考研考博-英語-云南現(xiàn)代職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南現(xiàn)代職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.

Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagricultureliaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（營養(yǎng)成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.

Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（棲息地）Iossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.

What'smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050,yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.

Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe‘‘zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.

Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反兩方而)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.

Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.

1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?

2.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfanningpractices?

4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury?

5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Byitsproductivity

B.Byitssustainability

C.Byitsimpactontheenvironment

D.Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Localizedpollution

B.theshrinkingoffarmland

C.competitionfromoverseas

D.thedecreaseofbiodiversity

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturies.

B.Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth.

C.Theyarenotnecessarilysustainable.

D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itwillgothroughradicalchanges

B.Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts

C.Itwillabandontraditionalfanningpractices

D.Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment.

B.Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction.

C.Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress.

D.Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞measureprogressinagriculture定位至第一段:Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives(這一點(diǎn)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)得尤為突出，在該領(lǐng)域中，人們常常在未從歷史、文化的角度予以適當(dāng)考慮的情況下，認(rèn)為可持續(xù)發(fā)展史衡量農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)步的唯一方法),因此B項(xiàng)“可持續(xù)性”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Specialization和increaseyields定位至第三段:Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields(來自海外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力使得農(nóng)民們不得不進(jìn)行專門的研究來增加作物的產(chǎn)量),該段還指出:However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity(但是，這些變化也導(dǎo)致棲息地的損失和生物多樣性的不斷減少),故選D“生物多樣性的減少”。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞traditionalfanningpractices定位至第五段:Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones(比如，我們?nèi)粢饤夁@樣的想法:傳統(tǒng)的做法必然會(huì)比新的做法更能夠促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展)。因此C項(xiàng)“這些做法不一定是可持續(xù)性的”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞inthe21stcentury定位至第五段:Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th(所有這一切意味著，21世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)將會(huì)與20世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)截然不同)。故選A“將會(huì)經(jīng)歷巨變”。

5.主旨大意題。最后一段點(diǎn)明主題:Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction(關(guān)鍵是我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到，可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)并不只是糧食生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)性)。因此D項(xiàng)“催促人們重新思考什么是可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)”正確。

2.翻譯題

China'sprolongedsilenceaboutitsdestructionoftheFengYun1-Csatellite,whichitlaunchedin1999,hasbeenalmostasunnervingtoitspotentialenemies(American,JapanandTaiwanespecially)astheexperimentitself.Itwasonlythisweek12daysaftertheeventthatChinagrudginglyadmittedthatithadtestedsomethinginspace.ThishasledtospeculationthatChinawillnotdescribeopenlywhatactuallyhappened.Aforeign-ministryspokesmaninsistedthatChinawouldnotengageinanarmsraceinspace.YetitishardtoseethetestotherthanasadisplayofChina’sabilitytochallengeAmericanspacepower.IthastriggeredachorusofcomplaintfromWesternpowers,aswellasfromneighboringJapanandTaiwan.ChinasaysitdidbriefAmericanandJapaneseofficials,amongothers,onwhathappenedbutnot,itappears,untiljustbeforeitconfirmedthetesttothepress.

ChinawilldoubtlessinsistthattheAmericanscanhardlycomplain,AmericanandtheformerSovietUniontestedanti-satelliteweapons,albeitmorethan20yearsago.GeorgeBushhasrefusedtotalktoChinaaboutaproposalitraisedin2002,withRussia'sbacking,foratreatyoutlawingthe"weaponisation"ofspace.Mr.BushauthorizedanewnationalspacepolicyinAugustlastyearsthatirkedtheChinese.ItdefendedAmerican'srighttousespacefordefenseandintelligencegatheringpurposesaswellastostop"adversaries"fromusingspaceinwaysthatthreatenAmerican"nationalinterests".

【答案】摧毀這枚自己在1999年發(fā)射的風(fēng)云1-C衛(wèi)星后，中國一直都不動(dòng)聲色。這幾乎與試驗(yàn)本身一樣，讓中國潛在的敵人（美國、日本、尤其是臺(tái)灣）感到惴惴不安。直到本周，也就是摧毀衛(wèi)星12天后，中國才勉強(qiáng)承認(rèn)在太空中進(jìn)行過某個(gè)試驗(yàn)。這不免讓人懷疑，中國不會(huì)公開描述實(shí)際發(fā)生了什么。中國外交部發(fā)言人堅(jiān)稱，中國不會(huì)參與太空軍備競(jìng)賽。然而，除了將此次測(cè)試視為中國能力的展示之外，很難看到其他任何跡象。這引發(fā)了西方列強(qiáng)以及鄰國日本和臺(tái)灣的一致抱怨。中國說，它確實(shí)向美國和日本官員以及其他國家的官員簡(jiǎn)要介紹了發(fā)生的情況，但似乎是在向媒體證實(shí)朝鮮試射導(dǎo)彈之前才這樣做的。

毫無疑問，中國會(huì)認(rèn)為美國人沒什么可抱怨的。美國和前蘇聯(lián)就曾試驗(yàn)過反衛(wèi)星武器，盡管這還是20多年前的事了。喬治?布什還拒絕就中國在2002年提出并得到俄羅斯持的一項(xiàng)關(guān)于簽署“太空禁武”條約的建議與中國進(jìn)行對(duì)話。去年8月布什批準(zhǔn)出臺(tái)的國家太空新政策也惹惱了中國人。該政策維護(hù)了美國將太空用于各種目的的權(quán)利，其中包括防衛(wèi)、收集情報(bào)以及阻止“對(duì)手”采取危及美國“國家利益”的方式利用太空。

3.單選題

JackwasabouttoannounceourplanbutI（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cuthimshort

B.gavehimup

C.turnedhimout

D.puthimthrough

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)cutsb.short“打斷某人”；B選項(xiàng)givesb.up“放棄某人”；C選項(xiàng)turnsb.out意為“驅(qū)逐某人”；D選項(xiàng)putsb.through“替某人接通”。由句中的but可知前后表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，結(jié)合句意可知選A。句意：杰克正要宣布我們的計(jì)劃，但我打斷了他。

4.單選題

Earlyresearchonattitudesassumedthattheywerecasuallyrelatedtobehavior;thatis,theattitudespeopleholddeterminewhattheydo.Commonsense,too,suggestsarelationship.Isn’titlogicalthatpeoplewatchtelevisionprogramstheylike,orthatemployeestrytoavoidassignmentstheyfinddistasteful?

However,inthelate1960s,thisassumedeffectofattitudesonbehaviorwaschallengedbyareviewoftheresearch.Oneresearcher—LeonFestinger—arguedthatattitudesfollowbehavior.Didyouevernoticehowpeoplechangewhattheysay.soitdoesn’tcontradictwhattheydo?PerhapsafriendofyourshasconsistentlyarguedthatthequalityofUScarsisn’tuptothatofimportsandthathe’dneverownanythingbutaJapaneseorGermancar.Buthisdadgiveshimalate-modelFordMustang,andsuddenlyUScarsaren'tsobad.Festingerarguedthatthesecasesofattitudefollowingbehaviorillustratetheeffectsofcognitivedissonance.Cognitivedissonancereferstoanyincompatibilityanindividualmightperceivebetweentwoormoreattitudesorbetweenbehaviorandattitudes.Festingerarguedthatanyformofinconsistencyisuncomfortableandthatindividualswillattempttoreducethedissonanceand,hence,thediscomfort.Theywillseekastablestate,inwhichthereisaminimumofdissonance.

Researchhasgenerallyconcludedthatpeopleseekconsistencyamongtheirattitudesandbetweentheirattitudesandtheirbehavior.Theydothisbyalteringeithertheattitudesorthebehaviororbydevelopingarationalizationforthediscrepancy.Tobaccoexecutivesprovideanexample.Howyoumightwonderdothesepeoplecopewiththeongoingbarrageofdatalinkingcigarettesmokingandnegativehealthoutcomes?Theycandenythatanyclearcausationbetweensmokingandcancer,forinstance,hasbeenestablished.Theycanbrainwashthemselvesbycontinuallyarticulatingthebenefitsoftobacco.Theycanacknowledgethenegativeconsequencesofsmoking,butrationalizethatpeoplearegoingtosmokeandthattobaccocompaniesmerelypromotefreedomofchoice.Theycanaccepttheresearchevidenceandbeginactivelyworkingtomakelessdangerouscigarettesoratleastreducetheiravailabilitytomorevulnerablegroups,suchasteenagers.Ortheycanquittheirjobbecausethedissonanceistoogreat.

Noindividual,ofcourse,cancompletelyavoiddissonance.Youknowthatcheatingonyourincometaxiswrong,butyou“fudge”thenumbersabiteveryyearandhopeyou’renotaudited.Oryoutellyourchildrentoflosstheirteetheveryday,butyoudon’t.Sohowdopeoplecope?Festingerwouldproposethatthedesiretoreducedissonancedependsontheimportanceoftheelementscreatingitandthedegreeofinfluencetheindividualbelieveshehasovertheelements;individualswillbemoremotivatedtoreducedissonancewhentheattitudesorbehaviorareimportantorwhentheybelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol.Athirdfactoristherewardsofdissonance;highrewardsaccompanyinghighdissonancetendtoreducethetensioninherentinthedissonancebecausetheyallowustoeasilyrationalizeit.

1.ThepurposeofmentioningtheTVprogramspeoplewatchinthefirstparagraphistoshow（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingcasescanillustrate“dissonance”？

3.PeopleseekconsistencyamongtheirattitudesandbetweentheirattitudesandtheirbehaviorbydoingmanythingsEXCEPTby（）.

4.Theauthorwantstotellus（）bygivingtheexampleoftobaccoexecutives.

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothelastparagraph?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thatpeopleholddifferentattitudestowarddifferentTVprograms

B.thatpeople’sattitudesdeterminetheirbehaviors

C.thatpeople’sbehaviorsdeterminetheirattitudes

D.thatthereexistsareversiblerelationshipbetweenpeople’sattitudesandtheirbehaviors

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Employeestrytoavoidassignmentstheyfinddistastefi.il.

B.AyoungmanlikeJapanesecars,buthisfatherbuyshimaUScar.

C.Youknowthatcheatingonyourincometaxiswrong.

D.Youtellyourchildrentoflosstheirteetheveryday,butyoudon’t.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.alteringtheirattitudes

B.alteringtheirbehavior

C.developingtherationaldiscrepancy

D.rationalizingthediscrepancy

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.whysomanypeoplequittheirjobs

B.howpeoplereducethedissonance

C.howpeople’sattitudesdeterminetheirbehavior

D.whypeople’sattitudesareinconsistentwiththeirbehavior

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Highrewardsdecreasepeople’sdesiretoreducethedissonance.

B.Highrewardspromptpeopletoreducethedissonance.

C.Ifpeoplebelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol,thedissonancecanbeavoided.

D.Peoplearelikelytogethigherrewards,iftheycanrationalizetheirbehavior

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“theattitudespeopleholddeterminewhattheydo.”，可知作者的提出的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是人們的態(tài)度決定了他們的行為。所以可推斷接下來的例子都是用來進(jìn)一步證明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Festingerarguedthatthesecasesofattitudefollowingbehaviorillustratetheeffectsofcognitivedissonance.Cognitivedissonancereferstoanyincompatibilityanindividualmightperceivebetweentwoormoreattitudesorbetweenbehaviorandattitudes.”，可知認(rèn)知失調(diào)是指?jìng)€(gè)體在兩種或兩種以上的態(tài)度之間或行為與態(tài)度之間所感知到的任何不一致?？赏茢郿issonance涉及到不一致的問題。所以告訴孩子用牙線但自己卻不用，就體現(xiàn)了這種認(rèn)知的不一致。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段第二句，“Theydothisbyalteringeithertheattitudesorthebehaviororbydevelopingarationalizationforthediscrepancy.”，可知他們會(huì)通過改變態(tài)度，或者改變行為，或者為這種差異找合理的解釋來解決不一致的問題。所以C項(xiàng)“發(fā)展合理化的不一致”文章沒有提及。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.推斷題。文章第三段首先提到了人們解決不一致性問題的方法，下文舉出了煙草公司高管的例子，可推斷作者用實(shí)例來進(jìn)一步說明人們減少不一致性的具體方法。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“highrewardsaccompanyinghighdissonancetendtoreducethetensioninherentinthedissonance”，可知高回報(bào)伴隨著高失調(diào)，減少不一致的內(nèi)在張力。所以高回報(bào)是可以降低人們減少不一致的欲望。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。同時(shí)可排除B選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“individualswillbemoremotivatedtoreducedissonancewhentheattitudesorbehaviorareimportantorwhentheybelievethatthedissonanceisduetosomethingtheycancontrol.”，可知當(dāng)態(tài)度或行為很重要，或者當(dāng)他們認(rèn)為這種不一致是由他們能夠控制的事情造成時(shí)，個(gè)人會(huì)更有動(dòng)力去減少這種不協(xié)調(diào)。可排除C選項(xiàng)。D選項(xiàng)提到如果人們能使自己的行為合理化，他們就有可能獲得更高的回報(bào)，在文中并未提及。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.翻譯題

如果想給別人留下良好的形象，你首先得樹立良好的自我形象。一個(gè)具有失敗者形象的人永遠(yuǎn)無法在別人面前樹立成功者的形象。從古至今，一些偉大的哲人都說過：你自認(rèn)為是什么樣的人就是什么樣的人。既然我們都可以選擇如何想象自己，我們就應(yīng)該盡力往積極、良好的方面去想。

【答案】Ifyouwantawinningimagewithothers,yourfirstconcernmustbeawinningself-image.Theindividualwhohasalosingself-imagewillneverbeabletoprojectawinningimagetoothers.Throughouttheages,greatphilosophershavestated,“Youarewhatyouthinkyouare.”Sincewecanallchoosehowwewanttothinkourselves,weshouldtrytohavepositive,winningthoughts.

6.翻譯題

WhatIwishforallstudentsissomereleasefromthegrimgripofthefuture.Iwishthemachancetoenjoyeachsegmentoftheireducationasanexperienceinitselfandnotasatiresomerequirementinpreparationforthenextstep.Iwishthemtherighttoexperiment,totripandfall,tolearnthatdefeatisaseducationalasvictoryandisnottheendoftheworld.

Mywish,ofcourse,isnative.OneofthefewrightsthatAmericadoesnotproclaimistherighttofail.Achievementisthenationalgod,worshippedinourmedia—themillion-dollarathlete,thewealthyexecutiveandglorifiedinourpraiseofpossessions.Inthepresenceofsuchapotentstatereligion,theyoungaregrowingupold.

【答案】我希望所有的學(xué)生稍微擺脫未來的無情控制。我希望他們有機(jī)會(huì)把自己每一階段的教育純粹當(dāng)成一種經(jīng)歷來享受，而不是作為一種為下一步做準(zhǔn)備的令人厭倦的需要。我希望他們有權(quán)利去嘗試、跌倒、懂得失敗如同勝利一樣具有教育意義和失敗并不是世界的末日。

當(dāng)然，我的希望是天真的。失敗的權(quán)利是美國人不贊揚(yáng)的幾個(gè)權(quán)利之一。成就是民族之神，在我們的媒體中受到崇拜——如身價(jià)百萬的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，富有的主管人員一樣——在我們對(duì)財(cái)富的贊美中得到榮耀。年輕人就是在這樣一種強(qiáng)有力的民族信仰熏陶下長大的。

7.單選題

Ishalltellhimthetruth,______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.nomatterwhetherhelikesitornot

B.whetherhelikesitornot

C.nomatterhelikesitornot

D.whetherhewouldlikeitornot

【答案】A

【解析】考查狀語從句。句意：不管他喜不喜歡，我都會(huì)告訴他真相。nomatter與疑問詞who，what，where，when，how，if，whether等連用，意為“無論，不管”，可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，A選項(xiàng)nomatterwhetherhelikesitornot符合題意。B選項(xiàng)中whether意思為“（表示遲疑或兩個(gè)可能性之間的選擇）是否”，不符合語境；C選項(xiàng)中nomatter意思為“不要緊”，用法錯(cuò)誤；D選項(xiàng)中whether用法錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Theworld’sgovernmentshavedone（）nothingtocombatthethreatofnuclearaccidents.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.plausibly

B.perceptively

C.operationally

D.intrinsically

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。plausibly“看似的”；perceptively“有洞察力的”；operationally“操作上”；intrinsically“本質(zhì)的，內(nèi)在的”。本句意為“世界各國政府在應(yīng)對(duì)核事故威脅方面沒有采取任何行動(dòng)”，各國政府操作著國家的行動(dòng)，C選項(xiàng)符合題意，因此選C。

9.單選題

Jimmyearnshislivingby（）worksofartinthemuseum.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.recovering

B.restoring

C.renewing

D.reviving

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)recovering“恢復(fù)；再生”；B選項(xiàng)restoring“恢復(fù)，重建；正在恢復(fù)”；C選項(xiàng)renewing“重新開始；恢復(fù)；使……更新；延長……的期限”；D選項(xiàng)reviving“振興”。recover/restore都有康復(fù)的意思，但是用法不同。一般用法分別為：sbrecovers（不及物）、sbrestoreshishealth（及物），所以restore與語義相對(duì)應(yīng)。句意：吉米靠修復(fù)博物館里的藝術(shù)品謀生。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Asaresult,theyhadto（）answeringtheirletterbythreedays.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.decide

B.refrain

C.surpass

D.delay

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。選項(xiàng)中只有delay后面可以接動(dòng)名詞。句意：他們不得不推遲三天回信。所以本題選D。

11.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingtextintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET.

當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入數(shù)碼物件的電子時(shí)代時(shí)，最重要的是要意識(shí)到新技術(shù)已經(jīng)給我們這個(gè)社會(huì)帶來了很多挑戰(zhàn)，其中之一就是如何在這個(gè)電子時(shí)代保存好歷史檔案記錄。更重要的是我們要知道，我們正在步入這樣一個(gè)時(shí)代：即我們今天所熟知的很多東西以及用電子方式編碼和寫入的很多東西將會(huì)永久丟失。其中一個(gè)例子就是遍布世界各地政府和大學(xué)的很多數(shù)據(jù)集由于技術(shù)的變化而被淘汰了，而且這些數(shù)據(jù)將來要么丟失，要么需要采取髙昂的“營救”措施來挽救它們。在我看來，我們正生活在一個(gè)數(shù)碼黑暗時(shí)代。因此，圖書和檔案管理員肩挑的責(zé)任就是要恪守我們這個(gè)時(shí)代崇尚歷史和出版遺產(chǎn)的傳統(tǒng)。

【答案】Asweentertheelectronicageofdigitalobjects,themostsignificantthingistorecognizethatnewtechnologieshavebroughtmanychallengestooursociety.Oneofthemishowtopreservehistoricalrecordsinthiselectronicage.Moreimportantly,wearemovingintoanerainwhichmuchofwhatweknowtoday,andmuchofwhatisencodedandwrittenelectronically,willbelostforever.Oneexampleisthatmanydatasetsfromgovernmentsanduniversitiesaroundtheworldareobsoletedduetochangesintechnology,andthatdatawilleitherbelostinthefutureorwillrequirecostly“rescue”measurestosaveit.Inmyopinion,wearelivinginadigitaldarkage.Therefore,theresponsibilityoflibrariansandarchivistsistoscrupulouslyabidebythehistoricalandpublishingheritageweupholdinourtime.

12.單選題

SinceMr.Whitediedayearago,therehasbeendiscordinthefamilyaboutthedivisionoftheestate.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.distinctions

B.disagreements

C.disadvantages

D.discussions

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.distinctions區(qū)別B.disagreements分歧；爭(zhēng)論

C.disadvantages缺點(diǎn)D.discussions討論

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】分析句子可知，discord是一個(gè)名詞，dis-前綴表示否定的，那么discord可能是一個(gè)貶義詞，由關(guān)鍵信息thedivisionoftheestate（遺產(chǎn)分配問題）綜合理解可推斷，discord是指遺產(chǎn)分配上的分歧或不和，B項(xiàng)詞義與之相近，故該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D項(xiàng)不符合劃線單詞詞義。

【句意】自從懷特先生一年前去世以來，家里在遺產(chǎn)分配問題上一直不和。

13.單選題

ShortagesoffluvaccinearenothingnewinAmerica,butthisyear’sisawhopper.Untillastweek,itappearedthat100millionAmericanswouldhaveaccesstoflushotsthisfall.ThenBritishauthorities,concernedaboutqualitycontrolproblemsataproductionplantinLiverpool,barredallfurthershipmentsbytheChironCorpOvernight,theU.S.vaccinesupplydwindledbynearlyhalfandfederalhealthofficialsfoundthemselvesmakinganunusualplea.Insteadofbeseechingusalltogetvaccinated,they’renowurgingmosthealthypeoplebetweentheagesof2and64notto.“Thisreemphasizesthefragilityofourvaccinesupply,”saysDr.MartinMyersoftheNationalNetworkforImmunizationInformation,and“thelackofredundancyinoursystem.”

Whyissuchabasichealthservicesoeasilyknockedout?Mainlybecauseprivatecompanieshavehadlittleincentivetopursueit.Tocreateasingledoseoffluvaccine,amanufacturerhastogrowlivevirusina2-week-oldfertilizedchickenegg,thencracktheegg,harvestthevirusandextracttheproteinsusedtoprovokeanimmuneresponse.Profitmarginsarenarrow,demandisfickleand,becauseeachyear’sfluvirusisdifferent,anyleftovervaccinegoestowaste.Asaresult,theUnitedStatesnowhasonlytwomajorsuppliers(ChironandAvePasteur)—andwhenoneofthemrunsintotrouble,thereisn’tmuchtheothercandoaboutit.“Avaccinemakercan’tjustcallupandorder40millionmorefertilizedeggs,”saysManonCox,ofConnecticut-basedProteinSciencesCorp,“there’sawholeindustrythat’sscheduledtoproduceacertainnumberofeggsatacertaintime.”

Sleekertechnologiesarenowintheworks,andexpertsarehopingthatthisyear’sfiascowillspeedthepaceofinnovation.Themainchallengeistoshiftproductionfromeggsintocellcultures—amediumalreadyusedtomakemostothervaccines.Fluvaccinesareharderthanmosttoproducethisway,butseveralcompaniesarenowpursuingthisstrategy,andoneculture-basedproduct(SolvayPharmaceuticals’InvivaC.hasbeenclearedformarketinginEurope.

ForAmericans,theimmediatechallengeistomakethemostofalimitedsupply.Thegovernmentestimatethat95millionpeoplestillqualifyforshotsunderthevoluntaryrestrictionsannouncedlastweekend.That’snearlytwicethenumberofdosesthatclinicswillhaveonhand,butonly60millionAmericansseekoutshotsinanormalyear.Infact,manyexpertsarehopingtheshortagewillserveasanawarenesscampaign—encouragingthepeoplewhoreallyneedaflushottogetone.

1.Shortagesoffluvaccineshowthat（

）.

2.Theword“cleared”(Line5,Paragraph3)mightmean（

）.

3.Privatecompanieshavelittleinterestinproducingfluvaccinesbecauseof（

）.

4.Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Americareliestoomuchonforeignsuppliers

B.thedemandoffluvaccinesishighthisyear

C.qualityproblemisaseriousprobleminfluvaccineproduction

D.thesupplyoffluvaccinesisratherweakandAmericahasnoback-upmeasurestomakeitup

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.permitted

B.remove

C.proved

D.produced

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.complicatedprocess,highcost,lowprofitandhighrisk

B.shortagesoffertilizedchickeneggs

C.difficultyingrowinglivevirus

D.fastchangingoffluvirus

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thegovernmenthopestosolvetheproblembywayofvolunteerrestrictions

B.morethan47millionAmericanswhoarequalifiedtogetfluvaccineshotscannotgetthemthisyear

C.Americahastodealwithlimitedsupplyoffluvaccinesthisyear

D.normallyonlyasmallpercentageofAmericanpopulationgetsfluvaccineshotseachyear

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.AllAmericansarepersuadednottogetvaccinatedthisyear.

B.Thebigproblemininnovatingfluvaccineproducingtechniqueishowtogrowvirusinanewway.

C.Morefluvaccinescannotbeproducedinashorttimebecauseprivatecompaniesrefusetoproducemore.

D.Fluvaccinesareeasierthanmostvaccinestoproducethroughcellcultures.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第一段“‘Thisreemphasizesthefragilityofourvaccinesupply,’saysDr.MartinMyersoftheNationalNetworkforImmunizationInformation,and‘thelackofredundancyinoursystem.’‘這再次強(qiáng)調(diào)了我們疫苗供應(yīng)的脆弱性，’全國免疫信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)的MartinMyers博士說，‘我們的系統(tǒng)缺乏冗余?！笨芍狣項(xiàng)“流感疫苗的供應(yīng)相當(dāng)薄弱，美國也沒有后備措施來彌補(bǔ)”正確。

2.詞義題。由“oneculture-basedproduct(SolvayPharmaceuticals’Invivac)hasbeenclearedformarketinginEurope.有一種基于文化的產(chǎn)品(SolvayPharmaceuticals的Invivac)已經(jīng)獲準(zhǔn)在歐洲上市。”根據(jù)formarketinginEurope可以判斷出應(yīng)該是“得到官方批準(zhǔn)和允許”。故A項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Whyissuchabasichealthservicesoeasilyknockedout?Mainlybecauseprivatecompanieshavehadlittleincentivetopursueit.為什么這樣一項(xiàng)基本的醫(yī)療服務(wù)如此容易被取消?主要是因?yàn)樗綘I企業(yè)沒有動(dòng)力去追求它。”接下來作者介紹了復(fù)雜的生產(chǎn)工藝，“Profitmarginsarenarrow,demandisfickleand,becauseeachyear’sfluvirusisdifferent,anyleftovervaccinegoestowaste.利潤空間狹窄，需求變化無常，而且由于每年的流感病毒不同，任何剩余的疫苗都被浪費(fèi)了。”故A項(xiàng)“流程復(fù)雜、成本高、利潤低、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大”正確。

4.推理判斷題。由第四段“Thegovernmentestimatethat95millionpeoplestillqualifyforshotsunderthevoluntaryrestrictionsannouncedlastweekend.That’snearlytwicethenumberofdosesthatclinicswillhaveonhand,butonly60millionAmericansseekoutshotsinanormalyear.政府估計(jì)，根據(jù)上周末宣布的自愿限制措施，仍有9500萬人有資格注射疫苗。這幾乎是診所現(xiàn)有劑量的兩倍，但正常年份只有6000萬美國人尋求注射?！笨芍呙绗F(xiàn)有劑量只有9500萬的一半，即4700多萬。故還有4700多萬有資格注射疫苗的人無法得到注射。故B項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。由第三段“Sleekertechnologiesarenowintheworks,andexpertsarehopingthatthisyear’sfiascowillspeedthepaceofinnovation.Themainchallengeistoshiftproductionfromeggsintocellcultures—amediumalreadyusedtomakemostothervaccines.更新的技術(shù)正在研發(fā)中，專家們希望今年的失敗將加快創(chuàng)新的步伐。主要的挑戰(zhàn)是將生產(chǎn)從卵細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)——一種已經(jīng)用于生產(chǎn)大多數(shù)其他疫苗的培養(yǎng)基?！笨芍狟項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)新流感疫苗生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的最大問題是如何以新的方式培養(yǎng)病毒”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“所有的美國人被勸說今年不要接種疫苗”與文中提到的“2-64歲的健康人群不用接種”不符。C項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗綘I企業(yè)拒絕生產(chǎn)更多的流感疫苗，所以更多的流感疫苗無法在短時(shí)間內(nèi)生產(chǎn)出來”與文中提到的“疫苗生產(chǎn)操作的難度大導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)商無法在短時(shí)間內(nèi)生產(chǎn)更多流感疫苗”不符。D項(xiàng)“流感疫苗比大多數(shù)通過細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的疫苗更容易生產(chǎn)。”與文中的“Themainchallengeistoshiftproductionfromeggsintocellcultures—amediumalreadyusedtomakemostothervaccines.Fluvaccinesareharderthanmosttoproducethisway,主要的挑戰(zhàn)是將生產(chǎn)從卵細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)——一種已經(jīng)用于生產(chǎn)大多數(shù)其他疫苗的培養(yǎng)基。用這種方法生產(chǎn)流感疫苗比大多數(shù)疫苗都難?！辈环?/p>

14.單選題

Oneoftherecurrentfrustrationsandtragediesinthehistoryofthoughtiscausedbytheuncertainty______tosolveagivenproblembytraditionalmethodspreviouslyappliedtoproblemswhichseemtobeofthesamenature.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thatispossible

B.thatitispossible

C.whetheritispossible

D.aboutwhatispossible

【答案】C

【解析】考查語法知識(shí)。uncertainty后面的句子正是作為同位語用來修飾這個(gè)先行詞，而只有whether可以表示“不確定性”，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

15.單選題

Thelightistoo（）formetoread.Icannotstandanymore.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rid

B.ripe

C.soup

D.dim

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)rid“得到解脫的”；B選項(xiàng)ripe“熟的，成熟的”；C選項(xiàng)soup“使振作;打扮”；D選項(xiàng)dim“暗淡的，昏暗的”。句意：光線太昏暗我沒法看書。我再也受不了了。根據(jù)后半句句意“我再也受不了了”可知，D符合題意。

16.單選題

IfIdidn’tknowtheword,Ihadtoa（

）dictionary.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.lookout

B.makeout

C.referto

D.goover

【答案】C

【解析】詞組辨析題。A選項(xiàng)lookout“（表示警告，尤指有危險(xiǎn)）小心，當(dāng)心，留神”；B選項(xiàng)makeout“理解，辨認(rèn)”；C選項(xiàng)referto“涉及，與……相關(guān)，查閱，參考”；D選項(xiàng)goover“復(fù)習(xí)，仔細(xì)檢查”。根據(jù)前一句句意‘我不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞，’以及空格后“adictionary詞典”可知C選項(xiàng)referto“查閱，參考”正確。

17.單選題

Thisnewlyestablishedfundhasarangeofmedicalprogramsundertakenbyuniversities,industriallabs,oruniversity-industrycollaborativeprojects.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cooperative

B.innovative

C.lucrative

D.representative

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.cooperative合作的B.innovative發(fā)明的；創(chuàng)造性的

C.lucrative獲利多的；有利可圖的D.representative典型的

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】這個(gè)新成立的基金的醫(yī)學(xué)項(xiàng)目有一系列由大學(xué)、工業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室或校企……項(xiàng)目承擔(dān)的醫(yī)學(xué)項(xiàng)目。由本句中的“university-industry（校企）”可知是合作項(xiàng)目，所以A選項(xiàng)“合作的”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均不符合句意。

【句意】這個(gè)新成立的基金有一系列由大學(xué)、工業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室或校企合作項(xiàng)目承擔(dān)的醫(yī)學(xué)項(xiàng)目。

18.單選題

Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudied.

Inconductingresearchoncultureandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandwittothePeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanemicfashion,theirconcernisonlythatthequestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamil