考研考博-英語-川北幼兒師范高等?？茖W(xué)?？荚囇侯}卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-川北幼兒師范高等?？茖W(xué)?？荚囇侯}卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

（1）Becauseanalysisultimatelyrestswiththethinkingandchoicesoftheresearcher,qualitativestudiesingeneralarelimitedbyresearchersubjectivity.Therefore,anoverridingconcernisthatofresearcherbias,framingasitdoesassumptions,interests,perceptions,andneeds.（2）Oneofthekeylimitationsofthisstudyistheissueofsubjectivityandpotentialbiasregardingtheresearcher’sownparticipationinadoctoralprogramfirstasastudentandcurrentlyasafacultymember.

（3）Arelatedlimitationwasthatintervieweesmayhavehaddifficultyadjustingto

the

researchertakingontheroleofinterviewer,aphenomenonreferredtobyMaxwellasparticipantreactivity.Becauseafewoftheparticipantsknowtheresearcher,theirresponsesmayhavebeeninfluencedoraffected.（4）Theymayhavetriedoverlyhardtocooperatewiththeresearcherbyofferinghertheresponsestheyperceivedshewasseekingorwhichtheyperceivedmightbehelpfultoher.Alternatively,becauseoffamiliaritywiththeresearcher,thesefewparticipantsmighthavebeenguardedandthereforelesscandidintheirresponses.Recognizingtheselimitations,theresearchertookthefollowingmeasures.（5）

Toreducethelimitationofpotentialbiasduringdataanalysis,theresearcherremovedallparticipantnamesandcodedallinterviewtranscriptsblindlysoasnottoassociateanymaterialordatawithanyparticularindividual.Furthermore，shemadeaconsciousattempttocreateanenvironmentthatwasconducivetohonestandopendialogue.Experienceasaninterviewer,aswellaspriorresearchexperience,washelpfulinthisregard.

【答案】由于分析最終取決于研究者的思維和選擇，定性研究一般受到研究者主體性的限制。

本研究的主要局限性之一是，研究人員以學(xué)生身份和教師身份參與博士項(xiàng)目的主觀性和潛在偏見問題。

與此相關(guān)的一個(gè)限制是，受訪者可能難以適應(yīng)研究人員扮演采訪者的角色，麥克斯韋將這種現(xiàn)象稱為參與者反應(yīng)。

他們可能過于努力地與研究人員合作，向她提供他們認(rèn)為她正在尋找的答案，或者他們認(rèn)為可能對(duì)她有幫助的答案。

為了減少數(shù)據(jù)分析過程中潛在偏見的限制，研究者刪除了所有參與者的姓名，盲目地對(duì)所有訪談?dòng)涗涍M(jìn)行編碼，不將任何材料或數(shù)據(jù)與任何特定的個(gè)體相關(guān)聯(lián)。

2.單選題

Thiscountrycouldhaveasmanyas10millioncasesofAIDSin2011ifthe（

）isnottakenseriously.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.equivalent

B.epidemic

C.eruption

D.episode

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。equivalent意為“相等的東西，等量”；epidemic意為“流行病”；eruption意為“噴發(fā)，爆發(fā)”；episode意為“插曲”。

句意：如果不認(rèn)真對(duì)待該國(guó)的疫情，到2011年，該國(guó)可能會(huì)有多達(dá)1000萬的艾滋病人。

3.單選題

Shamanismisthebeliefinaspiritualworldinwhichalllivingthingsareconnected.ItistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistoryasthereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago.PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.Whilesomefeaturesarecommontothepracticeofshamanism,mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects.Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.Inmoderntimes,eventhoughsomepeoplepracticeit,mainstreamsocietymostlyviewsitskeptically.

Theriseofshamanisminancienttimescanbeattributedtomankind’sdesiretounderstandhowtheworldaroundhimworked.Lackingmodernscientificmethodsaswellastheknowledgetounderstandtheworld,peopleinancienttimescametobelievetherewasaspiritualconnectionbetweenman,animals,plants,themoon,thesunandthecosmosinitsentirety.Someculturesattributedthisspiritualpowertoadeityorpantheonofdeitieswhileotherscreditedittonatureasawhole.Overtime,someculturescreatedelaboratesetsofbeliefsandrituals—nowcalledshamanism—concerningthisspiritworld.Centraltothesebeliefsinmostcultureswasthenotionthatanindividualwithadeepconnectiontothespiritworld—ashaman—couldactasaguideandadvisortoothers.

Inmostcultures,shamansweremenwhoheldpositionsofprominence,butwomencouldbeshamansinsomeinstances.Ashaman’srolevariedfromculturetoculture,butsomeaspectsofitwerenearlyuniversal.Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.Shamansweretypicallycalledupontoactasadvisorsforagroup’sleaders,tousetheirskillstoaskforhelpduringtimesofneed,andtobethekeepersoftheircommunities’oralhistoryandtraditions,whichtheywouldpassontothenextgeneration.Typically,shamansworeelaboratecostumesthatreflectedtheirroleinsociety.AnimalmotifsintheiroutfitswerecommontoshamansinIndiantribesintheAmericas,yettheirgarbdifferedinotherregions.

Shamansusedavarietyofmethodstocalluponthespiritualworldforguidanceorassistancewiththesick.Theyemployedmusic,singing,andchanting,andtheysometimestookplantsthatinducedpsychedelictrances.Mostshamanswereskilledatrecognizingwhichplantswereusefulasmedicines,sothisaidedthemintheirrolesashealers.Mostshamanisticpracticesandskillswerekeptsecretfromoutsiders—evenfromothertribesinthesameculture—andshamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures.Eveninmoderntimes,manyprimitivetribesthatpracticeshamanism,suchasthoseintheAmazonRainforest,arereluctanttodivulgetheirsecretstooutsiders.

Whileshamanismprevailedduringprehistorictimes,itwentintoalongdeclinethathaslastedforthousandsofyears.TheriseofcivilizationandtheestablishingofstrongcentralgovernmentsinMesopotamianandEgyptwerethefirstinaseriesofstepsthatledtothefoundingoforganizedreligionandtherepressingofshamanism.ThedevelopmentofChristianityandthespreadofEuropeanbeliefsandculturearoundtheworldfurtherhelpedcontinuethetrendofshamanismbecomingirrelevant.Forinstance,theEuropeansoftenforciblyconvertednativesinNorthandSouthAmericantoChristianityandmadethemabandontheirshamanisticpractices.

Shamanismneverdiedoutentirelydespitesomepeople’sbesteffortstomakethishappen.Infact,manytribesresistedeffortstostampitoutandcontinuedobservingtheirbeliefsinprivate.Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.Forexample,theHmongpeopleofsoutheastAsiabroughtshamanismtotheUnitedStateswhentheymigratedthereinlargenumbersinlate1900s.Still,despitethisslightrenewalinshamanisticbeliefs,manypeopleregarditassuperstitionfromamoreprimitiveage.

16.Instatingthatorganizedreligionsbegantospringup,theauthormeansthattheorganizedreligions________.

17.Theauthor’sdescriptionofshamanisminparagraph1mentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

18.Thewordperceivedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.

19.Accordingtoparagraph4,anthropologistshaveproblemsunderstandingshamanismbecause________.

20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthefinalparagraphofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.gainedpopularity

B.wereestablished

C.inspiredpeople

D.causedproblem

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Manyculturesaroundtheworldoncepracticedsomeformofshamanism

B.Shamanismhasexistedasahumanbeliefsystemforseveralmillennia

C.Itwastheinspirationforanumberoforganizedreligionsthatwerefounded

D.Certainaspectsofshamanismtendtobedifferentfromculturetoculture

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.innate

B.supposed

C.invaluable

D.imaginary

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.fewbooksthatshamansrecordedtheirknowledgeinhavebeenfound

B.itisdifficulttounderstandthemindsofshamansfromthepast

C.theknowledgethatpastshamanspossessedwasneverrecorded

D.mostshamanstodayareunwillingtoimparttheirknowledgetoothers

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheonlyplacesonEarthwhereshamanismcontinuestosurvivearetheAmericasandAsia.

B.Thereareseveralcontinentswhereshamanismispracticedintheopenwithoutfearofrepression.

C.Evenintheworld’smostmodernsocieties,somepeopleareopen-mindedenoughtoacceptshamanism.

D.Thankstopeopleonsomecontinents,shamanismhasnotbeenforgottenbutisstillpracticedtoday.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】16.語義推測(cè)題。springup的意思是“出現(xiàn)”，根據(jù)第一段第二句Itistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistory（薩滿教是人類歷史上最古老的系統(tǒng)信仰形式）和五句Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.（然而，隨著時(shí)間的推移，有組織的宗教開始在古代文明中涌現(xiàn)，所以薩滿教要么被壓制，要么完全消失。），可知在這之前其他宗教沒有出現(xiàn)，推測(cè)這里指其他宗教被建立，所以B選項(xiàng)“被建立”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“得到普及”，C選項(xiàng)“鼓舞人們”和D選項(xiàng)“引起問題”語義不符，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

17.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。A選項(xiàng)“世界上許多文化都曾經(jīng)存在過某種形式的薩滿教”：根據(jù)第一段第三句PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.（在大多數(shù)古代文化中，人們?cè)谒麄兊臍v史中都以某種形式信奉薩滿教。），可知許多文化都存在過某種形式的薩滿教，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“薩滿教作為人類的信仰體系已經(jīng)存在了幾千年”：根據(jù)第一段第二句thereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago（有證據(jù)表明，薩滿教存在于幾千年前的新石器時(shí)代），可知薩滿教已存在幾千年，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“各文化薩滿教在某些方面的傾向于不同”：根據(jù)第一段第四句mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects（大多數(shù)文化都添加了自己獨(dú)特的方面），可知各個(gè)文化的薩滿教不盡相同，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“這是許多有組織的宗教建立的靈感”：文章沒有提到其他宗教的建立和薩滿教的關(guān)系，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

18.語義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段第三句Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.（其中包括與精神世界溝通的感知能力，去那個(gè)世界旅行，看到未來，治愈病人，引導(dǎo)死者到他們最后的安息之地），perceived意思是感知到的，結(jié)合句意可知這種感知能力是一種天賦，所以A選項(xiàng)innate“天生的”符合題意，故正確。B選項(xiàng)supposed“假設(shè)的；期望的”，C選項(xiàng)invaluable“無價(jià)的”和D選項(xiàng)imaginary“想象的”語義不符，故錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

19.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二句shamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures（薩滿教沒有留下任何書面記錄，因此現(xiàn)代人類學(xué)家很難了解古代文化中薩滿教的許多方面），可知現(xiàn)在人們很難了解古薩滿是因?yàn)闆]有書面記錄，所以C選項(xiàng)“在過去，從來沒有記錄關(guān)于薩滿的知識(shí)”正確，A選項(xiàng)“很少找到記載關(guān)于薩滿的知識(shí)的書籍”錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“很難理解久遠(yuǎn)的薩滿教思想”和D選項(xiàng)“如今，大多數(shù)薩滿不愿意把他們的知識(shí)傳授給別人”：文章沒有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

20.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第六段第三句Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.（如今，薩滿教已經(jīng)被越來越多的人接受，并且在世界各地的許多地方公開運(yùn)用，包括在北美、南美和亞洲的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)。），可知薩滿教在現(xiàn)在也有人接受，所以C選項(xiàng)“即使在世界上最現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)，一些人也足夠開明，接受薩滿教”正確。A選項(xiàng)“世界上只有美洲和亞洲的薩滿教仍然存在”：這里沒有提到薩滿教存在的地區(qū)，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“有幾個(gè)大洲的薩滿教在思想開放的地區(qū)運(yùn)用，所以不怕被鎮(zhèn)壓”：文章沒有提到薩滿教是否怕被鎮(zhèn)壓，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)橐恍┐箨懮系娜藗?，薩滿教沒有被遺忘，仍然存在”：沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)因?yàn)榇箨懮系娜怂龅男袨樽屗_滿教繼續(xù)存在，主要是各部落的努力，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Physicallife,whichhasoftenbeendepreciatedfromthemoralpointofview,isnotindeedbyitselfsupreme,butitiscertainthatmuchevilchargedtoabadwillisduetomorbidordefectiveconditionsofthephysicalorganism.Onewouldbeashamedtowritesuchatruismwereitnotthatourjuvenilecourtsandourprisoninvestigationsshowhowfarwearefromhavingsenseditinthepast.Andourpresentlaborconditionsshowhowfarourorganizationofindustryisfromanydecentprovisionforahealthy,sound,vigorouslifeofallthepeople.Thiswarisshockinginitsdestruction,butitisdoubtfulifitcandotheharmtoGreatBritainthatherfactorysystemhasdone.Andiflifeisinonerespectlessthanideals,inanotherrespectitisgreater;foritprovidesthepossibilitynotonlyofcarryingoutexistingidealsbutofthebirthofnewandhigherideals.Socialinteractionlikewisehasbeenmuchdiscussedbutisstillveryinadequatelyrealized.Thegreatpossibilitiesofcooperationhavelongbeenutilizedinwar.Withthefactoryandcommercialorganizationofthepastcenturywehavehintsoftheireconomicpower.Ourschools,books,newspapers,areremovingsomeofthebarriers.Buthowfardifferentsocialclassesarefromanyknowledge,nottosayappreciation,ofeachother!Howfardifferentracesareapart!Howeasytoinculcatenationalhatredanddistrust!ThefourthgreatproblemwhichbafflesWells’sherointheResearchMagnificentisyetfarfromsolution.ThegreatdangertomoralityinAmericaliesnotinanytheoryastothesubjectivityofthemoraljudgment,butintheconflictofclassesandraces.Intelligenceandreasonareincertainrespectsadvancing.Thesocialsciencesarefindingtoolsandmethods.Wearelearningtothinkofmuchofourmoralinertia,ourwasteoflife,ournarrowness,ourmuddlingandblunderinginsocialarrangements,asstupid—wedonotliketobecalledstupidevenifwescorntheimputationofclaimingtobe“good”.Butwedonotorganizepeaceaseffectivelyaswar.Weshrinkbeforethethoughtofexpendingforscientificinvestigationsumscomparablewiththoseusedformilitarypurposes.Andisscholarshipentitledtoshifttheblameentirelyuponotherinterests?Perhapsifitconceiveditstasksingreatertermsandaddresseditselftothemmoreenergeticallyitwouldfindgreatersupport.Andfinallytheprocessofjudgmentandappraisal,ofexaminationandrevaluation.Tojudgeforthesakeofjudging,toanalyzeandevaluateforthesakeoftheprocesshardlyseemsworthwhile.Butifwesupplytheprocesswiththenewfactorsofincreasedlife,physical,social,intelligent,weshallbecompelledtonewvaluations.Suchhasbeenthecourseofmoraldevelopment;wemayexpectthistoberepeated.Thegreatwarandthechangesthatemergeoughttosetnewtasksforethicalstudents.Asmedievalism,thecenturyofenlightenment,andthecenturyofindustrialrevolution,eachhaditsethics,sothecenturythatfollowsoughttohaveitsethics,rousedbytheproblemofdealingfundamentallywitheconomic,social,racial,andnationalrelations,andusingtheresourcesofbetterscientificmethodthanbelongedtotheethicalsystemswhichservedwelltheirtime.

1.“Thewar”theauthorreferstointhepassageis（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingproverbs/sayingsbestexpressesthemeaningofthewriter’sopinion?

3.ThelastgreatproblemwhichbafflesWells’sheroinTheResearchMagnificentis

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,moralprogressinvolves

（

）.

5.Fromthetextwemaydeducethattheauthorviewsmoraldevelopmentinthefuturewith

（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thecivilwar

B.WorldWarI

C.WorldWarII

D.thewarinVietnam

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Aman’sreachshouldexceeditsgrasp.

B.Ahealthymindisinahealthybody.

C.Destinyisinyourownhands.

D.Noneoftheabove.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.sex

B.jealousy

C.prejudice

D.fear

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.aprocessoflogicaldeduction

B.insightintothenatureofthingsastheyare

C.theconvictionthatmorallifeisaprocessinvolvingsocialintercourse

D.noneoftheabove

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.optimism

B.confidence

C.pessimism

D.caution

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文中說到“Thegreatwarandthechangesthatemergeoughttosetnewtasksforethicalstudents”，所以thewar是指thegreatwar，而這是第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的英文表述，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第2題:2.判斷推理題。文中說到“itiscertainthatmuchevilchargedtoabadwillisduetomorbidordefectiveconditionsofthephysicalorganism.”可以肯定的是，許多惡行都是由于生理有機(jī)體的病態(tài)或缺陷狀態(tài)造成的。因此相對(duì)的“Ahealthymindisinahealthybody.”B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第3題:3.判斷推理題。由文中兩個(gè)感嘆句“Howfardifferentracesareapart!Howeasytoinculcatenationalhatredanddistrust”可知困擾威爾斯筆下主人公的是“races”，也就是C選項(xiàng)的prejudice“偏見”。

第4題:4.判斷推理題。文中沒有直接提到選項(xiàng)的一些關(guān)鍵詞，但是有“Socialinteractionlikewisehasbeenmuchdiscussedbutisstillveryinadequatelyrealized”，社會(huì)交往的問題已經(jīng)討論過很多次，但還遠(yuǎn)未能實(shí)現(xiàn)，緊跟著后文提到的一系列問題也是道德在社會(huì)交往層面未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的體現(xiàn)，因此生活為理想的實(shí)現(xiàn)以及更高層次新理想的誕生創(chuàng)造了可能性，C選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為道德生活包括社會(huì)交往”符合題意。

第5題:5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。文中提到“Suchhasbeenthecourseofmoraldevelopment;wemayexpectthistoberepeated…Asmedievalism,thecenturyofenlightenment,andthecenturyofindustrialrevolution,eachhaditsethics,sothecenturythatfollowsoughttohaveitsethics.”通過這些表述，可知作者對(duì)新時(shí)期道德的發(fā)展是很有信心的，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.單選題

Reading（）themindonlywithmaterialsof

knowledge;itisthinkingthatmakeswhatwereadours.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rectifies

B.prolongs

C.minimizes

D.furnishes

【答案】D

【解析】rectify指修正；prolong指延長(zhǎng)；minimize指最小化；furnish此處指為...提供。句意：閱讀只能提供知識(shí)的材料,

而思考能讓我們讀到的東西屬于我們自己。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

6.單選題

Themanagertriedtowaveasidetheseissuesas______detailsthatwouldbesettledlater.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.versatile

B.trivial

C.preliminary

D.alternate

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.versatile多才多藝的，有多種技能的B.trivial不重要的，瑣碎的

C.preliminary預(yù)備性的，初步的D.alternate交替的，輪流的

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處填入一個(gè)形容詞修飾details（細(xì)節(jié)），而后面的that引導(dǎo)的定語從句也是修飾details，根據(jù)從句內(nèi)容“以后再解決這些事”可推測(cè)，______details是“不重要的小事”，所以該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】經(jīng)理試圖對(duì)這些問題置之不理，認(rèn)為這些都是雞毛蒜皮的小事，以后再解決。

7.單選題

______totheRevolutionaryWar,theUnitedStateswasanEnglishcolony.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Prior

B.Before

C.Preceding

D.Following

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A項(xiàng)prior“先前的，優(yōu)先的”，B項(xiàng)before“之前”，C項(xiàng)preceding“在……之前，在前的”，D項(xiàng)following“其次的，接著的”。根據(jù)句子可知，priorto固定搭配，表示“在……之前”。句意：獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前，美國(guó)是英國(guó)的殖民地。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Allourequipmentmeetsthenationalregulationsand______withEuropeanstandards.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.accords

B.unifies

C.obeys

D.complies

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)accord“符合，一致”，B項(xiàng)unify“整合，聯(lián)合，統(tǒng)一”，C項(xiàng)obey“服從，聽從”，D項(xiàng)comply“遵守，順從”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞standards（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）可推測(cè)，空格處表示“符合”，accordwith固定用法，表示“同……相符合；與……一致”；A項(xiàng)符合。句意：所有設(shè)備均符合國(guó)家規(guī)定，符合歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Hurricanesarekillerwinds,andtheir（

）powerliesinthephysicaldamagetheycando.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cumulative

B.destructive

C.turbulent

D.prevalent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。cumulative意為“累積的”；destructive意為“破壞性的”；turbulent意為“騷亂的，混亂的”；prevalent意為“流行的，盛行的”。

句意：颶風(fēng)是致命風(fēng)，它們的破壞性力量在于它們所能造成的身體傷害。

10.單選題

Thebeamthatis（

）byalaserdiffersinseveralwaysfromthelightthatcomesoutofaflashlight.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.transported

B.emitted

C.motivated

D.translated

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A項(xiàng)transport表示“運(yùn)輸”；B項(xiàng)emit表示“發(fā)出，發(fā)射”；C項(xiàng)motivate表示“刺激；使有動(dòng)機(jī)”；D項(xiàng)translate表示“翻譯，轉(zhuǎn)化”。根據(jù)句意“激光發(fā)出的光與手電筒

的光在一些方面存在差異?！笨芍?，B項(xiàng)“發(fā)出”最符合句意，故本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

11.單選題

AfterscrutinizingtheSternHitlerDiaries,handwritingexpertsproclaimedthemtobeforgeries.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.examining

B.judging

C.protracting

D.detecting

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：通過……《希特勒日記》，字跡專家宣布這些日記是偽造的。examine“（仔細(xì)地）檢查”；judge“判斷”；protract“延長(zhǎng)；繪制”；detect“發(fā)現(xiàn)，察覺”。字跡專家只有通過認(rèn)真檢查才能知曉這個(gè)日記是偽造的，因此可知?jiǎng)澗€單詞scrutinize的意思是“詳細(xì)檢查”，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

12.單選題

Becausethereisevidenceofseverelyharmfuleffectsfromchemicaldumps,thegovernmenthas_____tougherclean-upmeasures.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.imposed

B.impulsed

C.implemented

D.incorporated

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)imposedv.強(qiáng)加，征稅，以……欺騙；B選項(xiàng)impulsedv.推動(dòng)；C選項(xiàng)implementedv.實(shí)施，執(zhí)行；D選項(xiàng)incorporatedv.吸收，合并，包含。根據(jù)句意可知，有證據(jù)表明化學(xué)排污引起嚴(yán)重危害，因此，政府已經(jīng)實(shí)施了嚴(yán)厲的清理方案。因此，C項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.單選題

Hepointedoutthatthelivingstandardofurbanand（）peoplecontinuedtoimprove.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.remote

B.municipal

C.rural

D.provincial

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)A:remote“偏僻的，疏遠(yuǎn)的”；選項(xiàng)B：municipal“市政的，地方自治的”;選項(xiàng)C：rural“農(nóng)村的，鄉(xiāng)下的”；選項(xiàng)D：provincial“省的，地方性的”。由句意可知此處表述的是城鄉(xiāng)居民，因此使用固定搭配urbanandruralpeople“城鄉(xiāng)居民”更符合題意，所以選項(xiàng)C為正確選項(xiàng)。句意：他指出，城鄉(xiāng)居民的生活水平不斷提高。

14.單選題

Alanisagoodfootballplayerandneverbreaks（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.legal

B.regulations

C.limitation

D.agreement

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)legal“法律的，合法的”。B選項(xiàng)regulation“規(guī)則，法規(guī)”。C選項(xiàng)limitation“限制，限度”。D選項(xiàng)agreement“協(xié)議，同意”。句意：艾倫是個(gè)優(yōu)秀的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員，從不犯規(guī)。breakregulation譯為“犯規(guī)”。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

15.翻譯題

Contemporarypublicexpendituremanagement(PEM)isinterestedintheprocessofbudgetingprimarilybecauseproceduralrulesstronglyinfluenceexpenditureoutcomes.PEMtakesthepositionthattheserulesaffectthreeimportantoutcomes:thetotalamountspent,thecompositionofexpenditure,andtheefficiencyofgovernmentoperations.PEMseeksproceduresthatincreasetheprobabilityofachievingpreferredoutcomes.Thekeyaspectsofbudgetingaffectingexpenditureoutcomesareinstitutionalarrangements,thetypesofinformationavailableformakingandenforcingexpendituredecisions,theincentivesprovidedforspendersandcontrollerstobehaveinwaysthatpromotedesiredoutcomes,theissuanceandimplementationofsubstantivebudgerules.TheseelementsofPEMareappliedtothethreebasicobjectivesofmodempublicexpendituremanagement:tostrengthenaggregatefiscaldiscipline,toallocatepublicresourcesinaccordwithstrategicpriorities,andtopromotetheefficientprovisionofservices.

Fiscaldisciplinerequireseffectivecontrolofbudgetaggregates:totalrevenueandspendingandthebalancebetweenthesetotals.Whenaggregatecontroliseffective,theseoutcomesaredisciplined;theyresultfromexplicit,enforceddecisionsontheaggregatesbygovernment.Theyarenotmerelythesumofpowerfuldemandsonthebudget.PEMalsoseeksallocativeefficiency.Allocativeefficiencydependsonthecapacitytoshiftresourcesfromoldprogramstonewonesandfromlesstomoreproductiveuses,incorrespondencewithchangingpublicpolicyobjectives.Finally,PEMseeksefficiencyinadministrativeoperations,theprogressivereduction,throughproductivitygains,intherunningcostofgovernmentagenciesandintheunitcostofservices.

【答案】由于程序規(guī)則會(huì)對(duì)支出結(jié)果產(chǎn)生重大影響，當(dāng)代公共支出管理(PEM)研究重點(diǎn)就是編制預(yù)算。公共支出管理(PEM)認(rèn)為這些規(guī)則會(huì)影響三個(gè)重要結(jié)果：支出總金額，支出構(gòu)成和政府運(yùn)作效率。公共支出管理(PEM)尋求方法，以提升達(dá)到預(yù)期結(jié)果的概率。在編制預(yù)算中，影響支出結(jié)果的關(guān)鍵因素包括：制度安排、制定與實(shí)施支出決策的信息種類、保證支出者與管理者努力實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期目標(biāo)的激勵(lì)手段、公布與實(shí)行大量的預(yù)算規(guī)則。這些規(guī)則旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)三個(gè)基本目標(biāo)：加強(qiáng)總的財(cái)政紀(jì)律、依據(jù)戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)分配公共資源、促進(jìn)提供有效服務(wù)。

財(cái)政紀(jì)律要求有效控制預(yù)算總量，總收入與總支出以及這兩者總數(shù)之間的平衡。當(dāng)總量控制是有效的，就說明支出受到財(cái)政紀(jì)律的控制。政府給予明確且需執(zhí)行的總量。這一總量并不僅僅是對(duì)預(yù)算有個(gè)明確的總量限制，公共支出管理(PEM)也還要尋求配置效率。配置效率的高低取決于資源從舊項(xiàng)目轉(zhuǎn)移到新項(xiàng)目、從低產(chǎn)向高產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的能力大小，同時(shí)還要與不斷變化中的國(guó)家公共政策目標(biāo)保持一致。最后，公共支出管理(PEM)要尋求行政管理的效率：通過提高生產(chǎn)率，逐步減小政府機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)作成本、服務(wù)的單位成本。

16.單選題

______thechanceandthemoney,I’dcomeandseeyouinNewYorkintheforeseeablefuture.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Given

B.Assuming

C.Withregardto

D.Considering

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查定語從句。A選項(xiàng)Given“如果有（機(jī)會(huì)等）；鑒于”，介詞；B選項(xiàng)Assuming“假如”，從屬連詞，assuming(that)+從句；C選項(xiàng)Withregardto“關(guān)于，至于”；D選項(xiàng)Considering“考慮到；就……而言；鑒于”。句意：______有機(jī)會(huì)和錢，在可預(yù)見的將來我一定會(huì)來紐約看你。根據(jù)語境，這里指有機(jī)會(huì)和錢的時(shí)候會(huì)來看你，并且橫線后面跟名詞短語，A選項(xiàng)Given“如果有（機(jī)會(huì)等）”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

17.填空題

MrAmescan’tcometothephone.He’stalkingtoaclientatthe（1）.

Couldyoucall（2）

（3）twentyminutes?

【答案】1.moment

2.back

3.in

【解析】1.固定搭配。Atthemoment現(xiàn)在。

2.固定搭配。Callback回電話。

3.語義題。此處表示二十分鐘后。

18.翻譯題

1.Newton

Newtonusedhisgreatskillinmathematicstoformabetterunderstandingoftheworldandtheuniverse.Heusedmethodshehadlearnedasaboyinmakingthings.Heexperimented.Thenhestudiedtheresultsandusedwhathehadlearnedtodesignnewexperiments.

Newton’sworkledhimtocreateanewtechniqueinmathematicsformeasuringareascurvedinshape.Healsousedittofindhowmuchmaterialwascontainedinsolidobjects.Thetechniquehecreatedbecameknownasintegralcalculus.

Oneday,sittinginthegarden,hewatchedanapplefallfromatree.HebegantowonderifthesameforcethatpulledtheappledownalsokeptthemooncirclingtheEarth.Newtonbelieveditwas.Andhebelieveditcouldbemeasured.

Hecalledtheforcegravity.Hebegantoexamineitcarefully.

Hedecidedthatthestrengthoftheforcekeepingaplanetinorbitaroundthesundependedontwothings.Onewastheamountofmassintheplanetandthesun.Theotherwashowfaraparttheywere.

Newtonwasabletofindtheexactrelationshipbetweendistanceandgravity.Hemultipliedthemassofonespacebodybythemassoftheothers.Thenhedividedthatnumberbythesquareoftheirdistanceapart.Theresultwasthestrengthofthegravityforcethattiedthemtoeachother.

2.Hubble’sLaw

Inthelate1920s,Hubblestudiedthemovementofgalaxiesthroughspace.Hisinvestigationledtothemostimportantastronomicaldiscoveryofthe20thcentury—theexpandinguniverse.

EarlierobservationsaboutthemovementofgalaxieshadbeendonebyV.M.Silpher.HediscoveredthatgalaxiesaremovingawayfromEarthatspeedsbetweenthree-hundredkilometersasecondandone-thousandeight-hundredkilometersasecond.

HubbleunderstoodtheimportanceofSilpher’sfindings.Hedevelopedaplanformeasuringboththedistanceandspeedofasmanygalaxiesaspossible.WithhisassistantatMountWilson,MiltonHumason,Hubblemeasuredthemovementofgalaxies.ThetwomendidthisbystudyingwhatHubblecalledthe“redshit”.ItalsoisknownastheDopplereffect.

TheDopplereffectexplainschangesinthelengthoflightwavesorsoundwavesastheymovetowardyouorawayfromyou.Lightwavesfromanobjectspeedingawayfromyouwillstretchintolongerwavelengths.Theyappearred.Lightwavesfromanobjectspeedingtowardyouwillhaveshorterwavelengths.Theyappearblue.

Observationsofforty-sixgalaxiesshowedHubblethatthegalaxiesweretravelingawayfromEarth.Theobservationsalsoshowedthatspeedwaslinkeddirectlytothegalaxies’distancefromEarth.Hubblediscoveredthatthefartherawayagalaxyis,thegreateritsspeed.ThisscientificruleiscalledHubble’sLaw.

3.Dream

Menandwomeninancienttimesoftenbelievedthatspiritsvisitedthemintheirdreams.Thespiritsbroughtmessagesofhopeordanger.AncientAssyrians(亞述人),Egyptians,Greeks,and,Romansallturnedtodreamsforsupernaturalanswerstotheirquestions.Theybelieveddreamscouldshowthefuture,warnofevil,bringhappiness.Priests(僧侶)andmedicinemenstudieddreamstolearnthecauseandcureofsicknesses.Theybuilttemplesandmadesacrificessotheirgodswouldspeaktothemthroughdreams.

TheancientGreeks,specially,sawdreamsashiddenmessagesfromthegods.However,oneGreekphilosopher,Aristotle,didnot.Hebelievedthegodswouldspeakonlytoafewspecialpeople,noteveryone.Andeveryonehaddreams.Almosttwo-thousand-four-hundredyearsago,anotherGreek—Hippocrates—wroteaboutdreams.Hippocratesisconsideredthefatherofmedicine.Hippocratesbelieveddreamscouldbeusedastoolsforlearningthenatureofaperson’ssickness.Forexample,supposeapersondreamedaboutafruittreethatwouldnotgrow.Suchadream,Hippocratessaidcouldmeanthatthepersonhadadiseaseofthereproductivesystem(再生系統(tǒng)).

Somehistoriansthinkthedreamsofancientpeoplesledtothedevelopmentofreligion.Thisincludesthebeliefinthesurvivalofthespiritafterdeath.

【答案】1.牛頓

牛頓運(yùn)用他在數(shù)學(xué)方面的高超技巧，對(duì)世界和宇宙有了更好的認(rèn)識(shí)。他用小時(shí)候?qū)W到的方法做東西。他嘗試。然后，他研究結(jié)果，并利用他所學(xué)到的設(shè)計(jì)新的實(shí)驗(yàn)。

牛頓的工作使他在數(shù)學(xué)中創(chuàng)造了一種測(cè)量曲面面積的新技術(shù)。他還用它來發(fā)現(xiàn)固體中含有多少物質(zhì)。他創(chuàng)造的這項(xiàng)技術(shù)后來被稱為積分學(xué)。

一天，他坐在花園里，看到一個(gè)蘋果從樹上掉下來。他開始想，把蘋果拉下來的力量，是否也讓月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。牛頓認(rèn)為是。他相信這是可以衡量的。

他稱這種力為重力。他開始認(rèn)真地調(diào)查。

他認(rèn)為保持行星繞太陽軌道運(yùn)行的力量取決于兩個(gè)因素。一個(gè)是行星和太陽的質(zhì)量。另一個(gè)是它們之間的距離。

牛頓能夠找到距離和重力之間的精確關(guān)系。他用一個(gè)空間物體的質(zhì)量乘以其他物體的質(zhì)量。然后他把這個(gè)數(shù)字除以它們之間距離的平方。其結(jié)果是將它們相互綁在一起的重力的強(qiáng)度。

2.哈勃定律

在20世紀(jì)20年代末，哈勃研究了星系在太空中的運(yùn)動(dòng)。他的研究導(dǎo)致了20世紀(jì)最重要的天文發(fā)現(xiàn)——不斷膨脹的宇宙。

關(guān)于星系運(yùn)動(dòng)的早期觀察是由V.M.希爾弗做的。他發(fā)現(xiàn)星系正以每秒300公里到每秒1800公里的速度遠(yuǎn)離地球。

哈勃明白希爾弗發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要性。他制定了一個(gè)計(jì)劃來測(cè)量盡可能多的星系的距離和速度。哈勃和他在威爾遜山的助手米爾頓?哈馬森一起測(cè)量了星系的運(yùn)動(dòng)。這兩個(gè)人是通過研究哈勃所說的“紅色大便”來做到這一點(diǎn)的。這也被稱為多普勒效應(yīng)。

多普勒效應(yīng)解釋了光波或聲波在向你移動(dòng)或遠(yuǎn)離你時(shí)長(zhǎng)度的變化。從加速遠(yuǎn)離你的物體發(fā)出的光波會(huì)延伸到更長(zhǎng)的波長(zhǎng)。出現(xiàn)紅色。從一個(gè)物體向你飛來的光波的