考研考博-英語-伊犁師范大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-伊犁師范大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

______mapthatdatedbacktoabout3,000B.C.

問題1選項

A.Theoldestknown

B.Itwastheoldestknown

C.Knownastheoldest

D.Knowntobetheoldest

【答案】B

【解析】考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知此處缺少主語。It做主語，was是謂語動詞，theoldestknownmap是表語，datedbacktoabout3000B.C.做map的后置定語。句意：這是已知最古老的地圖，大約可以追溯到公元前3000年。因此只有B項正確。

2.翻譯題

科學(xué)的最終目的是提供一種描繪整個宇宙的簡單理論。然而，大多科學(xué)家實際采用的方法是將這個問題分成兩個部分。第一部分是一些告知我們宇宙隨著時間的推移而變化的方式的規(guī)律。第二部分是對宇宙初始狀態(tài)的疑問。有些人認為科學(xué)只應(yīng)該關(guān)注第一部分。他們把宇宙初始狀態(tài)的問題看成是玄學(xué)或宗教要回答的問題。

【答案】Theultimateaimofscienceistoobtainasimpletheorywhichcandescribesthewholeuniverse.However,mostscientistsineffectseparatetheissueintotwoparts.Thefirstpartiscomposedoflawshowtheuniversechangeswithtime.Thesecondpartconsistsofthequestionsovertheoriginalstateoftheuniverse.Somepeoplebelievethatscienceshouldonlyfocusonthefirstpartwhereasthequestionsovertheoriginalstateoftheuniverseshouldbeansweredbymetaphysicsorreligions.

3.單選題

Ifyouplanttwoappletreesinonesquareyardofland,andthetrees'productivity（）decline.

問題1選項

A.isboundto

B.isdeterminedto

C.isunlikelyto

D.isrelatedto

【答案】A

【解析】句意:如果你在一平方米的土地上種兩棵蘋果樹，那么樹的產(chǎn)能肯定會下降。

考查短語辨析。isboundto必然，注定，勢必:isdeterminedto堅決，下決心做；isunlikelyto不可能的；isrelatedto與…有關(guān)。因此A符合句意。

4.單選題

Theyhadtoeata(n)（

）meal,ortheywouldbetoolatefortheconcert.

問題1選項

A.temporary

B.hasty

C.immediate

D.urgent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。temporary“暫時的，臨時的”；hasty“匆忙的，輕率的”；immediate“立即的，直接的”；urgent“緊急的，急迫的”。

句意：他們只能急匆匆地吃了飯，不然音樂會他們就會遲到了。選項B符合題意。

5.單選題

Agreenandyellowparrot,whichhunginacageoutsidethedoor,keptrepeatingoverandover:“Allezvous-en!Allezvous-en!Sapristi!That’sallright!”HecouldspeakalittleSpanish,andalsoalanguagewhichnobodyunderstood,unlessitwasthemocking-birdthathungontheothersideofthedoor,whistlinghisflutynotesoutuponthebreezewithmaddeningpersistence.

Mr.Pontellier,unabletoreadhisnewspaperwithanydegreeofcomfort,arosewithanexpressionandanexclamationofdisgust.Hewalkeddownthegalleryandacrossthenarrow“bridges”whichconnectedtheLebruncottagesonewiththeother.Hehadbeenseatedbeforethedoorofthemainhouse.TheparrotandthemockingbirdwerethepropertyofMadameLebrun,andtheyhadtherighttomakeallthenoisetheywished.Mr.Pontellierhadtheprivilegeofquittingtheirsocietywhentheyceasedtobeentertaining.

Hestoppedbeforethedoorofhisowncottage,whichwasthefourthonefromthemainbuildingandnexttothelast.Seatinghimselfinawickerrockerwhichwasthere,heoncemoreappliedhimselftothetaskofreadingthenewspaper.ThedaywasSunday;thepaperwasadayold.TheSundaypapershadnotyetreachedGrandIsle.Hewasalreadyacquaintedwiththemarketreports,andbeglancedrestlesslyovertheeditorialsandbitsofnewswhichhehadnothadtimetoreadbeforequittingNewOrleansthedaybefore.

Mr.Pontellierworeeye-glasses.Hewasamanofforty,ofmediumheightandratherslenderbuild:hestoopedalittle.Hishairwasbrownandstraight,partedononeside.Hisbeardwasneatlyandcloselytrimmed.

Onceinawhilehewithdrewhisglancefromthenewspaperandlookedabouthim.Therewasmorenoisethaneveroveratthehouse.Themainbuildingwascalled“thehouse”todistinguishitfromthecottages.Thechatteringandwhistlingbirdswerestillatit.Twoyounggirls,theFarivaltwins,wereplayingaduetfrom“Zampa”uponthepiano.MadameLebrunwasbustlinginandout,givingordersinahighkeytoayard-boywhenevershegotinsidethehouse,anddirectionsinanequallyhighvoicetoadiningroomservantwhenevershegotoutside.Shewasafresh,prettywoman,cladalwaysinwhitewithelbowsleeves.Herstarchedskinscrinkledasshecameandwent.Fartherdown,beforeoneofthecottages,aladyinblackwaswalkingdemurelyupanddown,tellingherbeads.AgoodmanypersonsofthepensionhadgoneovertotheCheniereCaminadainBeaudelet’ssluggertohearmass.Someyoungpeoplewerenutunderthewater-oaksplayingcroquet.Mr.Pontellier’stwochildrenwerethere—sturdylittlefellowsoffourandfive.Aquadroonnursefollowedthemaboutwithafaraway,meditativeair.

Mr.Pontellierfinallylitacigarandbegantosmoke,lettingthepaperdragidlyfromhishand.Hefixedhisgazeuponawhitesunshadethatwasadvancingatsnail’spacefromthebeach.Hecouldseeitplainlybetweenthegaunttrunksofthewater-oaksandacrossthestretchofyellowchamomile.Thegulflookedfaraway,meltinghazilyintotheblueofthehorizon.Thesunshadecontinuedtoapproachslowly.Beneathitspink-linedshelterwerehiswife,Mrs.Pontellier,andyoungRobertLebrun.Whentheyreachedthecottage,thetwoseatedthemselveswithsomeappearanceoffatigueupontheupperstepoftheporch,facingeachother,eachleaningagainstasupportingpost.

“Whatfolly!tobatheatsuchanhourinsuchheat!”exclaimedMr.Pontellier.Hehimselfhadtakenaplungeatdaylight.Thatwaswhythemorningseemedlongtohim.

“Youareburntbeyondrecognition,”headded,lookingathiswifeasonelooksatavaluablepieceofpersonalpropertywhichhassufferedsomedamage.Sheheldupherhands,strong,shapelyhands,andsurveyedthemcritically,drawingupherlawnsleevesabovethewrists.Lookingatthemremindedherofherrings,whichshehadgiventoherhusbandbeforeleavingforthebeach.Shesilentlyreachedouttohim,andheunderstanding,tooktheringsfromhisvestpocketanddroppedthemintoheropenpalm.Sheslippedthemuponherfingers;thenclaspingherknees,shelookedacrossatRobertandbegantolaugh.Theringssparkleduponherfingers.Hesentbackanansweringsmile.

“Whatisit?”askedPontellier,lookinglazilyandamusedfromonetotheother.Itwassomeutternonsense;someadventureoutthereinthewater,andtheybothtriedtorelateitatonce.Itdidnotseemhalfsoamusingwhentold.Theyrealizedthis,andsodidMr.Pontellier.Heyawnedandstretchedhimself.Thenhegotup,sayinghehadhalfamindtogoovertoKlein’shotelandplayagameofbilliards.

“Comegoalong,Lebrun,”heproposedtoRobert.ButRobertadmittedquitefranklythathepreferredtostaywherehewasandtalktoMrs.Pontellier.

“Well,sendhimabouthisbusinesswhenheboresyou,Edna,”instructedherhusbandashepreparedtoleave.

“Here,taketheumbrella,”sheexclaimed,holdingitouttohim.Heacceptedthesunshade,andliftingitoverhisheaddescendedthestepsandwalkedaway.

“Comingbacktodinner?”hiswifecalledafterhim.Hehaltedamomentandshruggedhisshoulders.Hefeltinhisvestpocket;therewasaten-dollarbillthere.Hedidnotknow;perhapshewouldreturnfortheearlydinnerandperhapshewouldnot.ItalldependeduponthecompanywhichhefoundoveratKlein’sandthesizeof“thegame.”Hedidnotsaythis,butsheunderstoodit,andlaughed,noddinggood-byetohim.

Bothchildrenwantedtofollowtheirfatherwhentheysawhimstartingout.Hekissedthemandpromisedtobringthembackbonbonsandpeanuts.

1.WhichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribeMr.Pontellier?

2.InMr.Poniellier’smind’seye,hiswifeis______.

3.Theimagethatthestoryevokesinreader’smindinitsverybeginningis______.

4.FromthestoryweknowthatMrs.Pontellierisa/an______wife.

5.Mr.Pontellierenjoys______.

問題1選項

A.Energetic.

B.Robust.

C.Good-humored.

D.Inactive.

問題2選項

A.anindependentperson

B.anobjectofconsiderablevalue

C.anunderstandingwoman

D.anunreliablewoman

問題3選項

A.seaimage

B.animalimage

C.birdimage

D.umbrellaimage

問題4選項

A.understanding

B.depressed

C.critical

D.listless

問題5選項

A.havingdinnerwithhiswife

B.gambling

C.playingwithhischildren

D.swimming

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.【選項釋義】

1.WhichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribeMr.Pontellier?1.下面哪個形容詞最能描述龐特利耶先生？

A.Energetic.A.精力充沛的。

B.Robust.B.健康的，強健的。

C.Good-humored.C.心情愉快的。

D.Inactive.D.不活躍的。

【答案】D

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第六段第一句“龐特利耶先生懶洋洋地把那張紙從手里拖出來（lettingthepaperdragidlyfromhishand），點燃了一支雪茄，開始抽起來”和第九段倒數(shù)第二句“他打個哈欠，伸一伸懶腰”可以看出，龐特利耶先生是一個比較閑散，怠惰的人。因此，D項“不活躍的”符合題干。

【干擾項排除】A項“精力充沛的”、B項“健康的，強健的”和C項“心情愉快的”在原文都無法找到判斷依據(jù)，屬于無中生有。

2.【選項釋義】

2.InMr.Poniellier’smind’seye,hiswifeis______.2.在龐特利耶看來，他的妻子是_____。

A.anindependentpersonA.一個獨立的人

B.anobjectofconsiderablevalueB.一個相當(dāng)有價值的物品

C.anunderstandingwomanC.一個善解人意的女人

D.anunreliablewomanD.一個不可靠的女人

【答案】B

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第八段第一句“……看著他的妻子就像看著一件被損壞了的貴重的私人財產(chǎn)”可以看出，在龐特利耶先生的眼里，他的妻子就像他貴重的私人財產(chǎn)一般，由此可知，B選項“一個相當(dāng)有價值的物品”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】A項“一個獨立的人”、B項“一個善解人意的女人”和D項“一個不可靠的女人”都無法依據(jù)原文內(nèi)容判斷得出，屬于無中生有。

3.【選項釋義】

3.Theimagethatthestoryevokesinreader’smindinitsverybeginningis______.3.故事一開始就在讀者腦海中喚起的形象是______。

A.seaimageA.大海意象

B.animalimageB.動物形象

C.birdimageC.鳥的形象

D.umbrellaimageD.傘形意象

【答案】C

【考查點】細節(jié)事實題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容“在門外掛著的鳥籠子里一只綠黃相間的鸚鵡不停地叫著：‘滾!滾！該死的東西！這才像話！’它能說一點兒西班牙語，還能說一種誰也聽不懂的語言，但是掛在門另一側(cè)的鳥籠里的畫眉除外。這只畫眉也迎著微風(fēng)清亮地啁啾著，叫個不停，真讓人生氣?！笨芍?，作者在原文一開始描述了吵鬧的小鳥的形象，引出故事的下文，所以最先出現(xiàn)的是鳥的圖像，故本題正確答案為C選項。

【干擾項排除】

A項“大海意象”、D項“傘形意象”由解題思路可知，這兩項雖然在原文有提到，但是并不屬于文章一開始所提到的范圍，這兩項屬于曲解原文；

B項“動物形象”表述不夠準確，該項屬于曲解原文。

4.【選項釋義】

4.FromthestoryweknowthatMrs.Pontellierisa/an______wife.4.從這個故事我們知道龐特利耶夫人是一個______的妻子。

A.understandingA.善解人意的

B.depressedB.沮喪的

C.criticalC.批判的

D.listlessD.無精打采的

【答案】A

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段最后一句“他沒有說這話，但她明白了，笑著向他點頭道別”可知，即使她先生沒說什么，龐特利耶太太還是明白了他的意思，沖他點了點頭，由此可見她是一個善解人意的人。故本題正確答案為A選項“善解人意的”。

【干擾項排除】B項“沮喪的”、C項“批判的”和D項“無精打采的”在原文沒有依據(jù)，屬于無中生有。

5.【選項釋義】

5.Mr.Pontellierenjoys______.5.龐特利耶先生喜歡______。

A.havingdinnerwithhiswifeA.和他的妻子共進晚餐

B.gamblingB.賭博

C.playingwithhischildrenC.和他的孩子們一起玩耍

D.swimmingD.游泳

【答案】B

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段第四和第五句“他不知道；他也許會早點回來吃晚飯，也許不會。這一切都取決于Klein公司和‘游戲’的規(guī)模?！笨芍?，在妻子問他是否會回家吃飯時，龐特利耶先生沒有確切地給出答案。是否回家要看“thegame”的規(guī)模如何，game有“賭博”的意思，也就是說，他應(yīng)該喜歡賭博。故本題正確答案為B選項“賭博”。

【干擾項排除】

A項“和他的妻子共進晚餐”由解題思路可知，龐特利耶先生更喜歡賭博，該項屬于曲解原文；

C項“和他的孩子們一起玩?！备鶕?jù)最后一段“兩個孩子看到父親出發(fā)時都想跟著他。他吻了他們，答應(yīng)給他們帶糖果和花生回來?！笨梢钥闯?，龐特利耶先生不想和他們的孩子一起去玩耍，該項屬于反向干擾；

D項“游泳”在原文沒有依據(jù)，屬于無中生有。

6.單選題

2.

問題1選項

A.Totakethemedicineforalongertime.

B.Todiscontinuethemedication.

C.Tocometoseeheragain.

D.Toswitchtoothermedications.

【答案】C

【解析】M:HowlongshouldItakethem?

W:Theprescriptionisfor30days.Ifyou’restillfeelingdepressedafter30days.I’dlikeyoutocomebackin.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanadvicethemantodoifhisproblemcontinues?

【解析】細節(jié)題。女士說藥量是30天，如果服藥后患者還不好，建議回來復(fù)診。

7.單選題

BeforetheNobelPrizeinliteraturewasawardedtoJohnSteinbeckin1962,onlyfiveAmericanshadbeenpreviouslythushonored,themostrecentbeingErnestHemingwayin1954andWilliamFaulknerin1949.Steinbeckhadbeenconsideredonthoseoccasionsandalsoin1945.Asthehonorisbyfarthegreatestanywritercanreceive,Steinbeckwaselated.Thefeelingofelationwastemperedslightly,however,bytheobservationexpressedbySteinbeckin1956，thatrecipientsoftheNobelPrizeseldomwriteanythingofvalueafterwards.HecitedHemingwayandFaulknerasexamples,minimizingthepointthatbythetimeoftheirselectionmostwritershadalreadywrittentheirbestwork.Attheageofsixty,whenhereceivedtheawardshimself,Steinbeckwrotetoafriendthathewouldnothaveacceptedtheawardhadhenotbelievedthathewouldcontinuetowritewell,thathe4*couldbeattherap'Likehiscontemporaries,andothersaswell,however,hedidnot.

Therewasnoexpectationorneedthatthewriterdoesso,forSteinbeckhadlongbeforemadehismarkinmodernAmericanliterature.

1.InwhatyearwasSteinbecksixtyyearsold?

2.Accordingtothepassage,Steinbeckwrotehisbestwork（

）.

3.Before1949,howmanyAmericanshadreceivedtheNobelPrizeforliterature?

4.Inthesecondparagraph,thephrase"doesso”refersto

（

）.

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardJohnSteinbeck?

問題1選項

A.1949

B.1954

C.1956

D.1962

問題2選項

A.inanexpressivestyle

B.beforereceivingtheNobelPrize

C.whilehewasfeelingelated

D.guidedbyhiscontemporaries

問題3選項

A.Two

B.Three

C.Four

D.Five

問題4選項

A.feelelatedatreceivingtheNobelPrize

B.accepttheNobelPrizeifnominated

C.writewellafterreceivingtheNobelPrize

D.honorNobelPrizewinnersofthepast

問題5選項

A.Steinbeckwasanexceptionallydifferentauthor

B.SteinbeckshouldhavereceivedtheNobelPrizeearlier

C.Steinbeckwroteequallywellthroughouthislife

D.Steinbeckearnedhisreputationwellbefore1962

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。第一段指出:BeforetheNobelPrizeinliteraturewasawardedtoJohnSteinbeckin1962(在諾貝爾文學(xué)獎于1962年被授予JohnSteinbeck（約翰?斯坦貝克）之前),以及后面說到:Attheageofsixty,whenhereceivedtheawardshimself(60歲時，在他（約翰?斯坦貝克）自己得到該獎項（即諾貝爾文學(xué)獎）后),由此可知D項“1962年”正確。

2.判斷推理題。最后一段指出:Therewasnoexpectationorneedthatthewriterdoesso,forSteinbeckhadlongbeforemadehismarkinmodernAmericanliterature(不期望或不需要)約翰?斯坦貝克在得到諾貝爾文學(xué)獎后繼續(xù)寫出好作品，因為他在很早以前己經(jīng)在現(xiàn)代美國文學(xué)上成名了。由此可知B項“在獲得諾貝爾獎之前”正確。

3.判斷推理題。第一段指出:BeforetheNobelPrizeinliteraturewasawardedtoJohnSteinbeckin1962，onlyfiveAmericanshadbeenpreviouslythushonored,themostrecentbeingErnestHemingwayin1954andWilliamFaulknerin1949(在諾貝爾文學(xué)獎于1962年被授予JohnSteinbeck（約翰?斯坦貝克）之前，只有五位美國人先前受到過如此殊榮，這五位在時間上最近的是1954年的歐內(nèi)斯特?海明威（美國作家）和1949年的威廉??？思{（美國小說家）),由此可知1949年以前獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的美國人有三位。

4.判斷推理題。"doesso”出現(xiàn)在第二段,其所在句是順承前面的句子:Steinbeckwrotetoafriendthathewouldnothaveacceptedtheawardhadhenotbelievedthathewouldcontinuetowritewell,thathe“couldbeattherap”(約翰?斯坦貝克給一位朋友寫信稱，如果他不相信自己將繼續(xù)寫出好作品和能免受指責(zé)（諾貝爾獎得主在得獎后很少寫出有價值的任何東西）的話，那么他將不會接受諾貝爾獎),由此可知C項“獲得諾貝爾獎后寫出好作品”正確。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。最后一段指出:TherewasnoexpectationorneedthatthewriterdoessoforSteinbeckhadlongbeforemadehismarkinmodernAmericanliterature(不期望或不需要這位作者（即約翰?斯坦貝克）在得到諾貝爾文學(xué)獎后繼續(xù)寫出好作品，因為約翰?斯坦貝克在很早以前已經(jīng)在現(xiàn)代美國文學(xué)上成名了)。由此可知D項“約翰?斯坦貝克在1962年前已經(jīng)非常出名”正確。

8.單選題

Hepracticed（

）onherandmanagedtoget$2000.

問題1選項

A.linen

B.deception

C.longitude

D.paradise

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析。句意:他騙了她，設(shè)法騙了2000美元。

linen亞麻布;亞麻織品。deception欺騙，欺詐；騙術(shù)。Longitude［地理］經(jīng)度；經(jīng)線paradise天堂。

9.翻譯題

1.Themanwhoselifeiscenteredaroundproducing,sellingandconsumingcommoditiestransformshimselfintoacommodity.Hebecomesincreasinglyattractedtothatwhichisman-madeandmechanical,ratherthantothatwhichisnaturalandorganic.Manymentodayaremoreinterestedinsportscarsthaninwomen;ortheyexperiencewomenasacarwhichonecancausetoracebypushingtherightbutton.2.Altogethertheyexpecthappinessisamatteroffindingtherightbutton,nottheresultofaproductive,richlife,alifewhichrequiresmakinganeffortandtakingrisks.Intheirsearchforthebutton,somegotothepsychoanalyst,somegotochurchandsomeread“self-help”books.Butwhileitisimpossibletofindthebuttonforhappiness,themajorityaresatisfiedwithpushingthebuttonsofcameras,radios,televisionsets,andwatchingsciencefictionbecomingreality.

Oneofthestrangestaspectsoftheirapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons?Apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.3.Theexplanation,Ibelieve,isthattheyaresofrightenedofthepossibilityoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandnever-endingpersonalanxiety.

AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury“freeenterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.4.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofloveandofreason—aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】1.以生產(chǎn)、銷售、消費商品為中心的男人把自己也轉(zhuǎn)化為一種商品了。他對人造的、機械的東西越來越感興趣，對天然的、有機的東西卻無動于衷。如今，許多男人對跑車的癡迷超過了對女人的癡迷，或者把女人當(dāng)作只要按對按鈕就會奔馳的汽車。

2.總而言之，他們認為幸福是個找對按鈕的問題，而不是源自碩果累累、豐富多彩、需要付出努力和承擔(dān)風(fēng)險的生活。在尋找按鈕的過程中，有些人去找心理分析學(xué)家；有些人去做禮拜；還有一些人去讀“自助”書籍。不過他們雖然找不到賜予幸福的按鈕，但大多數(shù)人滿足于按收音機、電視機和照相機的按鈕，滿足于看著科幻小說變成現(xiàn)實。

3.我認為，可以這樣解釋：他們非常擔(dān)心會遭遇個人的失敗并蒙受羞辱。由于他們對個人問題感到憂慮，這就妨礙他們對所有的人和所有的東西可能會遭到毀滅感到憂慮。也許徹底的毀滅比十分的不安和個人永無休止的憂慮更有吸引力。

4.想通過倒退到人們已經(jīng)走過的階段來解決問題是永遠行不通的。我建議改造我們的社會制度，將其從一個官僚機構(gòu)管理下的工業(yè)化社會體制轉(zhuǎn)化為一個人本主義的工業(yè)化社會體制。在前一種體制中，最高產(chǎn)量和最高消費為主要目的；在后一種體制中，一切社會活動的目的都是為了人，為了使人的各種潛力——愛的潛力和運用理性的潛力——獲得充分的發(fā)展。

10.單選題

Thestudyofgeneticshasgivenrisetoaprofitablenewindustrycalledbiotechnology.Asthenamesuggests,itblendsbiologyandmoderntechnologythroughsuchtechniquesageneticengineering.Someofthenewbiotechcompanies,astheyarecalled,specializeinagricultureandareworkingenthusiasticallytopatentseedsthatgiveahighyield,thatresistdisease,drought,andfrost,andthatreducetheneedforhazardouschemicals.Ifsuchgoalscouldbeachieved,itwouldbemostbeneficial.Butsomehaveraisedconcernsaboutgeneticallyengineeredcrops.

“Innature,geneticdiversityiscreatedwithincertainlimits,”saysthebookGeneticEngineering,Food,andOurEnvironment.“Arosecanbecrossedwithadifferentkindofrose,butarosewillnevercrosswithapotato…”Geneticengineering,ontheotherhand,usuallyinvolvestakinggenesfromonespeciesandinsertingthemintoanotherinanattempttotransferadesiredpropertyorcharacter.Thiscouldmean,forexample,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithantifreezepropertiesfromanarcticfish,andjoiningitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.Itisnowpossibleforplantstobeengineeredwithgenestakenfrombacteria,viruses,insects,animalsorevenhumans.Inessence,then,biotechnologyallowshumanstobreakthegeneticwallsthatseparatespecies.

Likethegreenrevolution,whatsomecallthegenerevolutioncontributestotheproblemofgeneticuniformity—somesayevenmoresobecausegeneticistscanemploytechniquessuchascloningandtissueculture,processesthatproduceperfectlyidenticalcopies,orclones.Concernsabouttheerosionofbiodiversity,therefore,remain.Geneticallyalteredplants,however,raisenewissues,suchastheeffectsthattheymayhaveonusandtheenvironment.“Weareflyingblindlyintoaneweraofagriculturalbiotechnologywithhighhopes,fewconstrains,andlittleideaofthepotentialoutcomes,”saidsciencewriterJeremyRifkin.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,biotechcompaniesare________.

2.Nowbiotechproductsaremade________.

3.Innature,geneticdiversityiscreated________.

4.Biotechnologyhasmadeitpossible________.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,withthedevelopmentofbiotechnology________.

問題1選項

A.mostlyspecializedinagriculture

B.likelytohavebigreturnsintheirbusiness

C.mainlyconcernedaboutthegeneticallyengineeredcrops

D.thoseproducingseedsofbetterproperties

問題2選項

A.saferthanthosewithouttheuseofbiotechnology

B.withouttheinterferenceofhumans

C.byviolatinglawsofnaturalgenetics

D.withinthelimitsofnaturalgenetics

問題3選項

A.withinthespeciesitself

B.bymixingdifferentspecies

C.throughnaturalselection

D.throughsectionorcontest

問題4選項

A.forustosolvethefoodshortageproblemintheworld

B.forhumanstoassumethecold-resistantproperty

C.forplantstobeproducedwithgenesofhumans

D.togrowcropswiththetasteoffarmanimals

問題5選項

A.humanswillpayforitssideeffect

B.thespeciesofcreatureswillbereduced

C.wewillsufferfromfewerandfewerdiseases

D.ourlivingenvironmentwillbebetterthanitisnow

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Thestudyofgeneticshasgivenrisetoaprofitablenewindustrycalledbiotechnology.（遺傳學(xué)研究催生了一個有利可圖的新產(chǎn)業(yè)——生物技術(shù)。），可知B選項“可能因為業(yè)務(wù)收獲頗豐”正確。A選項“主要研究農(nóng)業(yè)”，C選項“主要關(guān)注基因工程作物”和D選項“生產(chǎn)品種更好的種子”：根據(jù)第一段第二句itblendsbiologyandmoderntechnologythroughsuchtechniquesageneticengineering.（它通過基因工程技術(shù)將生物學(xué)和現(xiàn)代技術(shù)結(jié)合起來。），可知生物技術(shù)是將生物學(xué)和現(xiàn)代技術(shù)結(jié)合，不僅僅是涉及農(nóng)業(yè)，關(guān)注基因工程作物和生產(chǎn)更好品種的種子也只是一部分，不能概括生物技術(shù)公司的業(yè)務(wù)范圍，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

2.語義推測題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句Innature,geneticdiversityiscreatedwithincertainlimits,”saysthebookGeneticEngineering,Food,andOurEnvironment.“Arosecanbecrossedwithadifferentkindofrose,butarosewillnevercrosswithapotato…”Geneticengineering,ontheotherhand,usuallyinvolvestakinggenesfromonespeciesandinsertingthemintoanotherinanattempttotransferadesiredpropertyorcharacter.（“在自然界中，基因多樣性是在一定范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的，”《基因工程、食物和我們的環(huán)境》一書中說?！懊倒蹇梢耘c另一種玫瑰雜交，但玫瑰永遠不會與馬鈴薯雜交……”另一方面，基因工程通常是從一種植物中提取基因，然后將其插入另一種植物中，以轉(zhuǎn)移所需的特性或特性。），可知如今的生物技術(shù)違背自然遺傳規(guī)則，C選項“違背自然遺傳學(xué)的規(guī)則”正確，B選項“沒有人類的干擾”和D選項“在自然遺傳學(xué)的范圍內(nèi)”錯誤。A選項“比不使用生物技術(shù)的更安全”根據(jù)第一段最后一句Butsomehaveraisedconcernsaboutgeneticallyengineeredcrops.（但一些人對轉(zhuǎn)基因作物表示擔(dān)憂。），文章沒有提到生物技術(shù)更安全，反而提出有的人擔(dān)憂其安全性。因此C選項正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Innature,geneticdiversityiscreatedwithincertainlimits,”saysthebookGeneticEngineering,Food,andOurEnvironment.“Arosecanbecrossedwithadifferentkindofrose,butarosewillnevercrosswithapotato…”（“在自然界中，基因多樣性是在一定范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的，”《基因工程、食物和我們的環(huán)境》一書中說?！懊倒蹇梢耘c另一種玫瑰雜交，但玫瑰永遠不會與馬鈴薯雜交……”），可知在自然界中，基因多樣化發(fā)生在物種本身內(nèi)，A選項“在物種本身內(nèi)”正確。B選項“通過混合不同物種”，C選項“通過自然選擇”和D選項“通過分離或競爭”不符合題意。因此A選項正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句Itisnowpossibleforplantstobeengineeredwithgenestakenfrombacteria,viruses,insects,animalsorevenhumans.（現(xiàn)在，用細菌、病毒、昆蟲、動物甚至人類的基因改造植物已經(jīng)成為可能。），可知C選項“用人類基因生產(chǎn)植物”正確。B選項“讓人類具有耐寒的特性”根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第三句Thiscouldmean,forexample,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithantifreezepropertiesfromanarcticfish,andjoiningitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.（這可能意味著，例如，選擇一種可以從北極魚中產(chǎn)生具有防凍特性的化學(xué)物質(zhì)的基因，并將其加入土豆或草莓中，使其具有抗凍性。），可知這里指的是讓植物耐寒而非人類。A選項“為我們解決世界糧食短缺問題”和D選項“種植有農(nóng)場動物味道的作物”文中沒有提到。因此C選項正確。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。作者在第一段提出有人對轉(zhuǎn)基因的擔(dān)憂，在第二段解釋基因如何違反自然規(guī)律，在第三段提出轉(zhuǎn)基因可能帶來的一些影響，最后引用科學(xué)家的話中暗含基因技術(shù)會帶來消極影響，所以A選項“人類會為它的副作用付出代價”正確。B選項“生物的種類會減少”，C選項“我們將患的疾病種類越來越少”和D選項“我們的生活環(huán)境將比現(xiàn)在好”文章沒有提到，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

11.單選題

Calculusdoesnothavetobemadeeasy—itiseasyalready.ThatbannerusedtogracetheLosAngelesclassroomofsomeoneoncecalledthebestteacherinAmerica.JaimeEscalante,theunconventionalcalculusteacherwhowasdepictedbyEdwardJamesOlmosinthe1988filmStandandDeliver,diedlastyearofcancerattheageof79.

Halfayearafterhisdeath,theObamaadministrationweighedinonthestateofscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics（STEM）educationinthiscountry.Thereport,“PrepareandInspire,”reviewedthesoberingstatisticsabouthowourK-12schoolssufferbycomparisontotheircounterpartsinotherdevelopednations.Itcalledforrecruitingandtraining100,000STEMteachers.

Butachievingthesegoalsisnotgoingtobeeasy.Thereportnotedthat25,000STEMteachersleavetheworkforceeveryyear,mostlybecauseofdisgruntlementwiththeirjobsandlackofprofessionalsupport.Toattractandretainenoughscienceandmathteachers,itwillrequireanelevationintheirstatusandathoroughrevamping（翻新）ofattitudestowardtheentireprofession.

Theonus（責(zé)任）toimproveschoolsshouldbeonfederal,stateandlocaleducationalstrategists.Thefirststepshouldbetotapthestrengthsoftheexistingteachingpool.Wemustidentifytoday’sEscalante—thetop5percentofthenation’sSTEMteachers—and,asrecommendedintheadministrationreport,inductthemintoaSTEMmasterteacherscorpsthatwouldreceivesalarysupplementsandfederalfundingtosupporttheiractivities.Second,weneedtogiveallteachersthetoolstheyneed.WeshouldformtheequivalentofanAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencytohelpdevelopeducationaltechnologies,including“deeplydigital”instructionalmaterialsthatencourageactiveparticipation.Finally,weshouldshiftouremphasisfromstandardstoimplementation.Developingnewstandardsdoeshavearole,butitisthedifficultyofputtingthemintopractice,giventheday-to-daypressuresthatteachersareunder.

TomeetallthegoalssetbytheWhiteHousereportwouldrequireanextra$1billioneachyear.Againstthenearly$600billionspentannuallyforpubliceducation,itisnotahugesum.Still,withlocaldistrictsfacedwithdecliningtaxrevenuesandunfundedmandates,someofthemoneywillhavetocomefromthefederalgovernment.

Thatgoesagainstthegrainduringatimewhenteachers’salariesandbenefitsarebeingcut.Yetthecostsofdoingnothingareamatterofsimplecalculus.IfwedonotimproveSTEMeducation,theU.S.willcontinueadecades-longslidefromthemiddleofthepackinstudentachievementtowardtheverybottom.

1.TheexampleofJaimeEscalanteiscitedtoshow（

）.

2.TheauthorcomesupwiththefollowingsolutionsEXCEPT

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredthatthebiggestbarriertotheeducationreformliesin（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,“...thecostsofdoingnothingareamatterofsimplecalculus”meansthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.thelackofSTEMteachers

B.theinfluenceofgoodteachers

C.thedifficultytobeateacher

D.society’srespecttoteachers

問題2選項

A.attractingtalentedteacherstoSTEMeducation

B.grantingspecialallowancestotopteachers

C.improvingauxiliarymaterialsforteachers

D.elevatingsocialandeconomicpositionsofteachers

問題3選項

A.thefederalgovernment

B.lacksocialsupport

C.economichardships

D.greatlossofteachers

問題4選項

A.it’snevertoolatetodosomething

B.calculuscanbesimple

C.costsisnoteasytocalculate

D.educationreformisimperative

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞JaimeEscalante定位到文章第一段，由oncecalledthebestteacherinAmerica（曾經(jīng)被稱為美國最好的老師）可知JaimeEscalante是一位好老師，以及第二段首句Halfayearafterhisdeath,theObamaadministrationweighedinonthestateofscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics（STEM）educationinthiscountry（在他去世半年后，奧巴馬政府對美國的科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)教育狀況進行了評估）可知B選項“好老師的影響”符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。文章第三段中的Toattractandretai