考研考博-英語-撫順師范高等?？茖W(xué)校考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-撫順師范高等?？茖W(xué)?？荚囇侯}卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasteadyassaultonsaltfromthedoctors:Saltisbadforyou—regardlessofyourhealth.Politiciansalsogotonboard.“Thereisadirectrelationship，”USCongressmanNealSmithnoted,betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartdisease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath.”

Frightening,iftrue!Butmanydoctorsandmedicalresearchersarenowbeginningtofeelthesaltscarehasgonetoofar.“Allthishueandcryabouteatingsaltisunnecessary,”Dr.Dustaninsists.“Formostofusitprobablydoesn’tmakemuchdifferencehowmuchsaltweeat.’’Dustan’smostrecentshort-termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureunderwentnochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensaltwasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.

“Anadequatetosomewhatexcessivesaltintakehasprobablysavedmanymorelivesthanithascostinthegeneralpopulation，”notesDr.JohnH.Laragh.“Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense.”

Medicalexpertsagreethateveryoneshouldpracticereasonable“moderation”insaltconsumption.Foranaverageperson,amoderateamountmightrunfromfourtotengramsaday,orroughly1/2to1/3ofateaspoon.Theequivalentofonetotwogramsofthissaltallowancewouldcomefromthenaturalsodiuminfood.Therestwouldbeaddedinprocessing,preparationoratthetable.Thosewithkidney,liverorheartproblemsmayhavetolimitdietarysalt,iftheirdoctoradvises.Buteventheveryvocal“l(fā)owsalt”exponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayesJr.admitsthat“wedonotknowwhetherincreasedsodiumconsumptioncauseshypertension.’’Infact,thereisincreasingscientificevidencethatotherfactorsmaybeinvolved:deficienciesincalcium,potassium,perhapsmagnesium,obesity(muchmoredangerousthansodium),genericpredisposition,stress.

“Itisnotyourenemy，”saysDr.Laragh.“SaltistheNo.1naturalcomponentofallhumantissue,andtheideathatyoudon’tneeditiswrong.Unlessyourdoctorhasproventhatyouhaveasalt-relatedhealthproblem,thereisnoreasontogiveitup.”

1.Accordingtosomedoctorsandpoliticians,theamountofsaltconsumed（

）

2.FromDr.Dustan’sstudywecaninferthat（

）

3.Inthethirdparagraph,Dr.Laraghimpliesthat（

）

4.Whatisthemainmessageofthistext?

問題1選項

A.exhibitsasanaggravatingfactortopeopleinpoorhealth.

B.curesdiseasessuchasstrokeandcirculatorydisorders.

C.correlateshighlywithsomediseases.

D.isirrelevanttopeoplesufferingfromheartdisease.

問題2選項

A.alow-saltdietmaybeprescribedforsomepeople.

B.theamountofsaltintakehasnothingtodowithone’sbloodpressure.

C.thereductionofsaltintakecancureahypertensivepatient.

D.anextremelylow-saltdietmakesnodifferencetoanyone.

問題3選項

A.peopleshouldnotbeafraidoftakingexcessivesalt.

B.doctorsshouldnotadvisepeopletoavoidsalt.

C.anadequatetoexcessivesaltintakeisrecommendedforpeopleindisease.

D.excessivesaltintakehasclaimedsomevictimsinthegeneralpopulation.

問題4選項

A.Thatthesaltscareisnotjustified.

B.Thattheoriginofhypertensionisnowfound.

C.Thatthemoderateuseofsaltisrecommended.

D.Thatsaltconsumptionistobepromoted.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的文章意思，以及第三句中的“directrelationship”，可以得出選項C最符合題意。

2.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段的內(nèi)容，試驗中一半的高血壓患者在食用低鹽食品時血壓有所降低，可以推斷出低鹽飲食可以作為治療高血壓患者的一個方法。選項A符合題意。

3.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段，充足或者稍微過量的攝入鹽，會拯救更多的人，而不是只會害死人，不可能建議所有人群都禁止食用食鹽。選項D符合題意。

4.信息歸納題。根據(jù)文章意思，A選項中的理論并未得到證實，B和D選項文中沒有提及。用排除法可知，選項C符合題意。

2.單選題

Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”；andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological“drives”asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords，ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort，nototherwise.

Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproducere-sultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements，suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponseinsituationwherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights一andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.

Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadethein-terestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthattheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem，inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich（）.

2.Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy（）.

3.InPapousek’sexperimentbabiesmadelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto（）

4.Thebabieswould“smileandbubble”atthelightsbecause.（）.

5.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflec-tionof（）.

問題1選項

A.aredirectlyrelatedtopleasure

B.willmeettheirphysicalneeds

C.willbringthemafeelingofsuccess

D.willsatisfytheircuriosity

問題2選項

A.wouldmakelearnedresponsewhenitsawthemilk

B.wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrink

C.wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilk

D.wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink

問題3選項

A.havethelightsturnedon

B.berewardedwithmilk

C.pleasetheirparents

D.bepraised

問題4選項

A.thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”

B.thesightofthelightswasinteresting

C.theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelights

D.theysucceededin“switchingon”thelights

問題5選項

A.abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworld

B.thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneeds

C.theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblem

D.afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第二段指出：Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.嬰兒學(xué)會做某些動作，是因為這些動作在周圍世界能產(chǎn)生成功結(jié)果，除此之外，并無其他獎勵。據(jù)此可知，嬰兒能學(xué)會做那些會給他們帶來成功的感覺的事情，C項正確。

2.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Papousek,studies”定位至第三段：Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure（有足夠牛奶喝的嬰兒盡管會拒絕牛奶，但仍會愉快地繼續(xù)做學(xué)會的動作）。因此，沒有得到牛奶的嬰兒會繼續(xù)做簡單的動作，C項正確。

3.根據(jù)題干定位至第三段：Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights（普塞克很快發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果他們的動作能“打開”燈，四個月大的嬰兒也能學(xué)會左右轉(zhuǎn)頭）。因此，讓嬰兒轉(zhuǎn)頭是為了把燈打開，A項正確。

4.根據(jù)題干“smileandbubble”定位至第四段：theywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthat...bringitunderintentionalcontrol（當(dāng)打開光源時，嬰兒們盡管會“咯咯笑著吐泡泡”，但他們有時不會轉(zhuǎn)過頭來緊盯燈光。普塞克推斷，讓嬰兒們感到愉悅的主要原因，并不是燈光，而是解決問題、掌握技巧獲得的成就感，是人類具有認(rèn)識世界和有意識控制世界的基本欲望）。據(jù)此可知，嬰兒會笑是因為他們成功地打開了燈，D項正確。

5.根據(jù)題干定位至第四段：Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthattheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol（普塞克推斷，讓嬰兒們感到愉悅的主要原因，不是燈光，而是解決問題、掌握技巧獲得的成就感，是人類具有認(rèn)識世界和有意識控制世界的基本欲望）。據(jù)此可知，嬰兒從成功完成某件事中獲得的樂趣反映了人類想要了解和控制世界的基本欲望。

3.單選題

Asthenoiseoutsidethehallincreased,weall（）towardsthespeaker,strainingtohearhim.

問題1選項

A.inclined

B.leaned

C.slanted

D.sloped

【答案】A

【解析】句意:因為大廳外面的喧鬧聲愈來愈大，我們大家都向發(fā)言人側(cè)過身子，竭力聽清他的發(fā)言。

考查動詞辨析。選項均為對應(yīng)動詞的過去式。incline（使）傾向于；（使）傾斜，常用搭配;inclineto/towardssth.；lean前俯（或后仰）；傾斜;倚靠，常用搭配：leanagainst/onsth.；slant（使）傾斜，歪斜；slope傾斜；有坡度。因此，四個選項都有“傾斜”之意。但是,空格處單詞要能與介詞towards搭配。因此選A項。

4.單選題

Thesafarihunterwasnearly（

）todeathbyaherdofelephants.

問題1選項

A.stampeded

B.trampled

C.trod

D.stamped

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。stampede“逃竄，涌向”；trample“踐踏，蹂躪”；tread“踩，踏”；stamp“用腳踩踏”。句意：野生動物獵人差點被一群大象踩死。選項B符合題意。

5.單選題

Therearemanywaystorecycleusedmaterials,forexample,___rubberfromoldtires.

問題1選項

A.detecting

B.declaring

C.reclaiming

D.requiring

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項detect“察覺；發(fā)現(xiàn)；探測”；B選項declare“宣布，聲明；斷言，宣稱”；C選項reclaim“開拓；回收再利用；改造某人，使某人悔改；抗議，喊叫”；D選項require“需要；要求；命令”。句意：有很多方法回收使用過的材料，例如，從舊輪胎中回收橡膠。結(jié)合此處語境，C選項正確。

6.單選題

WhileApplewascomingunderincreasingpressurefromlowercostPCclones,thecompany'sinitialresponsewastodevelopevenmore()high-endcomputers.

問題1選項

A.sophisticated

B.luxurious

C.philosophical

D.sensitive

【答案】A

【解析】sophisticated復(fù)雜的，精致的；luxurious奢侈的，豐富的；philosophical哲學(xué)的；sensitive敏感的。句意：盡管蘋果正面臨來自低成本電腦復(fù)制品的越來越大壓力，但該公司最初的反應(yīng)是開發(fā)更復(fù)雜的高端電腦。選項A符合句意。

7.單選題

We’reinanerawhencomputerhackersarestealingcredit-cardnumbersandothertechnologicallyadeptcriminalsare（）nationalborders.

問題1選項

A.transplanting

B.transgressing

C.transforming

D.transmitting

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。transplanting“移植”；transgressing“違反，違法，越界”；transforming“轉(zhuǎn)化，轉(zhuǎn)變”；transmitting“傳遞，傳送”。句意：我們處在電腦黑客盜取信用卡密碼，其他技術(shù)犯罪不斷侵犯國界的一個時代。選項B符合題意。

8.單選題

9.

問題1選項

A.Togoshopping.

B.Togobacktowork.

C.Tochangetheirtopic.

D.Toentertaintheirguests.

【答案】C

【解析】W:Here,youtwoguy,youarefuckingshotagain.It’snotveryentertainingorwise.

M:Yes,thanksforadvisingus.It’stimetoenjoylife.

Q:Whatmightthemendoaccordingly?

【解析】對話中女士說：youarefuckingshotagain，意思是并沒有那么有意思。因此男士可能會“改變話題”從而“享受生活”。

9.單選題

Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthewritemayloseobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul—thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking’'sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking’'sbiography—-notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.

Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionbeheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknessestothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.

Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBibleareinthisclass.

Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe“authentic”"one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis"“authorized”"bythesubject;thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation."“Unauthorized”"biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”’’characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“"authentic”"ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotell“the”’’storyofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho______.

2.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat______.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsinistrue,accordingtothepassage?

4.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause______.

5.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson______.

問題1選項

A.knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhim

B.isclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywriting

C.isindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessandobjectivity

D.possessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubject

問題2選項

A.thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreaders

B.biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects’'lives

C.thebestbiographiesarethoseofheroesandfamousfigures

D.biographiescanservedifferentpurposes

問題3選項

A.Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.

B.Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.

C.Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.

D.Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.

問題4選項

A.itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividly

B.itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject’'sprivatelife

C.itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsiders

D.itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubject’'scharacter

問題5選項

A.thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjob

B.thesecretofabiographertowinmorereaders

C.thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteagoodbiography

D.thecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographies

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題目說的是在作者看來，一個理想的傳記作者會是什么樣的人。定位到原文的第一段的第二句和第三句，可得知與研究對象過于親密，作家就會失去客觀性，與研究對象不夠親密，作家就會缺乏同理心。太近或者不太近都會有其弊端，因此要把握好這個度。選項A的意思是說很了解這個研究對象，并且能夠把握好這個距離。選項B、C和D都比較片面，因此答案為A。

2.【試題解析】作者意圖題。題干中問的是作者選擇圣經(jīng)中的耶穌傳記目的何在？根據(jù)原文定位到第三二段中的“theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetter

thananyoneelse.”選項A的意思是最好的傳記旨在改變讀者，原文并沒有提到評判傳記的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。選項B的意思是傳記是被研究對象的真實生活寫照，這句話的意思是正確的，但是并不是作者舉例的目的。選項C的意思是最好的傳記作品是關(guān)于英雄和名人的傳記，同樣也是涉及到評判傳記的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。，選項D，可以定位到原文“Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.”舉了兩個不同的例子，說明傳記是為各種目的服務(wù)的。因此，答案為D。

A.Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.

B.Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.

C.Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.

D.Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.

3.【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中問的是哪個說法正確，。選項C“沒有人能寫出完美的傳記”可以定位到原文第二段的首句“Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.”可得知，與選項C屬于同義替換。選項A,“，真正的自傳很少能夠吸引讀者，”可根據(jù)原文中的"“Unauthorized”"biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,，由這個句子中的also根據(jù)also可可得知，真正的（授權(quán)的）自傳是可以吸引讀者的。選項B“一本真實的傳記是被傳記主體授權(quán)的”來自最后一段,，但文中說的是“Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral‘a(chǎn)uthentic’ones”，在圖書宣傳中，“未經(jīng)授權(quán)”的人物描述通常意味著讀者可能會聽到讀者希望隱瞞的繪聲繪色的小道消息。一個人可能有好幾本傳記，甚至是好幾本“真實的”傳記。說明就算是“真實的”傳記，也不見得是被授權(quán)的，。選項C可以定位到原文第二段的首句“Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.”可得知，跟選項C屬于同義替換。D選項“授權(quán)傳記擁有更廣泛的讀者群”來自最后一段中“Unauthorized”biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer”，然而，未經(jīng)授權(quán)的傳記也有其吸引力，因為它們可以顯示傳記作者有獨立的思想。可知經(jīng)授權(quán)與未經(jīng)授權(quán)的自傳都可以吸引讀者，因此可排除D選項。因此，答案為C。

4.【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。題干問的是一部未經(jīng)授權(quán)的傳記會吸引更多讀者的原因。定位到原文中最后一段的第四句“Inbookpromotions,the“‘unauthorized’’’characterizationusually41.”

suggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.”可得知，未經(jīng)授權(quán)的傳記作品通常會暗示人們其中有他們所期望的有趣的八卦。正好符合選項B它包含著令人感興趣的有關(guān)研究對象的私生活的內(nèi)容。選項A、C以及D原文并沒有提及。因此，答案為B。

5.【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干中問的是文章大意。通讀全文，文章的主要內(nèi)容就是在講述自傳作家找到這個合適的角度去做他的工作的難處?？梢远ㄎ坏轿恼碌氖拙洹癟hebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.”可得知這個職業(yè)的困難點。因此，答案為A。

10.單選題

TheforeignstudentinChinais______withagooddealofChineseculture.

問題1選項

A.scattered

B.overflowed

C.permeated

D.manipulated

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.scattered分散的；零散的B.overflowed溢出的；擠滿的

C.permeated全面影響；彌漫

D.manipulated操作；控制

【考查點】形容詞和動詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息withagooddealofChineseculture（豐富的中國文化）可推知，中國的留學(xué)生受到中國文化的影響，故該題選擇C項符合句意。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D項不符合句意。

【句意】在中國的外國學(xué)生深受中國文化的熏陶。

11.單選題

NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthetwocenturiesfollowinghisdeath.Buthehassincefoundmanyablechampionsandthetidehasturned.Theprincehasbeentermedamanualfortyrants,theeffectofwhichhasbeenmostharmful.ButwereMachiavelli’sdoctrinesreallynew?Didhediscoverthem?Hemerelyhadthefranknessandcouragetowritedownwhateverybodywasthinkingandwhateverybodyknew.Hemerelygivesustheimpressionshehadreceivedfromalongandintimateintercoursewithprincesandtheaffairsofstate.ItwasLordBaconwhosaidthatMachiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.WhenMachiavellitakesCaesarBorgiaasamodel,hedoesnotpraisehimasaheroatall,butmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheendinview.Thelifeofthestatewastheprimaryobject.Itmustbemaintained.AndMachiavellihaslaiddowntheprinciples,baseduponhisstudyandwideexperience,bywhichthismaybeaccomplished.Hewrotefromtheviewpointofthepolitician—notofthemoralist.Whatisgoodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,wheremoralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.AndwillanyonecontendthattheprinciplessetforthbyMachiavelliinhisPrinceorhisDiscourseshaveentirelyperishedfromtheearth?Hasdiplomacybeenentirelystrippedoffraudandduplicity?LetanyonereadthefamouseighteenthchapterofThePrince:“InwhatMannerPrincesshouldKeeptheirFaith.”andhewillbeconvincedthatwhatwastruenearlyfourhundredyearsago,isquiteastruetoday.

OftheremainingworksofMachiavellithemostimportantistheHistoryofFlorencewrittenbetween1521and1525,anddedicatedtoClementVII.ThisbookismerelyarapidreviewoftheMiddleAges,andaspartofitthehistoryofFlorence.Machiavelli’smethodhasbeencriticizedforadheringattimestoocloselytothechroniclersofhistime,andatothersrejectingtheirtestimonywithoutapparentreason,whileinitsdetailstheauthorityofhisHistoryisoftenquestionable.Itisthestraightforward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestofthereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.

36.Itcanbeinferredfromthebeginningofthetextthat______.

37.LordBacon’sremarksonMachiavelliisquotedas______.

38.InthecaseofCaesarBorgiatheauthorholdsthat______.

39.Accordingtotheauthor,apolitician’smorality______.

40.Theauthor’sopiniononMachiavelli’sHistoryofFlorenceisthat______.

問題1選項

A.manypeopleusedtothinkhighlyofMachiavelli

B.Machiavellihadbeenveryinfluentialamongtherulers

C.Machiavelliwaswidelyreadamonghiscontemporaries

D.Machiavellihasbeenatargetofcriticismthroughouthistory

問題2選項

A.asupportfortheauthor’sviewpoint

B.oneofthemainstreamviewonhim

C.ajudgmentinsupportofmostcritics

D.amodificationoftheauthor’spreviousstarts

問題3選項

A.Machiavellihasbeenobjective

B.Machiavellirevealedhispersonality

C.CaesarBorgiawasadeservedmodel

D.MachiavelliovervaluedCaesarBorgia

問題4選項

A.isnomatchforhispoliticalambition

B.hasbeenundervaluedbyMachiavelliandhislikes

C.isusuallyofsecondaryimportance

D.shouldbetakenasayardstickofhisinability

問題5選項

A.historyhasmuchtodowiththepersonwhorecordsit

B.thecharmliesinthestyleratherthaninthecontent

C.mostpeoplefailedtoreadMachiavelli’sintentioninit

D.anyhistoryofthiskindshouldbewritteninthisway

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】36.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第一句NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthetwocenturiesfollowinghisdeath.（沒人比馬基雅維利所遭受的批判更嚴(yán)酷了，尤其是在他死后的兩個世紀(jì)以內(nèi)。），說明馬基雅維利在歷史上一直都是人們批判的對象。因此D選項“馬基雅維利在歷史上一直是被批判的對象”正確。A選項“過去很多人對馬基雅維利的評價很高”，B選項“馬基雅維利在統(tǒng)治者中的影響很大”，C選項“馬基雅維利在同時代人中閱讀量很大”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，C錯誤。

37.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。作者在說明馬基雅維利一直受到嚴(yán)厲批判后指出Buthehassincefoundmanyablechampionsandthetidehasturned.（但是，他從此鑄造了許多能干的斗士，潮流也從此逆轉(zhuǎn)了。），接著說《君主論》成了暴君的指南，后果極其有害。然后，作者提出了兩個問題并進(jìn)行了回答，提出了自己的觀點：馬基雅維利的觀點并非獨創(chuàng)，他只是將自己的印象記錄下來，敢于將大家都知道的東西寫下來而已。接著引用培根的話ItwasLordBaconwhosaidthatMachiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.（馬基雅維利告訴我們君主所做的事，而不是他們應(yīng)該做的事。），說明馬基雅維利只是告訴人們君主所做的事情，而非君主應(yīng)當(dāng)如何去做。這和作者的觀點是一致的，作者引用的目的是為了支持自己的觀點。因此A選項“是對作者觀點的支持”正確。B選項“對他的主流觀點之一”，C選項“支持大多數(shù)批評者的判斷”，D選項“對作者上文的開頭進(jìn)行了修改”均不符合作者的行文邏輯，所以B，C，D錯誤。

38.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】觀點態(tài)度題。在第一段中作者舉了凱撒?博魯吉亞的例子，說明hedoesnotpraisehimasaheroatall,butmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheendinview.（他完全沒有把他贊美成英雄，而是僅僅說他作為一個君主，能夠達(dá)到自己想要的目的。），“英雄”是主觀看法，“君主”是客觀事實，說明作者認(rèn)為馬基雅維利是客觀記述而不是主觀判斷。所以A選項“馬基雅維利的觀點是客觀的”正確。B選項“馬基雅維利揭示了自己的個性”，C選項“凱撒?博魯吉亞是當(dāng)之無愧的楷?！保珼選項“馬基雅維利高估了凱撒?博魯吉亞的價值”在文中均沒有提及，所以B，C，D錯誤。

39.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段倒數(shù)第四句Whatisgoodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,wheremoralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.（政治上的好事從道德方面看可能是壞事，事實上很奇怪的是，當(dāng)?shù)赖潞驼伟l(fā)生沖突時，往往后者會占據(jù)上風(fēng)。），說明政治家往往會認(rèn)為政治比道德更重要。因此C選項“道德通常是次要的”正確。A選項“與他的政治野心不相稱”，B選項“被馬基雅維利及其同類人低估了價值”，D選項“應(yīng)作為衡量他是否有能力的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯誤。

40.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Itisthestraightforward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestofthereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.（它直接的、有邏輯的敘述常常能引起讀者的興趣，這就是他這本書的魅力所在。），說明作者認(rèn)為這本書的魅力之處在于它的敘述風(fēng)格。因此B選項“魅力在于風(fēng)格而不在于內(nèi)容”正確。A選項“歷史與記錄歷史的人有很大的關(guān)系”，C選項“大多數(shù)人沒有讀懂馬基雅維利在其中的意圖”，D選項“任何這類歷史都應(yīng)該這樣寫”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯誤。

12.單選題

ThreemillionpeoplediedofAIDSin2000.Asthepandemicgrows,itforcestheworldtoseewhatitmaynotwanttosee:thatdiseasesarisingamongspecificpopulations—prostitutes(knowntoHIV/AIDSspecialistsas“sexworkers”)andtheircustomers,drugusers,andgaymen——canflareintogreaterpandemics;thatwomeninthedevelopingworldhavelittleleveragetonegotiatesafesexwiththeirpartnersandareoftenabusedfortrying,thatpoverty,morethananysinglefactor,drivesthespreadofAIDSbyforcingyoungpeopleintosexworkor,asinEasternEurope,leadingthemtothetrapofinjectingdrugs;andthatrichnationsareofteninsensitivetothehealthproblemsofimpoverishedones.Ninety-fouroutofeveryhundredHIVinfectedpeopleliveindevelopingnations,wherecurrentlyavailabledrugtherapiesarelargelyunaffordable.Whilesuchmedicinesdonotpreventinfection,theydolowerthelevelofvirusinthebodyandmay,accordingtosomeexperts,thusreducetransmissionrates.Manypublichealthofficialssaythatthedrugscoupledwithpreventionprogramsindevelopingnationscouldslowthepaceofthepandemic.

DebateoversocialandeconomicissuessurroundingAIDSlayyearsawaywhentheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevent(CDCP)soundedthefirstalarminJune1981.Thatmonththeagencyissuedawarningaboutanunusualcellular-immunedysfunctionfoundin“fivepreviouslyhealthyindividualswithoutaclinicallyapparentunderlyingimmunodeficiency，’’andayearlater,thetermAIDSwascoined.Asthediseasetookonthedimensionsofaplague,itsweptawaynotionsthatgreatpandemicsbelongtohistory.Itaddedtotheunderstandingthatanexoticfamilyofvirusescalledretroviruses,morecommonlyseeninanimals,couldinfecthumansandcausedisease.Anditconfirmedgrowingdatathatvirusescouldcausecancerinhumans.

Some20yearslater“weknowmoreaboutHIVthanweknowaboutanymicrobeeverstudied.”saysRobertGallo,whoheadedtheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)teamthatcontributedtothediscoveryofHIVin1984.Butwestilldon’tunderstandexactlyhowtheviruscausesdisease.

HIVseemsfullofcontradictions,itcanoverwhelmthehumanimmunesystem,yetthevirusitselfisfragile.Coldviruseslingeronhands,andsometimesfordaysondoorknobs,butfreshairdriesanddestabilizesHIVinhoursorevenminutes.Contactwithrubbingalcoholchlorinatedwaterquicklyrendersitinactive.SimplebarsoapneutralizesHIVbybreakingthechemicalbondsofitslipids,orfats.Andbecausesofewcasesoforaltransmissionhavebeendocumented,doctorsconcludedthatthesameantiviralcompoundsinsalivaandstomachacidsthatprotectusfromahostofgermsproveveryeffectiveagainstHIVinlowconcentrations.

OnceapersonisinfectedwithHIV,however,thevirusattackstheveryimmunecells,calledTcells,meanttofightit.“Thinkabouttryingtoinvadeafortress,”saidGaryNabel,directorofNIH’sVaccinesResearchCenter.“Wouldyoustartbysettingoffagrenadeinfront?No.Youwouldsneakinquietly,penetratethenucleus,andsitthere.You’dcloneyourself.You’dmakelotsofcopies.Thenwhenanopportuneoccasioncamealong,whentherewasalotofcommotionandpeopleweredistracted,you’dsay,'Boom!HereIgo.’’’

“That’swhatHIVdoes，’’saysNabel.DuringaperiodoftypicallyeighttotenyearsHIVlurksinthebody,mutatingrapidlythatthusavoidingrecognition.Itreproducesmassively,andwaits.Finally,attheintroductionofadiseasethatanunimpairedimmunesystemwouldnormallycontrol—tuberculosisorpneumoniaforexample——theimmunesystemisovercomebyHIVsothatitcannotfightandthediseasekills.

1.“Sexworkers”inthetextmeans（

）.

2.What’sthemainfactortomakeAIDSspread?

3.ThetermAIDSwascreatedin（

）.

4.WhichstatementisTRUE?

5.WhatmakesHIVsosuccessfu