2022年重慶大學(xué)英語考試真題卷11測

2022年重慶大學(xué)英語考試真題卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時間為!80分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位:姓名: 考號:題號單選題多項(xiàng)選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項(xiàng)選擇題(共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中,只有一個最符合題意){{B}}PassageTwo{{/B}}Aftertheyear1958,amoremodernSupremeCourtagreedwithJusticeHelen.Inahistoricdecisionin1954itheldthatlawsthatforcingblackstudentstogotoraciallysegregatedschooIsviolatedtheUSConstitutionbecausesuchschooIscouldneverbeequaI.TheopinionoftheCourtwasthatMtoseparate(bIackschooIchiIdren)fromother-solelybecauseoftheirracegeneratesafeeIingofinferiority-thatmayaffecttheirheartsandmindsinawayunlikelyevertobeundoneu.TheSupremeCourt1sdecisionin1954ledtochangeswhichbroughtanendtothesystemofsegregatedpubIiceducationinthesouthernstates.However,problemsinracerelationscontinuedtotroublethepubIicschools,eventhoughschooIswereIega11ydesegregatedthroughoutthecountry.BlackAmericanswerestillmainlyinthelowestincomeandoccupationaIgroupsandfrequentlyIivedinsIurnsinthenation1slargestcities.ThepubIicschooIsintheseareaswerecomposedpredominantlyorentirelyofblackstudentsandoftensharedtheneighborhoodproblemsofhighcrimeratesandotherformsofsociaIdisorder.TheschooIsinthebIacksIurnswerecIearIyunequaItothoseinthepredominantIywhite,middleclassneighborhoods.TheprobIemofschooIswhereraciaIseparationresuItsfromthemakeupofneighborhoodsratherthanfromlawsrequiringsegregationexistsinalIpartsoftheUnitedStates,notjustintheSouth.NumerouseffortstosoIvethisprobIemhavenotsucceededverywell.ThemostcontroversiaImethodusedtodealwithunequaIneighborhoodschooIswasthebusingofschooIchiIdrenfromtheirhomeneighborhoodstoschooIsinmoredistantneighborhoodsinordertoachieveagreatermixtureofblackandwhitechiIdreninalIschools.BlackchiIdrenfrompoororslumneighborhoodswerebusedtoschooIinpredominantlywhitemiddleclassneighborhoods,andstudentslivinginthemiddle-classneighborhoodswerebusedintothepoorerblackneighborhoodschooIs.AnewquestiondeaIingwithracialequalityineducationwasbroughttotheSupremeCourtinthelate1970s.ThequestiondeaItwiththeadmissionpoliciesofprofessionaIschooIssuchasmedicaIandlawschools,whichareattachedtomanyofthenation1sco11egesanduniversities.SomeoftheseschooIshaveattemptedtodomorethantreatalIappIicantsequally.ManyhavetriedinrecentyearstomakeupforpastdiscriminationagainstblacksandotherminoritiesbysettingasideacertainnumberofpIacesspecifica11yforappIicantsfromthesegroups,thispracticecametobedescribedassettingminorityquotas,loweringsomewhattheacademicstandardsforadmissionforaIimitednumberofminorityappIicants.FromParagraph1,wecaninferthatJusticeHelenadvocated.blackstudentstogotoraciallysegregatedschoolsthatitwasunlawfultoforceNegrochildrentoattendraciallysegregatedschoolsthatblackstudentsshouldn'tattendschoolswithwhiteclassmatesthattheschoolsblackchildrenattendedwereoflittledifference{{B}}PassageTwoQuestions29to31arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.{{/B}}HecanstaywithhisrelativesintheUS.Hecanplayhide-and-seekwithAmericanboys.Hemusthaveatemporaryhomeandgotoschool.HeshouldbesentbacktoCuba.{{B}}PassageThreeQuestions32to35arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.{{/B}}ItisdifficultforpeoplelivinginaStoneAgeculturetomoveintoamodernworld.Inventionisanewideatomodernpeople.Theabilitytobringtrainedpeopletogethertosolveproblemshowsmanisbright.Whatweneedisdemandsfromotherstoworkforabetterfuture.{{B}}H0WSATsWork{{/B}}TestsareafactofIifethroughoutourschooIcareers,butoneofthemostimportant,and,tosomethescariest,ofthemalIistheSAT-thatthree-hourexamthat'ssupposedtomeasureahighschooIstudent'schanceofacademicsuccessinthefirstyearofcollege.Someco11egesconsiderSATscoresmajorfactorsintheiradmissionprocess,whileothersviewhighschooIacademicperformance,alongwithrecommendationsandextracurricularactivities,equally,orevenmoreimportantly.Nomatterwhereyou'reheaded,ifyou'reahighschooIstudent,theSATisimportanttoyoubecausemostco11egesrequirestudentstoreporteitherSATorACTAssessment(anothertest)scores.{{B}}WhatIstheSATH/B}}Firstofall,SATnolongerstandsforSchoIasticAptitudeTest(學(xué)術(shù)性傾向測驗(yàn))，theoriginalnameofthetestwhenitwasintroducedin1941.Althoughyoumaystillseethatnameoccasiona11y,theCo11egeBoard,thenot-for-profiteducationaIassociationthatsponsorstheSATs,decidedtolettheacronymstandonitsownasawayofaddressingcontroversyaboutthemeaningoftheword“aptitude”.TheCo11egeBoardalsorejectedthealternative"ScholasticAssessmentTest".(EngIishteachersprobablypointedoutthatthisnamewasredundant,sinceassessmentmeanstest.)TheSATImeasuresverbalandmathreasoningabilitiesthatyou'vedeveIopedthroughoutyourschooIyears.Themu11ipIe-choicetest,deveIopedbythenot-for-profitEducationaITestingService,isintendedtoletstudentsdemonstratetheirverbalandmathabiIitieswithoutregardtothekindofschooIingthey'vehad.AccordingtotheCoIIegeBoard,thetestlooksforastudent'sabiIitytounderstandandanalyzewrittenmaterial,todrawinferences,todifferentiateshadesofmeaningttodrawconeIusionsandsolvemathproblemsalIskillsthatarenecessaryforsuccessincoIIegeandtheworkworld.TheAmericanCollegeTesting(ACT).Assessment,whichwasintroducedin1959,isanalternativetotheSATthatvirtuallyalIco11egesanduniversitiesnowaccept.Developersofthetesttoutitforitscurriculum-basedquestions,sayingthattheirtestismoredirectlyrelatedtowhatisactuaIIytaughtinhighschooI.{{B}}What'stheSAT11H/B}}ThenewerSAT11:SubjectTests,formerlytheCo11egeBoardAchievementTests,areintendedtomeasureastudent1sknowIedgeofaparticularsubject,suchasEnglish(writingorIiterature),historyandsociaIsciences,mathematics(variousIeveIs),sciences,andIanguages(Chinese,French,German,modernHebrew,Itaiian,Japanese,Latin,Spanish,English).Someco11egesrequireoneormoreSAT11tests,buteveniftheyaren'trequired,SAT11testsscorescanhelpyoupresentamorepersonalizedportfoliothatiIlustrateshowwe11youwouldfitataparticularschooI.Mostco11egesuseSAT11scoresnotforadmissionpurposesbutforprogrampIacementandcounseIing.SAT11testsaregivenonasiightIydifferentschedulefromtheSATI.Generally,SAT11testsareonehourlongandconsistofmultiplechoicequestions.Thereareexceptions.Forexample,theWritingTesthas40minutesofmu11ipIe-choicequestionsanda20-minutewritingsampIe.Todecidewhichsubjecttestshouldbetaken,first,makealistofalItheco11egesyou'reconsidering.ThenreviewtheircataIogsorwebsitestofindoutiftheyrequireSubjectTestscoresforadmissionand,ifso,whichones.UseyourIistofco11egesandtheiradmissionrequirementstohelpplanyourhighschooIcourseschedule.Forexample,aco11egetowhichyouplantoapplymayrequireaIanguageSubjectTestscoreormightexemptyoufromafirst-yearcourserequirementifyoudowellonaIanguageSubjectTest.Inaddition,theCo11egeBoardwebsitecanbesearchedforinformationaboutSubjectTestrequirementsatspecificcolleges.{{B}}WhenIstheSATTaken({/B)}Generally,theIatestyoucantakeyourSATsandbeeligibleforadmissioninthenextacademicyearisinthefa11ofyoursenioryearofhighschooI.You'11wanttocheckappIicationdeadIinesatschooIsinwhichyou'reinterestedtobesureyourscoreswi11makeitinontime.(YoucanalsotakeadvantageoftheCo11egeBoard'snewphone-for-resuItsservice.You'11bechargedafeebutyou'11getyourscoresabout10daysearIier.)Increasingly,studentsaretakingtheSATinthesummerbeforetheirsenioryears,inthe11thgradeandevenasearlyasthe10thgrade.11'sveryimportanttoregisterearIyfortheSATtoavoidthedeadIinerush,sincetestingsitescanfillupquicklyandforceyoutogotoonefartheraway.(DeadIinesareusuallyaboutamonthorsixweeksbeforetheactuaItest).Youcanregisteronlinenowbutonceyou'veA.Becausetherewillbefewertestingsitesnearthedeadline.Becausetheywillnothaveenoughtimetoprepareiftheyregistertoolate.Becausetherewillusuallybetoomanypeopletakingthetestnearthedeadline.Becausetheycanonlyregisteronlineiftheydoittoolate.{{B}}Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.{{/B}}JoeboughtFred'scar.Themanisjoking.Fred'scarisnotgood.ThemanwantsJack,scar.{{B}}PassageTwo{{/B}}Aftertheyear1958,amoremodernSupremeCourtagreedwithJusticeHelen.Inahistoricdecisionin1954itheIdthatIawsthatforeingblackstudentstogotoraciallysegregatedschooIsviolatedtheUSConstitutionbecausesuchschooIscouldneverbeequaI.TheopinionoftheCourtwasthatntoseparate(bIackschooIchiIdren)fromother-solelybecauseoftheirracegeneratesafeeIingofinferiority"thatmayaffecttheirheartsandmindsinawayunlikelyevertobeundoneM.TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionin1954ledtochangeswhichbroughtanendtothesystemofsegregatedpubIiceducationinthesouthernstates.However,problemsinracereIationscontinuedtotroublethepubIicschools,eventhoughschooIswereIega11ydesegregatedthroughoutthecountry.BlackAmericanswerestillmainlyinthelowestincomeandoccupationaIgroupsandfrequentlyIivedinsIurnsinthenation'slargestcities.ThepubIicschooIsintheseareaswerecomposedpredominantlyorentirelyofblackstudentsandoftensharedtheneighborhoodproblemsofhighcrimeratesandotherformsofsociaIdisorder.TheschooIsinthebIacksIurnswerecIearIyunequaItothoseinthepredominantlywhite,middleclassneighborhoods.TheprobIemofschooIswhereraciaIseparationresuItsfromthemakeupofneighborhoodsratherthanfromlawsrequiringsegregationexistsinalIpartsoftheUnitedStates,notjustintheSouth.NumerouseffortstosolvethisprobIemhavenotsucceededverywell.ThemostcontroversiaImethodusedtodealwithunequaIneighborhoodschooIswasthebusingofschooIchiIdrenfromtheirhomeneighborhoodstoschooIsinmoredistantneighborhoodsinordertoachieveagreatermixtureofblackandwhitechiIdreninalIschooIs.BlackchiIdrenfrompoororslumneighborhoodswerebusedtoschooIinpredominantlywhitemiddleclassneighborhoods,andstudentsIivinginthemiddle-classneighborhoodswerebusedintothepoorerblackneighborhoodschooIs.AnewquestiondeaIingwithracialequalityineducationwasbroughttotheSupremeCourtinthelate1970s.ThequestiondeaItwiththeadmissionpoliciesofprofessionaIschooIssuchasmedicaIandlawschools,whichareattachedtomanyofthenation*sco11egesanduniversities.SomeoftheseschoolshaveattemptedtodomorethantreatalIapplicantsequally.ManyhavetriedinrecentyearstomakeupforpastdiscriminationagainstbIacksandotherminoritiesbysettingasideacertainnumberofpIacesspecificallyforapplicantsfrcxnthesegroups,thispracticecametobedescribedassettingminorityquotas,loweringsomewhattheacademicstandardsforadmissionforaIimitednumberofminorityapplicants.In1954,theraciallysegregatedschooIwasgraduallyoutofexistencein.SouthernstatesAmericaNewYorkNorthernStates{{B}}PassageOne{{/B}}Thereisaphenomenainthepresent.Theaveragenumberofauthorsonscientificpapersisskyrocketing.WhatisthemainreasonforitThat*spartlybecauselabsarcbigger,problemsaremorecompIicated,andmoredifferentsubspecialtiesareneeded.Butit'salsobecauseUSgovernmentagenciesIiketheNationaIInstitutesofHealth(NIH)havestartedtopromote"teamscience**.AsphysicsdeveIopedinthepost-WorIdWar11era,federalfundsbuiltexpensivenationalfaciIitiesfandtheseservedassurfacesonwhichcollaborationscouldcrystalIizenaturally.Yetmultipleauthorship-howevergooditmaybeinotherways-presentsforjournalsandfortheinstitutionsinwhichtheseauthorswork.Forthejournals,longIistsofauthorsarehardtodealwithinthemselves.ButthoselongIistsgiverisetomoreseriousquestionswhensomethinggoeswrongwiththepaper.Ifthereisresearchmisconduct,shouIdtheliabilitybejointandseveral,accruingtoalIauthorsIfnot,thenhowshouIditbea11ocatedamongthemIfthereisanhonestmistakeinonepartoftheworkbutnotinothers,howshouldanevaIuatoraimhisorherreviewVariouspracticalorimpracticalsuggestionshaveemergedduringtheIong-standingdebateonthisissue.OneisthateachauthorshouIdprovide,andthejournalshouIdthenpubIish,anaccountofthatauthor9sparticularcontributiontothework.ButadifferentviewoftheprobIem,andperhapsofthesolution,comesaswegettouniversitycommitteeonappointmentsandpromotions,whichiswheretheauthorshiprubberreallymeetstheroad.HalfaIifetimeofinvoIvementwiththisprocesshastaughtmehowmuchauthorshipmattars.Ihavewatchedccxnmitteesattemptingtodecodesequencesofnames,agonizeoverwhetheramuchcitedpaperwasreallythecandidate1sworkoracoauthor1standsendbackrecommendationsaskingformorespecificityaboutthedivisionofresponsibiIity.ProbIemsofthiskindchangetheargument,supportingthecaseforaskingauthorstodefinetheirownroles.AfteralltifquaIityjudgmentsaboutindividualsaretobemadeonthebasisoftheirpersonalcontributions,thenthejudgesbetterknowwhattheydid.Butifquestionsariseaboutthevalidityoftheworkasawhole,whetheraschailengestoitsconductorasevaIuationsofitsinfIuenceinthefield,ateamisateam,andthemembersshouldsharethecreditortheblame.Accordingtothepassage,authorshipisimportantwhen.A.practicalorimpracticalsuggestionsoftheauthorsareconsideredB.appointmentsandpromotionsoftheauthorsareinvolvedC.evaluatorsneedtoreviewthepublicationoftheauthorsD.thepublicationoftheauthorshasbecomemuch-cited{{B}}H0WSATsWork{(/B}}TestsareafactofIifethroughoutourschooIcareers,butoneofthemostimportant,and,tosomethescariest,ofthemalIistheSAT-thatthree-hourexamthat'ssupposedtomeasureahighschooIstudent'schanceofacademicsuccessinthefirstyearofco11ege.Someco11egesconsiderSATscoresmajorfactorsintheiradmissionprocess,whileothersviewhighschooIacademicperformance,alongwithrecommendationsandextracurricularactivities,equallyforevenmoreimportantly.Nomatterwhereyou'reheaded,ifyou'reahighschoolstudent,theSATisimportanttoyoubecausemostco11egesrequirestudentstoreporteitherSATorACTAssessment(anothertest)scores.{{B}}WhatIstheSAT{{/B}}Firstofall,SATnolongerstandsforSchoIasticAptitudeTest(學(xué)術(shù)性傾向測驗(yàn))，theoriginalnameofthetestwhenitwasintroducedin1941.Althoughyoumaystillseethatnameoccasiona11y,theCo11egeBoard,thenot-for-profiteducationaIassociationthatsponsorstheSATs,decidedtolettheacronymstandonitsownasawayofaddressingcontroversyaboutthemeaningoftheword"aptitude".TheGo11egeBoardalsorejectedthealternative"ScholasticAssessmentTest".(Englishteachersprobablypointedoutthatthisnamewasredundant,sinceassessmentmeanstest.)TheSATImeasuresverbalandmathreasoningabilitiesthatyou'vedeveIopedthroughoutyourschooIyears.Themu11ipIe-choicetest,deveIopedbythenot-for-profitEducationaI"IestingService,isintendedtoletstudentsdemonstratetheirverbalandmathabilitieswithoutregardtothekindofschooIingthey'vehad.AccordingtotheCo11egeBoard,thetestlooksforastudent,sabiIitytounderstandandanaIyzewrittenmaterial,todrawinferences,todifferentiateshadesofmeaning,todrawconeIusionsandsolvemathproblemsalIskillsthatarenecessaryforsuccessinco11egeandtheworkworld.TheAmericanCollegeTesting(ACT).Assessment,whichwasintroducedin1959,isanalternativetotheSATthatvirtuallyalIcollegesanduniversitiesnowaccept.Developersofthetesttoutitforitscurriculum-basedquestions,sayingthattheirtestismoredirectlyreIatedtowhatisactuaIIytaughtinhighschooI.{{B}}What'stheSATll{{/B}}ThenewerSAT11:SubjectTests,formerlytheCo11egeBoardAchievementTests,areintendedtomeasureastudent'sknowIedgeofaparticularsubject,suchasEnglish(writingorIiterature),historyandsociaIsciences,mathematics(variousIeveIs),sciences,andIanguages(Chinese,French,German,modernHebrew,Itaiian,Japanese,Latin,Spanish,English).Someco11egesrequireoneormoreSAT11tests,buteveniftheyaren'trequired,SAT11testsscorescanhelpyoupresentamorepersonalizedportfoliothatiIlustrateshowwe11youwouldfitataparticularschooI.Mostco11egesuseSAT11scoresnotforadmissionpurposesbutforprogrampIacementandcounseIing.SAT11testsaregivenonasiightIydifferentschedulefromtheSATI.Generally,SAT11testsareonehourlongandconsistofmultiplechoicequestions.Thereareexceptions.ForexampIe,theWritingTesthas40minutesofmu11ipIe-choicequestionsanda20-minutewritingsampIe.Todecidewhichsubjecttestshouldbetaken,first,makealistofalItheco11egesyou'reconsidering.ThenreviewtheircatalogsorwebsitestofindoutiftheyrequireSubjectTestscoresforadmissionand,ifso,whichones.UseyourIistofco11egesandtheiradmissionrequirementstoheIppIanyourhighschooIcoursescheduIe.ForexampIetacollegetowhichyouplantoapplymayrequireaIanguageSubjectTestscoreormightexemptyoufromafirst-yearcourserequirementifyoudowellonaIanguageSubjectTest.Inaddition,theCo11egeBoardwebsitecanbesearchedforinformationaboutSubjectTestrequirementsatspecificcolleges.{{B}}WhenIstheSATTaken{{/B}}Generally,theIatestyoucantakeyourSATsandbeeligibleforadmissioninthenextacademicyearisinthefa11ofyoursenioryearofhighschooI.You'11wanttocheckappIicationdeadIinesatschooIsinwhichyou'reinterestedtobesureyourscoreswi11makeitinontime.(YoucanalsotakeadvantageoftheGo11egeBoard'snewphone-for-resuItsservice.You'11bechargedafeebutyou'11getyourscoresabout10daysearIier.)Increasingly,studentsaretakingtheSATinthesummerbeforetheirsenioryears,inthe11thgradeandevenasearlyasthe10thgrade.It'sveryimportanttoregisterearlyfortheSATtoavoidthedeadIinerush,sincetestingsitescanfi11upquicklyandforceyoutogotoonefartheraway.(DeadIinesareusuallyaboutamonthorsixweeksbeforetheactuaItest).Youcanregisteronlinenowbutonceyou'veA.Afterseveralyearsofstudy.B.Immediatelywhenyoufinishthecourse,C.Whenyouhavealargeinformationsource.D.Rightafteraholidaywhenyourmindisrefreshed.{{B}}PassageOne{{/B}}Thereisaphenomenainthepresent.Theaveragenumberofauthorsonscientificpapersisskyrocketing.WhatisthemainreasonforitThat,spartlybecauselabsarcbigger,problemsaremorecompIicated,andmoredifferentsubspecialtiesareneeded.Butit'salsobecauseUSgovernmentagenciesIiketheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)havestartedtopromoteMteamscience".AsphysicsdeveIopedinthepost-WorIdWar11era,federalfundsbuiltexpensivenationalfaciIities,andtheseservedassurfacesonwhichcollaborationscouldcrystalIizenaturally.Yetmultipleauthorship——howevergooditmaybeinotherways——presentsforjournalsandfortheinstitutionsinwhichtheseauthorswork.Forthejournals,longIistsofauthorsarehardtodealwithinthemselves.ButthoselongIistsgiverisetomoreseriousquestionswhensomethinggoeswrongwiththepaper.Ifthereisresearchmisconduct,shouIdtheliabilitybejointandseveral,accruingtoalIauthorsIfnot,thenhowshouIditbea11ocatedamongthemIfthereisanhonestmistakeinonepartoftheworkbutnotinothers,howshouldanevaIuatoraimhisorherreviewVariouspracticalorimpracticalsuggestionshaveemergedduringtheIong-standingdebateonthisissue.OneisthateachauthorshouIdprovide,andthejournalshouIdthenpubIish,anaccountofthatauthor'sparticularcontributiontothework.ButadifferentviewoftheprobIem,andperhapsofthesolution,comesaswegettouniversitycommitteeonappointmentsandpromotions,whichiswheretheauthorshiprubberreallymeetstheroad.HalfaIifetimeofinvoIvementwiththisprocesshastaughtmehowmuchauthorshipmattars.Ihavewatchedcommitteesattemptingtodecodesequencesofnames,agonizeoverwhetheramuchcitedpaperwasreallythecandidate'sworkoracoauthor's,andsendbackrecommendationsaskingformorespecificityaboutthedivisionofresponsibiIity.ProbIemsofthiskindchangetheargument,supportingthecaseforaskingauthorstodefinetheirownroles.Afterall,ifquaIityjudgmentsaboutindividualsaretobemadeonthebasisoftheirpersonalcontributions,thenthejudgesbetterknowwhattheydid.Butifquestionsariseaboutthevalidityoftheworkasawhole,whetheraschaIIengestoitsconductorasevaIuationsofitsinfIuenceinthefield,ateamisateam,andthemembersshouldsharethecreditortheblame.WhethermultipleauthorsofapapershouIdbetakenco11ectiveIyorindividuallydependsonwhetherjudgmentsaremadeaboutthepaperoritsauthorswhetheritisthecreditortheblamethattheauthorsneedtosharehowmanyauthorsareinvolvedinthepaperwherethepaperhasbeenpublished{{B}}PassageTwo{{/B}}Aftertheyear1958,amoremodernSupremeCourtagreedwithJusticeHelen.Inahistoricdecisionin1954itheldthatIawsthatforeingblackstudentstogotoraciallysegregatedschooIsviolatedtheUSConstitutionbecausesuchschooIscouldneverbeequaI.TheopinionoftheCourtwasthatntoseparate(bIackschooIchiIdren)fromother-solelybecauseoftheirracegeneratesafeeIingofinferiority-thatmayaffecttheirheartsandmindsinawayunlikelyevertobeundone".TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionin1954ledtochangeswhichbroughtanendtothesystemofsegregatedpubIiceducationinthesouthernstates.However,problemsinracerelationscontinuedtotroublethepubIicschools,eventhoughschooIswereIega11ydesegregatedthroughoutthecountry.BlackAmericanswerestillmainlyinthelowestincomeandoccupationaIgroupsandfrequentlyIivedinsIurnsinthenation'slargestcities.ThepubIicschooIsintheseareaswerecomposedpredominantlyorentirelyofblackstudentsandoftensharedtheneighborhoodproblemsofhighcrimeratesandotherformsofsociaIdisorder.TheschooIsinthebIacksIurnswereclearlyunequaItothoseinthepredominantlywhite,middleclassneighborhoods.TheprobIemofschooIswhereraciaIseparationresuItsfromthemakeupofneighborhoodsratherthanfromlawsrequiringsegregationexistsinalIpartsoftheUnitedStates,notjustintheSouth.NumerouseffortstosolvethisprobIemhavenotsucceededverywell.ThemostcontroversiaImethodusedtodealwithunequaIneighborhoodschooIswasthebusingofschooIchiidrenfromtheirhomeneighborhoodstoschooIsinmoredistantneighborhoodsinordertoachieveagreatermixtureofblackandwhitechiIdreninalIschools.BlackchiIdrenfrompoororslumneighborhoodswerebusedtoschooIinpredominantlywhitemiddleclassneighborhoods,andstudentslivinginthemiddle-classneighborhoodswerebusedintothepoorerblackneighborhoodschooIs.AnewquestiondealingwithracialequalityineducationwasbroughttotheSupremeCourtinthelate1970s.ThequestiondeaItwiththeadmissionpoliciesofprofessionaIschooIssuchasmedicaIandlawschools,whichareattachedtomanyofthenation'sco11egesanduniversities.SomeoftheseschooIshaveattemptedtodomorethantreatalIapplicantsequally.ManyhavetriedinrecentyearstomakeupforpastdiscriminationagainstbIacksandotherminoritiesbysettingasideacertainnumberofpIacesspecificallyforapplicantsfromthesegroups,thispracticecametobedescribedassettingminorityquotas,loweringsomewhattheacademicstandardsforadmissionforaIimitednumberofminorityapplicants.IntheUnitedStates,theblackwere.A.ofthelowestsocialstatusandsufferedfrompovertyinthelate1960sB.mostlylivinginslumswheretheywerehauntedbycriminalsinthelate1960sC.livingaquietandpeacefullifeinlargecitiesinthelate1960sD.enjoyingequalitywiththewhitepeopleinthelate1960s{{B}}PassageTwo{{/B}}Aftertheyear1958,amoremodernSupremeCourtagreedwithJusticeHelen.Inahistoricdecisionin1954itheldthatIawsthatforeingblackstudentstogotoraciallysegregatedschooIsviolatedtheUSConstitutionbecausesuchschooIscouldneverbeequaI.TheopinionoftheCourtwasthatMtoseparate(bIackschooIchiIdren)fromother-solelybecauseoftheirracegeneratesafeeIingofinferiority-thatmayaffecttheirheartsandmindsinawayuniikelyevertobeundone".TheSupremeCourt1sdecisionin1954ledtochangeswhichbroughtanendtothesystemofsegregatedpubIiceducationinthesouthernstates.However,problemsinracerelationscontinuedtotroublethepubIicschools,eventhoughschooIswereIega11ydesegregatedthroughoutthecountry.BlackAmericanswerestillmainlyinthelowestincomeandoccupationaIgroupsandfrequentIyIivedinsIurnsinthenation1slargestcities.ThepubIicschooIsinthese