyandlearntofindoutagoodchoice.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions67OrbitalandventromedialfrontalcortexFunction:context-dependent(場依存）actionselection;Useandapplication:inhibitongoingemotionalresponsesbasedonanalysesofcontext;generateaffectivereactionsbasedontheseanalysesthatguidefurtherregulatoryjudgments;(依據(jù)環(huán)境特點進行情緒反應及情緒調(diào)節(jié))Controlled;決定如何調(diào)節(jié)及如何實施調(diào)節(jié);Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions68ThePFCand‘top-down’regulationDavidsonetalproposethatPFCandACCsend“biassignals”(emotionalinformation)tootherpartsofbraintoguidebehaviorstowardsthemostadaptivecurrentgoals;Left-sidePFCisrelatedwithapproachgoalsandisactedasappetitiveregion;--趨近系統(tǒng);Right-sidePFCregionsarerespondingtonegativesignalsandinvolvedinwithdrawalbehaviors;--回避系統(tǒng)；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions69LateralprefrontalandassociationcorticesRetrievingandstoringsemanticemotionknowledge;情緒知識的提取與存儲;Useandapplication:identity識別stimuli&differentiate分化feelingstates;attribute歸因emotionalqualitiestostimuli;repository存儲ofregulatorystrategies&layemotionknowledge;Retrievalcanbeautomaticorcontrolled;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions70Representation表征ofEmotionconcepts情緒概念orschemas

圖式TheabstractcauseofanexperienceThemeaningofasituationtotheindividualandhisorherimmediategoalsBodilysensationsExpressivemodesHowemotionfunctionsinterpersonallyEmotionalSemanticmemoryFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions71RoleofSemanticmemoryinemotion:Repository存儲ofknowledgeaboutorigins,evolution,andsequenceofemotion;Whenlackamygdalaandbasalgangliaactivation,itcouldtoldwhatmeaningoftheobject;Whencombinedwiththeseactivation,itwillbepartofemotion.（？？?。。┊a(chǎn)生特異的體驗（？？?。。┰黾有畔⒌耐ㄟ_性（?。〣uildingLinksbetweenstimuliwithsimilarvalence;不能單獨產(chǎn)生情緒（?。〧all,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions72AnteriorCingulateCortex(扣帶回,ACC)AkeysubstratetogenerateconsciousemotionalexperiencesuggestedbyPapez;Apointtointegrationofvisceral,attentionalandemotionalinformationthatiscruciallyinvolvedintheprocessesofaffectiveregulationandotherformsoftop-downcontrol;Tomonitor/detectconflictinfo.Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions73AnteriorcingulatecortexConflictmonitoring監(jiān)控沖突;Useandapplication:monitoron-goingbehavioranddeterminewhetherchangeisnecessary;監(jiān)控行為并決定是否需要改變Conflictdetectedautomaticallybutmakingchangestakescontrol;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions74AnatomyofACCHeterogeneousareaCorticalconnection:OFC，VMFC，parietal,motorcontrolSub-corticalconnection:amygdala,hypothalamus,striatum,motorcontrolandpainarea…..Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions75SupportingevidencesNeuro-imagingstudiesACCActivitywhenerroroccurrence,painfulexperience,conflict,uncertaintyACCactivitywhenpainfulexperienceERPstudiesPsychosurgicallesiontoACC:----Afteranemotionisgenerated,anACCsignalthatthecurrentbehaviorisinneedofchangeandtheinitiatesearchforcausesofconflict;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions76OtherareasinvolvedinemotionalbrainAnteriorinsularcortex前腦島;Accumbennucleus:rewardcircuitofdopapimne;Hypothalamus:angercenterandhappycenter;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions77Multiplelevelsofemotionalprocesses

(KevinOchsner&LisaF.Barrett,2001Hypotheses:Emotiongenerationandregulationarehappenedinthesameprocesses;Multiplelevelsinvolvedindifferentlevelsofbrainandneuro-modulatorsanddifferentlevelsofconsciousnessandcontrol;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions78AutomaticemotionprocessingQuickly;Effortlessly;Rapiddetectionofpotentialthreatsorreward;Accessingofassociatedinformation;Initiateapproachoravoidancebehaviors;Automatic;Bottom-up;Elicitingbyprimaryappraisal;---存在快速/下意識的情緒反應;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions79ControlledemotionprocessingConsciouslyandAttentivelyControlledanddeliberatelyEffort-demandingprocessingForexamplePainperception--painlessenSubjectivereportofemotionalexperienceEmotiondisclosuredemonstratingDecisionmakingEmotionregulation---說明存在著可控/可調(diào)/有意識的情緒及調(diào)節(jié)過程Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions80FivesystemstoprocessemotionsAmygdala:automaticdetectpotentialthreatsBasalganglia:registeringreward&acquiringhabits,automaticallybutrequiresattention;Lateralprefrontalandassociationcortices:retrievalemotionknowledgeautomaticallyorcontrolled；Anteriorcingulatecortex:tomonitorconflictanddecidetoregulation;Orbitalandventromedialfrontalcortex:toguildbehaviorandregulationemotion;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions81InternalandexternalstimuliAC:SemanticemotionalknowledgeBG:rewardhabit&approachAMY:Threat&AvoidanceLPC：回憶情緒知識ACC：監(jiān)測控制的需要OVFC：選擇調(diào)節(jié)的反應Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions82FutureresearchEmotiongeneration,eg.IndividualdifferenceofemotionalexperienceEmotionregulation;Emotionandcognitioninteraction；Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions83Howmanyemotionsystemsinbrain?Single-systemmodelsE.g.Cannon&Bard,Papes,Maclean,andDamasio;Dual-systemmodelsDavidsionvalenceasymmetrymodelLeftsideapproachsystemRightsidewithdrawalsystemMultiple-systemmodelsFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions84情緒識別的左右半球不對稱Right-sidedsuperiorityinrecognitionofemotionalexpression(Etcoff,1989):Gazzaniga(1988)report:onesplit-brainpatientscanrecognizeemotionallysignificanteventswhenfilmsareshownonlytotherightsidebuttheycan’tdescriptwhattheysaw;----filmclipfallintoright-sidecortex---feelscared;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions85Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions86左腦有損傷的病人在識別焦慮方面(識別說謊)更敏感;右腦比較發(fā)達的人在情緒識別上要更有優(yōu)勢;左腦發(fā)達的人言語能力較強;右腦對刺激物的情緒識別與其認知相獨立;對情緒面孔的情緒識別與對面孔本身的識別不同;對聲音的情緒識別與對聲音本身的識別所以來的腦區(qū)不同;總之,右腦在情緒的識別上具有優(yōu)勢;Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions87WHY?Tucker&Frederick(1989)：可能是因為右腦與杏仁核的連接更近，發(fā)展更早；Epstein(1993):右腦：體驗自我，基于情緒的加工特點，形象化的、整體性、比喻性；左腦加工特點：言語性、符號性及分析為主；小時候哭得多的孩子（負情緒系統(tǒng)較強）言語發(fā)展較慢；右腦為情緒腦？情緒加工都在右腦進行？右腦發(fā)達的人：更抑郁？更有創(chuàng)造性？Fall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions88PositiveemotionsaremorestronglyrepresentedontheleftandnegativeemotionsontherightFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions89StudiesofDavidson(1992a)Stimulus:TwohappyfilmclipsTwodisgustfilmclipsRecording:EEGactivationLeftsideRightsideResults:Happy:moreleft-sideactivationDisgust:moreright-sideactivationConclusion:AsymmetryoffrontalemotionalactivationFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions90StudybyDavidson(1992b)AdultsplayvideotypegameTworewards:GainedMonetaryreward;Sufferedmonetarypunishment;10montholdinfantApproachtheirmothersApproachstrangersRecording:EEGactivationLeftsideRightsideResults:Happy:moreleft-sideactivationDisgust:moreright-sideactivationFall,2008PsychologyofEmotioFall,2008PsychologyofEmotions91StudyofAffectivestylesSubjects:31Mon386childrenInhibitedMiddleUninhibited