1996年考研英語真題及答案

Section PartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften ,orbetterthananactualperformance.asgoodasgoodMypain apparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthemanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeeling?”mustmusthavehadtoTheseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookformeshecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.evermuchevenifObservationsweremade thechildrenatthebeginningandatofpreschoolandgrade.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.istoAsafety theasapotentialdanger.Unfortunay,itwasneverdone.wouldwillwouldhavewillhaveThenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwas.oflastthoseoflastofthoseoflastthatoflastForthere successfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.towillTherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIto

whathethoughtwasareasonforthisNoonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverythinggoingonintheworld.itastherewhatPartBEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)I’dratheryouwouldA

bytrain,becauseIcan’tB

theideaofyourCinanairplaneinD

badIt’sessentialthatpeopleA

abletoresistthe

bythetransitionfromD

economytomarketSomebossesdisliketoA

peopletoB

theirresponsibilities;they

importantmattersD

intheirownEachcigarette rsonsmokesA

harm,andeventuallyCmaygetaseriousdiseasefromD

Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremuchlikelytosucceedintheirAthanareC

littleA

muchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsB

thelifecycleofinsectthatC

notfullyDIn1921EinsteinwontheNobelPrize,andwasA

inGermany

ofNazismC

hewasdrivenD

GermanybecausehewasaThedataA

fromthetwoB

whirlingaroundMarsCthatthereismuchevidencethathugethunderstormsareD

aboutequatoroftheGenerallyspeaking,thebirdflyingA

ourpathisobserved,andtheBstayingonthetreenearatC

ispassedbywithoutanynoticeD

ofMercury’svelocityissoA

greaterthantheB

thatitcompletesthanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimeC

takestheEarthcompleteDPartCBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)IwasspeakingtoAnnonthephonewhensuddenlywe hunghungcutcutShewonderedifshecouldhavetheopportunitytospend heresothatshecouldlearnmoreaboutthecity.somesomeMs.Greenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemstobewitheveryonewhocomestothestore.Hedoes asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisDozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat thespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.atatatatWhentravelling,youareadvisedtotaketravellers’checks,whichprovidea tocarryingyourmoneyincash.InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassuchaChangingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.Ididn’tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely myideastoproveyourpoint.Language,culture,and alitymaybeconsidered ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.separaWatchingmepullingthecalfawkwardlytothebarn,theIrishmilkmaidfoughthardto herlaughter.holdholdholdholdThemanagergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanaccusinglookforherattitudetowardcustomers. withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewItisstrictly cesstosisdeniedtoallbutafew.ThepollutionquestionaswellasseveralotherissuesisgoingtobediscussedwhentheCongressisin againnextspring.ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25ththebirthofJesusChrist.inaccordanceintermsinfavorinhonorSinceitistoolatetochangemymindnow,Iam tocarryingouttheItwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,butit wellaswehadhoped.camewentbroughtmadeTosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,wemustthequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworld-market ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithncil.(10Vitaminsareaniccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,41dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodyTherearethirteenormoreofthem,and ismissingadeficiency Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements--usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and nitrogen.Theyaredifferent theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody. enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnutritionaluse vitamins.Many ,believeinbeingthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’svitaminneeds.[A][A][A][A][A][A]insosuchexcept[A][A][A][A] IReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinteralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,lanthe,makeashoplist,decidewhichfoodtocook,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpr,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcaninligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyreasonablyconnectedWhenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”?You’llcertainlygetwhatyouIt’snouseYoushouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouIt’sessentialtosetagoalforAblueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassage.anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforaanindicationofhowtosecureagoodaguidelineforjobaprincipleforjobAccordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause thatisthesteptopleasethethatistherequirementoftheitenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisitforceshim eclearlyawareofWhenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething definitetoimaginarytopracticaltodesirabletoWiththestartofBBCWorldServiceevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfiforanannuallicensefeeof￡83perhousehold.Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastinganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinThedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewers--tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheanizationasitis,ortomakechanges.DefendersoftheCorporation--ofwhomtherearemany--arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’tbroke,don’tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke,”theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels–ITVandChannel4--wererequiredbytheThatcherernment’sBroadcastingActto emorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsalitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’subscriptions--whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongTheworldfamousBBCnow theproblemofnewanuncertaininquiriesbyteralshrinkageofInthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyissue?ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarProgrammesasthesubjectofanation-widePotentialsforfurtherinternationalItsexistenceasabroadcastingTheBBC’s“royalcharter”(Line4,Paragraph4)stands thefinancialsupportfromtheroyaltheprivilegesgrantedbytheacontractwiththeauniquerelationshipwiththeroyalTheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnoother.theemergenceofcommercialTVtheenforcementofBroadcastingActby theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandthechallengeofnewsaliteInthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“l(fā)abour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalanizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,im almanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliar alknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuch alrelationsimpossible.Fortunay,however,theincreasingpowerandanizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.It’strueoftheoldfamilyfirms theywerespoiledbytheyoungertheyfailedforlackofindividualtheylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderntheycouldsupplyadequateservicestotheThegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresulted theseparationofcapitalfromtheownershipofcapitalbytheemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwotheparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalAccordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsofthetheoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirthelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunthetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiveTheauthorismostcritical familyfilmWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchastheegraph,theboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools:alaborforcethat edthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandAcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”Whenalltheseshaforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto elementaryenthusiastictheattractivepremiumaspecialwayofItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmerican benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalshedlightondisciplinedschoolwasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhomeowedalottothetechnologicalAtechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartist theyarebothwinnersoftheyarebothexpertsinspatialtheybothabandonverbaltheybothusevariousThebesttitleforthispassagemight Inventive[B]Waysof[D]OutpouringofRumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnon-fundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefourchaptersofKitcher’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoes--andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolution“Creationism”inthepassagerefers evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheanotionofthecreationofthescientificexplanationoftheearththedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheKitcher’sbookisintended mendtheviewsoftheexposethetruefeaturesofcursebitterlyatthislaunchasurpriseattackonFromthepassagewecaninfer reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthecreationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonevolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-creationismissupportedbyscientificThispassageappearstobeadigest abookascientificpamagazinea rSectionIVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompleyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake, sinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthataernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupport,likeallernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupport