畢業(yè)設(shè)計-某住宅樓采暖系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

/r/n72/r/n/r/n畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書（論文）/r/n題目/r/n/r/n徐州某住宅樓采暖系統(tǒng)設(shè)計/r/n/r/n/r/n課程名稱/r/n/r/n供熱工程/r/n/r/n系/r/n/r/n部/r/n/r/n能源與動力工程學(xué)院/r/n/r/n專/r/n/r/n業(yè)/r/n/r/n建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程/r/n/r/n/r/n/r/n摘要/r/n近年來，伴隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，人們對生活質(zhì)量的要求有所提高。其不僅表現(xiàn)在對物質(zhì)的追求有所提高，與此同時，對自身的生活環(huán)境要求也比過去更高。/r/n在過去，夏天高溫季節(jié)，每家每戶都會開空調(diào)，讓自己呆在舒適的環(huán)境下，然而到了寒冷的冬天，許多人由于承擔(dān)不起高額的電費(fèi)費(fèi)用，就不會開空調(diào)保持舒溫，忍受著寒冷的冬季。而有些人則會用古老的辦法取暖：炭爐，但這種取暖方式嚴(yán)重污染了環(huán)境，同時產(chǎn)生的一氧化碳等有毒氣體都留在室內(nèi)，對人體造成不良影響。為了避免這些問題又能讓人不禁受嚴(yán)寒，供暖系統(tǒng)的發(fā)明改變了住宅區(qū)的一切。/r/n現(xiàn)在市場上開盤的樓房有很多供暖系統(tǒng)形式，大同小異，不外乎就是中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)和采暖系統(tǒng)。多數(shù)小區(qū)用的都是供暖系統(tǒng)，經(jīng)濟(jì)高效便是其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。/r/n采暖系統(tǒng)常用的熱媒有水、蒸汽、空氣。以熱水作為熱媒的采暖系統(tǒng)稱為熱水采暖系統(tǒng)。熱水采暖系統(tǒng)的熱能利用率高，輸送時無效熱損失較小，散熱設(shè)備不易腐蝕，使用周期長，且散熱設(shè)備表面溫度低，符合衛(wèi)生要求;/r/n于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。/r/n系統(tǒng)中的水在鍋爐中被加熱到所需要的溫度，并用循環(huán)水泵作動力使水沿供水管流入各用戶，散熱后/r/n回水沿水管返回鍋爐，水不斷地在系統(tǒng)中循環(huán)流動。系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)行過程中的漏水量或被用戶消耗的水量由補(bǔ)給水泵把經(jīng)水處理裝置處理后的水從回水管補(bǔ)充到系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，補(bǔ)水量的多少可通過壓力調(diào)節(jié)閥控制。膨脹水箱設(shè)在系統(tǒng)最高處，用以接納水因受熱后膨脹的體積。/r/n熱水供暖系統(tǒng)按動力循環(huán)的不同可以分為重力循環(huán)系統(tǒng)和機(jī)械循環(huán)系統(tǒng)；按供回水方式不同可以分為單管系統(tǒng)和雙管系統(tǒng)，同時熱媒也有低溫水和高溫水。而室內(nèi)設(shè)計的一般采用低溫水做熱媒:95/r/n℃/r/n/70/r/n℃/r/n。/r/n本次設(shè)計就是對住宅樓進(jìn)行的熱水供暖系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，采用低溫水做熱媒，上供下回，單管異程不等溫形式。/r/n/r/n關(guān)鍵字：熱水采暖系統(tǒng)、膨脹水箱、中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、動力循環(huán)/r/nAbstract/r/nInrecentyears,withthe/r/ndevelopmentofnationaleconomy,peopledemandforqualityoflifeimproved.Itsperformancenotonlyinthepursuitofmaterial,atthesametime,alsototheirownlivingenvironmentrequirementishigherthaninthepast./r/nInthepast,thehightemperatureinsummerseason,everyhouseholdwillopenairconditioning,letoneselfstayinacomfortableenvironment,inthecoldwinter,however,becausemanypeoplecan'taffordthehighcostofelectricity,willnotopenairconditioningtokeepShuWen,endurethecoldwinter.Andsomepeoplewillusetheoldwayofheating:charcoalstove,butthiskindofheatingwayseriouslypollutedtheenvironment,toxicgasessuchascarbonmonoxide,meanwhile,tostayindoors,causebadeffecttohumanbody.Inordertoavoidtheseproblemscanletapersoncan'thelpthecoldagain,theinventionoftheheatingsystemchangedallofresidentialarea./r/nNowinthemarketopenedthebuildingstherearemanyformsofheatingsystem,thesame,whicharethecentralairconditioningsystemandheatingsystem.Mostofthedistrictheatingsystem,alluseeconomicefficiencyisitsadvantage./r/nHeatingsystemcommonlyusedheatmediumwater,steam,andair.Withhotwaterasheatmediumheatingsystemiscalledahotwaterheatingsystem.Hotwaterheatingsystem/r/nInseriesofhighheatenergyutilization,transportationinvalidheatlossissmall,coolingdevice,noteasycorrosion,usecycleislong,lowsurfacetemperatureandthecoolingequipment,/r/nConformtothehygienerequirements;Systemeasytooperate,safeoperation,easyadjustmentofwatertemperature,thesystemhashighheatstoragecapacity,uniformheatdissipation,suitableforlongdistancetransportation.Thewaterinthesystemintheboilerisheatedtotherequiredtemperature,andcirculatingwaterpumpasdynamicwateralongthepipeintotheeachuser,returnwateralongthepipetoreturnafterheatboiler,waterconstantlycirculatinginthesystem.Systemintheprocessofrunningwaterleakageorbytheuserofwaterconsumptionbythesupplypumpafterwatertreatmentdeviceofthewaterfromthereturnpipeaddedinthesystem,howmanycanbecontrolledbypressureregulatingvalvefillingwater.Thetopoftheexpansiontankislocatedinthesystem,toacceptduetotheexpansionoftheheatedwatervolume./r/nHotwaterheatingsystemaccordingtothedifferentpowercyclecanbedividedintogravitycirculationsystemandmechanicalcirculationsystem;Accordingtoforbackwaterindifferentwayscanbe/r/ndividedintothesinglepipesystemanddoublepipesystem,andheatmediumalsohavewateratlowtemperatureandhightemperaturewater.AndinteriordesigngenerallyUSESthelowtemperatureheatmediumwaterdo:95/r/n℃/r/n/70/r/n℃/r/n./r/nThisdesignisthehotwate/r/nrheatingsystemdesignforresidentialbuildings,usinglowtemperatureheatmediumwaterdo,fornexttime,singlepipeprocessnotisothermalform./r/nThekeyword:hotwaterheatingsystem,expansiontank,centralairconditioningsystem,powercycle/r/n目錄/r/n設(shè)計原始數(shù)據(jù)及技術(shù)參數(shù)7/r/n1.1工程概況7/r/n1.2室外氣候設(shè)計參數(shù)/r/n7/r/n1.3室內(nèi)設(shè)計參數(shù)7/r/n1.4熱源參數(shù)/r/n7/r/n1.5建筑參數(shù)7/r/n負(fù)荷計算/r/n8/r/n2.1各房間的設(shè)計熱負(fù)荷8/r/n2.2圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本耗熱量/r/n8/r/n2.3圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的附加（修正）耗熱量8/r/n2.4圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的朝向（修正）耗熱量9/r/n2.5風(fēng)力附加耗熱量/r/n9/r/n2.6高度附加耗熱量9/r/n2.7冷風(fēng)滲透耗熱量/r/n9/r/n2.8冷風(fēng)侵入耗熱量10/r/n2.9供暖系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計熱負(fù)荷/r/n11/r/n第三章系統(tǒng)選定12/r/n3.1確定熱媒/r/n12/r/n3.2確定熱源12/r/n3.3確定系統(tǒng)形式/r/n12/r/n第四章水力計算13/r/n4.1管路水力計算/r/n13/r/n4.2供暖系統(tǒng)管路水力計算的主要任務(wù)13/r/n4.3水力計算步驟13/r/n4.4水利計算公式/r/n14/r/n第五章散熱設(shè)備16/r/n5.1確定散熱設(shè)備/r/n16/r/n5.2散熱器的選用16/r/n5.3對散熱器的要求/r/n16/r/n5.4對散熱器的注意事項17/r/n5.5散熱器的計算/r/n17/r/n第六章管道的布置19/r/n6.1布置管道/r/n第七章輔助設(shè)備/r/n19/r/n7.1膨脹水箱選型計算19/r/n7.2循環(huán)水泵選型計算/r/n19/r/n畢業(yè)設(shè)計總結(jié)20/r/n參考文獻(xiàn)/r/n21/r/n附錄表22/r/nx/r/n第一章設(shè)計原始數(shù)據(jù)及技術(shù)參數(shù)/r/n1.1工程概況/r/n本畢業(yè)設(shè)計對象為徐州某住宅樓的室內(nèi)采暖系統(tǒng)，無地下室，四個單元七層，層高三米，不考慮分戶計量，墻體為多孔磚，門為金屬框單層實體，窗為鋁合金材質(zhì)，地面為不保溫地面，層面為鋼筋混凝土平頂。/r/n1.2室外氣候設(shè)計參數(shù)/r/n室外氣溫：-4/r/n℃/r/n。/r/n1.3室內(nèi)設(shè)計參數(shù)/r/n室內(nèi)采暖溫度18/r/n℃/r/n。/r/n1.4熱源參數(shù)/r/n本設(shè)計中介質(zhì)由市政管網(wǎng)提供，采用95/r/n℃/r/n/70/r/n℃/r/n熱水。/r/n1.5建筑參數(shù)/r/n徐州地區(qū)住宅，無地下室，地上七層，層高三米，墻體為多孔磚。們?yōu)榻饘倏騿螌訉嶓w，門尺寸為1.2m*1.2m。窗為鋁合金材質(zhì)，主次臥窗尺寸為1.8m*1.5m，衛(wèi)生間、廚房窗尺寸為1.2m*1.5m。地面為不保溫地面。屋面為鋼筋混凝土平頂。/r/n門窗、墻、地面的傳熱系數(shù)/r/n表1-1/r/n屋面/r/n0.49/r/n窗/r/n2.6/r/n外門/r/n3.2/r/n墻/r/n0.73/r/n第一地帶/r/n0.47/r/n第三地帶/r/n0.12/r/n第二地帶/r/n0.23/r/n第四地帶/r/n0.07/r/n負(fù)荷計算/r/n2.1各房間的設(shè)計熱負(fù)荷/r/n用流水式之普通熱負(fù)荷計算。/r/n在工程設(shè)計中，計算供暖系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計熱負(fù)荷時，常把它分成圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)傳熱的基本耗熱量和附加耗熱量兩部分計算?；竞臒崃渴侵冈谠O(shè)計條件下，通過房間各部分圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)（門、窗、墻、地板、屋頂?shù)龋氖覂?nèi)傳到室外的穩(wěn)定傳熱量總和。附加耗熱量包括風(fēng)力附、高度附加和朝向修正等耗熱量。朝向修正是考慮圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的朝向不同，太陽輻射得熱量不同而對基本耗熱量的修正。/r/n2.2圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本耗熱量/r/nQ=KF（Tn-Tw）/r/nα/r/nW(2-1)/r/n式中：K/r/n——/r/n圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的傳熱系數(shù)，/r/nF/r/n——/r/n圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)面積/r/n/r/nα——/r/n圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的溫差修正系數(shù)/r/nTn/r/n——/r/n冬季室內(nèi)計算溫度/r/nTw/r/n——/r/n供暖室外計算溫度/r/n整個建筑物或房間的基本耗熱量等于它的圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)各部分（門、窗、墻、地板、屋頂?shù)龋┗竞臒崃康目偤汀?r/n2.3圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的附加耗熱量/r/n圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本耗熱量，是在溫度條件下按公式計算得出的。實際耗熱量會受到氣象條件以及建筑物情況等各種因素影響而有所增減。由于這些因素影響，需要對房間圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)基本耗熱量進(jìn)行修正。這些修正耗熱量稱為圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)附加耗熱量。通常按基本耗熱量的百分率進(jìn)行修正。附加耗熱量有朝向修正、風(fēng)力附加和高度附加耗熱量等。/r/n2.4朝向修正耗熱量/r/n《暖通規(guī)范》/r/n規(guī)定：宜按下列規(guī)定的數(shù)值，選用不同朝向的修正率/r/n表2-1/r/n北、東北、西北0~10%東北、西南-10%~-15%/r/n東、西-5%南-15%~-30%/r/n各房間朝向修正耗熱量見附表/r/nⅠ/r/n。/r/n2.5風(fēng)力附加耗熱量/r/n風(fēng)力附加耗熱量是考慮室外風(fēng)速變化對圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)基本耗熱量的修正。在計算圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)基本耗熱量時，外表面換熱系數(shù)是對應(yīng)風(fēng)速4m/s的計算值。我國大部分地區(qū)冬季平均風(fēng)速一般為2~3m/s，因此，《暖通規(guī)范》規(guī)定：在一般情況下，不必考慮風(fēng)力附加。只對建筑在不避風(fēng)的高低、河邊、海岸、曠野上的建筑物，以及城鎮(zhèn)、廠區(qū)內(nèi)特別高的建筑物，才考慮垂直的/r/n外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)附加5%~10%。/r/n由于本住宅小區(qū)沒達(dá)到計算風(fēng)力符合要求，故不需考慮。/r/n2.6高度附加耗熱/r/n民用建筑和工業(yè)企業(yè)輔助建筑（樓梯間除外）的高度附加率，房間高度大于4m時，每高出1m應(yīng)附加2%，但總的附加率不應(yīng)大于15%。/r/n高度附加率，是基于房間高度大于4m時，由于豎向溫度梯度的影響導(dǎo)致上部空間及圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的耗熱量增大而加的附加系數(shù)。由于圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)耗熱作用等影響，房間豎向溫度的分布并不總是逐步升高的。因此對高度附加率的上限值做了不應(yīng)大于15%的限制。/r/n對于多層建筑物樓梯間的耗熱量計算不考慮高度附加，因為樓梯間的空氣和各樓層相通，只是在布置散熱器時，應(yīng)盡量放在底層。這就已考慮豎向溫度梯度了。/r/n2.7冷風(fēng)滲透耗熱量/r/n在風(fēng)力和熱壓造成的室外壓差作用下，室外的冷空氣通過門、窗等縫隙滲入室內(nèi)，被加熱后逸出。把這部分冷空氣從室外溫度加熱到室內(nèi)溫度所消耗的熱量，稱為冷風(fēng)滲透耗熱量Q2./r/n本設(shè)計中采用換氣次數(shù)法：/r/n/r/nQ2=0.278nVcp（Tn-Tw）W（2-2）/r/n式中：V/r/n——/r/n房間內(nèi)部體積/r/nN/r/n——/r/n房間換氣次數(shù)/r/nP/r/n——/r/n采暖室外計算溫度下的空氣密度/r/nC/r/n——/r/n冷空氣的定壓比熱，1KJ/（kg./r/n℃/r/n）/r/n/r/n/r/n房間換次次數(shù)表2-2/r/n房間外墻暴露情況/r/nN/r/n一面有外窗或外墻/r/n1/4~2/3/r/n二面有外窗或外墻/r/n1/2~1/r/n三面有外窗或外墻/r/n1~1.5/r/n門廳/r/n2 /r/n/r/n/r/n各房間冷風(fēng)滲透耗熱量見附表/r/nⅠ/r/n。/r/n2.8冷風(fēng)侵入耗熱量/r/n在冬季受風(fēng)壓和熱壓的作用下，冷空氣由開啟的外門侵入室內(nèi)。把這部分冷空氣加熱到室內(nèi)溫度所消耗的熱量稱為冷風(fēng)侵入耗熱量。在設(shè)計工作中，由于流入的冷空氣量不易確定，根據(jù)經(jīng)驗總結(jié)，冷風(fēng)侵入耗熱量可以按下式計算：/r/n/r/nQ3=N*Q1（2-3）/r/n式中：Q3/r/n——/r/n冷風(fēng)侵入耗熱量/r/nQ1/r/n——/r/n外門的基本耗熱量/r/nN/r/n——/r/n考慮冷風(fēng)侵入的外門附加/r/n/r/n外門附加率表2-3/r/n外門布置情況/r/nN/r/n一道門/r/n65n%/r/n兩道門/r/n80n%/r/n三道門/r/n60n%/r/n公共建筑和生產(chǎn)廠房的主要入口/r/n500n%/r/n注：n為建筑物的樓層數(shù)。/r/n各房間冷風(fēng)侵入耗熱量見附表/r/nⅠ/r/n。/r/n2.9供暖系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計熱負(fù)荷/r/n在采暖室外計算溫度條件下，為保持室內(nèi)計算溫度，單位建筑面積在單位時間內(nèi)需由鍋爐房或其他供熱設(shè)施供給的熱量/r/n。/r/n采暖設(shè)計熱負(fù)荷指標(biāo)q計算公式如下：/r/n/r/nQ=Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4（2-4）/r/n式中：Q1/r/n——/r/n圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本耗熱量，W；/r/nQ2/r/n——/r/n圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的附加耗熱量，W；/r/nQ3/r/n——/r/n冷風(fēng)滲透耗熱量，W；/r/nQ4/r/n——/r/n冷風(fēng)侵入耗熱量，W；/r/nQ/r/n——/r/n供暖總耗熱量，W；/r/n且Q值應(yīng)根據(jù)建筑物下列散失的獲得的熱量確定/r/n。/r/n各房間系統(tǒng)熱負(fù)荷計算量見附表/r/nⅠ/r/n。/r/n各房間和樓層總負(fù)荷計算結(jié)果見附表/r/nⅠ/r/n。/r/n確定熱源方案/r/n3.1確定熱媒/r/n熱水，供回水溫度為95/r/n℃/r/n/70/r/n℃/r/n。/r/n3.2確定熱源/r/n介質(zhì)由市政管網(wǎng)提供。/r/n3.3確定系統(tǒng)形式/r/n用流水三式之熱水系統(tǒng)選擇。/r/n由于采暖系統(tǒng)的作用半徑超過50m，從設(shè)計藍(lán)圖到系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行之間有太多的變數(shù)，如施工、調(diào)試、運(yùn)行管理等，變數(shù)越多，出現(xiàn)問題的可能性就越大，為了增加可控性，選擇機(jī)械循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。/r/n選擇機(jī)械循環(huán)系統(tǒng)單管上供下回式熱水采暖系統(tǒng)。/r/n第四章水力計算/r/n4.1管路水力計算/r/n用流水式之等壓降法水力計算，計算各管段標(biāo)注見附圖/r/nⅠ/r/n，計算結(jié)果見表。/r/n與異程式相比，同程式多了一路回水管，更易于實現(xiàn)水力平衡。/r/n4.2供暖系統(tǒng)管路水力計算的主要任務(wù)/r/n按已知系統(tǒng)各管段的流量和系統(tǒng)的循環(huán)作用壓力確定個管段管徑；/r/n按已知系統(tǒng)各管段的流量和各管段的管徑確定系統(tǒng)所必需的循環(huán)作用壓力；/r/n按已知系統(tǒng)各管段的管徑和該管段的允許降壓確定通過該管道的水流量；/r/n4.3水力計算步驟/r/n統(tǒng)計出立管承擔(dān)的負(fù)荷，查25/r/n℃/r/n溫差的熱水供暖系統(tǒng)水力計算表，該負(fù)荷對應(yīng)的各種管徑，找到比摩阻〈120Pa的那個就行，這是立管管徑。單側(cè)接散熱器的支管管徑等于立管管徑，雙側(cè)接散熱器的支管管徑的確定方法同立管。有了立管、支管管徑后，查垂直單管同程式管壓降2KPa時的流量表，得各立管的查表流量。/r/n選擇等壓降法計算/r/n按25/r/n℃/r/n供水溫差計算，把各立管的壓降視作相等，計算順序：先立管，后干管。立管由遠(yuǎn)及近，干管無所謂，但要求兩個立管之間的干管壓損誤差盡量小于10%。實在做不到，交給閥門。/r/n立管水力計算步驟：/r/n直接給定計算壓降，連同熱負(fù)荷一同輸入表中。/r/n根據(jù)熱負(fù)荷與溫差，利用表中公式，算出負(fù)荷流量。（與負(fù)荷對應(yīng)的流量）/r/n根據(jù)比摩阻〈120Pa/m的原則，利用表確定管徑。/r/n根據(jù)管徑及系統(tǒng)形式查表得流量及壓降。/r/n根據(jù)總符合、總查表流量、預(yù)定溫差、計算流量調(diào)整系數(shù)、壓降調(diào)整系數(shù)，并根據(jù)算出調(diào)整后的流量及壓降。/r/n根據(jù)負(fù)荷、實際流量，計算出實際溫降，以便計算散熱器。/r/n干管計算步驟：/r/n立管計算完畢后，計算干管，先計算接熱源的干管，在計算其余的干管，表中的流量、干管長度根據(jù)圖紙和之前的計算表確定，局部阻力系數(shù)利用前面的表確定，管徑大小通過試算方式輸入，其余均由電子表格自動生成，兩對干管壓損的相對差額均超過10%，通過調(diào)整管徑也無法調(diào)到10%，只能交給閥門。/r/n4.4水力計算公式/r/nG/r/nj/r/n=0.86Q//r/n△/r/nt/r/nj /r/n/r/n（4-1）/r/n式中:/r/n△/r/nt/r/nj/r/n——/r/n計算溫差，/r/n℃/r/n/r/nQ/r/n——/r/n熱負(fù)荷，W/r/nG/r/nj/r/n——/r/n熱負(fù)荷流量，kg/h/r/n流量調(diào)整系數(shù)=0.86/r/n∑/r/nQ/(/r/n∑/r/nG/r/nb/r/n*/r/n△/r/nt/r/nj/r/n)/r/n /r/n（4-2）/r/n式中：G/r/nb/r/n——/r/n查表流量，kg/h/r/n壓力調(diào)整系數(shù)=流量調(diào)整系數(shù)/r/n2/r/n/r/n（4-3）/r/n/r/n/r/n△/r/nP/r/nt/r/n=壓力調(diào)整系數(shù)*/r/n△/r/nP/r/nb /r/n（4-4）/r/n△/r/nt/r/nt/r/n=0.86Q/G/r/nt/r/n（4-5）/r/n式中：/r/n△/r/ntt調(diào)整溫降，/r/n℃/r/n干管水力計算/r/nR=6.88*10/r/n-3/r/nK/r/n0.25/r/nG/r/n2/r/n/pd/r/n5.25/r/n（4-6）/r/n式中：K/r/n——/r/n粗糙度，m/r/nG/r/n——/r/n流量，t/h/r/nd/r/n——/r/n管徑，m/r/nR/r/n——/r/n比摩阻，Pa/m/r/nv=G/(0.9*3.14d/r/n2/r/np)（4-7）/r/n/r/n△/r/nP/r/ny/r/n=R*l（4-8）/r/n式中：/r/n△/r/nP/r/ny/r/n——/r/n沿程損失，Pa/r/n/r/n△/r/nP/r/nj/r/n=/r/n∑ξ/r/n*pv/r/n2/r/n/2（4-9）/r/n式中:/r/n△/r/nP/r/nj/r/n——/r/n局部損失，Pa/r/n/r/n△/r/nP=/r/n△/r/nP/r/ny/r/n+/r/n△/r/nP/r/nj/r/n（4-10）/r/n式中：/r/n△/r/nP/r/n——/r/n局部損失，Pa/r/n/r/n具體計算結(jié)果見附表/r/nⅡ/r/n。/r/n第五章確定散熱設(shè)備/r/n5.1確定散熱設(shè)備/r/n散熱器計算，用流水二式之散熱器選型計算，計算結(jié)果見附表。/r/n5.2散熱器的選用/r/n采暖散熱器是通過熱媒將熱源產(chǎn)生的熱量傳遞給室內(nèi)的一種散熱設(shè)備。散熱器的內(nèi)表面一側(cè)是熱媒（熱水或蒸汽），外表面一側(cè)室內(nèi)空氣，當(dāng)熱媒溫度高于室內(nèi)空氣溫度時，散熱器的金屬壁面就將熱媒攜帶的熱量傳遞給室內(nèi)空氣。/r/n散熱器的功能是將供暖系統(tǒng)的熱媒（蒸汽或水）所攜帶的熱量，通過散熱器壁面?zhèn)鹘o房間。/r/n5.3對散熱器要求/r/n熱功性能方面的要求：散熱器的傳熱系數(shù)越高，說明散熱器散熱性能越好/r/n經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的要求，散熱器傳給房間的單位熱量所需要金屬耗量越少成本越低，其經(jīng)濟(jì)性越好。/r/n安裝使用和工藝方面要求，散熱器應(yīng)具有一定機(jī)械強(qiáng)度和承壓能力，散熱器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式應(yīng)便于組合成所需要的散熱面積，結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸要小，少占房間面積和空間。/r/n衛(wèi)生和美觀方面要求：散熱器外表光滑，不積灰易于清洗，散熱器裝設(shè)應(yīng)影響房間美觀。/r/n使用壽命要求散熱器應(yīng)不易于被腐蝕和破壞，使用年限長。/r/n隨著我國能源政策的改變和生活水平的不斷提高，傳統(tǒng)的鑄鐵散熱器由于生產(chǎn)過程的高污染、低效率、勞動強(qiáng)度大、外觀粗糙等原因，使用受到一定的限制。銅管鋁翅片對流散熱器，以較完美的外觀和可以拆、裝的外罩，在保障了散熱器的使用效果的同時，又解決了散熱器外觀和清掃的問題，同時也起到了防護(hù)的作用。鋼制、鋁制散熱器等由于生產(chǎn)過程污染小、效率高、勞動強(qiáng)度低、散熱器承壓能力高、表面光滑易于清掃、外形美觀且形式多樣，既可滿足產(chǎn)品的使用要求，又可以起到一定的裝飾作用。/r/n5.4對散熱器的注意事項/r/n具有腐蝕性氣體的工業(yè)建筑或相對濕度較大的房間，應(yīng)采用耐腐蝕的散熱器。/r/n采用鋼制散熱器時，必須注意防腐問題。應(yīng)采用閉式系統(tǒng)，并滿足產(chǎn)品對水質(zhì)的要求，在非采暖季節(jié)采暖系統(tǒng)應(yīng)充水保養(yǎng)。/r/n鋁制散熱器的腐蝕問題日益突出，造成的腐蝕主要是堿腐蝕，采用鋁制散熱器時，應(yīng)選用內(nèi)防腐性鋁制散熱器，并滿足產(chǎn)品對水質(zhì)的要求。/r/n安裝熱量表和恒溫閥的熱水采暖系統(tǒng)不宜采用水流通道內(nèi)含有粘砂的鑄鐵等散熱器。/r/n熱水采暖系統(tǒng)選用散熱器時，鋼制散熱器與鋁制散熱器不應(yīng)在同一熱水采暖系統(tǒng)中使用。/r/n注：本系統(tǒng)選用的是M-132型散熱器/r/n5.5散熱器的計算/r/nF=/r/nβ/r/n1/r/nβ/r/n2/r/nβ/r/n3/r/nQ/[K（t/r/npj/r/n-t/r/nn/r/n）]m/r/n2/r/n（5-1）/r/n式中：F/r/n——/r/n散熱器散熱面積，m/r/n2；/r/nQ/r/n——/r/n散熱器的散熱量，W；/r/nt/r/npj/r/n——/r/n散熱器內(nèi)熱媒平均溫度，/r/n℃/r/n；/r/nT/r/nn/r/n——/r/n供暖室內(nèi)計算溫度，/r/n℃/r/n；/r/nK/r/n——/r/n散熱器的傳熱系數(shù)，W/m/r/n2/r/n*/r/n℃/r/n；/r/n/r/nβ——/r/n散熱器組裝片數(shù)修正系數(shù)；/r/n/r/nβ——/r/n散熱器鏈接形式修正系數(shù)；/r/n/r/nβ——/r/n散熱器組安裝形式修正系數(shù)。/r/n備注說明/r/n本表中k=2.426(t/r/npj/r/n-t/r/nn/r/n)/r/n0.286/r/n，可調(diào)整公式，也可直接輸入k值。/r/n2、片數(shù)修正系數(shù)β/r/n1/r/n的確定（翼型散熱器不用修正）--片數(shù)/修正系數(shù)/r/n≤5/0.94，6～8/0.98，9～10/1.00，11～15/1.02，16～20/1.03，≥21/1.04/r/n3、連接方式修正系數(shù)β/r/n2/r/n的確定（其他散熱器可近似套用）/r/n鑄鐵柱型：同側(cè)上進(jìn)下出1.00，下進(jìn)上出1.42；異側(cè)上進(jìn)下出1.00，下進(jìn)下出1.20。/r/n鑄鐵長翼型：同側(cè)上進(jìn)下出1.00，下進(jìn)上出1.40；異側(cè)上進(jìn)下出0.99，下進(jìn)下出1.29。/r/n鋼制柱型：同側(cè)上進(jìn)下出1.00，下進(jìn)上出1.19；異側(cè)上進(jìn)下出0.99，下進(jìn)下出1.18。/r/n鋼制板型：同側(cè)上進(jìn)下出1.00，下進(jìn)上出1.69；異側(cè)上進(jìn)下出1.00，下進(jìn)下出2.17。/r/n鋼串片型：同側(cè)上進(jìn)下出1.00，下進(jìn)上出1.14；異側(cè)上進(jìn)下出--，下進(jìn)下出--。/r/n具體計算結(jié)果見附表/r/nⅢ/r/n。/r/n4、安裝形式修正系數(shù)β/r/n3/r/n的確定/r/n裝在墻的凹槽內(nèi)（半暗裝）散熱器上部距離為100mm,1.06/r/n明裝但在散熱器上部有窗臺板覆蓋，散熱器距窗臺板高度為150mm,1.02/r/n裝在罩內(nèi),上部敞開，下部距地150mm,0.95/r/n裝在罩內(nèi),上部下部開口，開口高度均為150mm,1.04/r/n具體見施工圖。/r/n第六章管道布置/r/n6.1布置管道/r/n布置室內(nèi)管道時，需考慮維修及系統(tǒng)排氣、排水問題。/r/n具體見施工圖。/r/n輔助設(shè)備/r/n7.1膨脹水箱選型/r/n膨脹水箱接在循環(huán)水泵的入口處。/r/n膨脹水箱的有效容積應(yīng)大于系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行過程中可能的最大膨脹量。/r/n7.2循環(huán)水泵選型/r/n最不利管路長度約為240米，按比摩阻100pa/m考慮，總沿程損失為24Kpa，按沿程局部=1：1考慮，則管路壓損為48Kpa，換熱器壓損按4Kpa，再考慮保險系數(shù)，循環(huán)水泵揚(yáng)程需要大于70Kpa，再結(jié)合水側(cè)流量9m/r/n3/r/n/h，選擇水泵，參數(shù)：9.4-14m/r/n3/r/n/h，揚(yáng)程6.6-7.35mH/r/n2/r/nO，功率0.75KW，考慮一備一用。/r/n/r/n畢業(yè)設(shè)計總結(jié)/r/n畢業(yè)設(shè)計是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識、發(fā)現(xiàn)、提出問題，并分析解決問題的過程。是鍛煉實踐能力的重要環(huán)節(jié)，是對學(xué)生實際工作能力的具體訓(xùn)練和考察過程，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的日新月異，供熱設(shè)計已成為當(dāng)今活躍的領(lǐng)域，在生活中可以說是無處不在，因此來說，掌握好有關(guān)方面的技術(shù)是十分重要的。/r/n回顧此次住宅供熱的設(shè)計，至今我仍感慨頗多，剛開始的時候要理清思路，研究平面圖，設(shè)計管路的布置，進(jìn)行水利計算，負(fù)荷計算。/r/n從選題到定稿，從理論到實踐，在整整兩周的時間里，不僅鞏固了之前所學(xué)過的知識，而且學(xué)到了很多在書本上沒有接觸過的東西，通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計使我懂得了理論與實踐相結(jié)合是很重要的，只學(xué)理論知識是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，只有把所學(xué)的理論知識和實踐相結(jié)合，從理論中得出結(jié)論，才能真正為社會服務(wù)，從而提高自己的實際動手能力和獨(dú)立思考能力。/r/n在設(shè)計的過程中遇到了各種各樣的問題，發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的不足之處，對以前學(xué)過的知識理解不夠深刻，掌握的不夠牢固，通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計，把之前的知識又學(xué)習(xí)一遍，有了更深刻的理解。/r/n這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計最終能成有很大一部分困難是在老師的辛勤指導(dǎo)下順利解決的，同時從老師的身上我學(xué)到了很多實用的知識，再次表示衷心的感謝。/r/n參考文獻(xiàn)/r/n[1]賀平,孫剛.供熱工程[M].中國建筑工業(yè)出版社，1993./r/n[2]民用建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[M].中國建筑工業(yè)出版社,1995./r/n[3]李岱森.簡明供暖設(shè)計手冊.中國建筑工業(yè)出版社,1998./r/n[4]狄育慧.采暖建筑中墻體節(jié)能的探討.北京節(jié)能，2000，(6)：29~30./r/n[5]張錫虎.住宅單管系統(tǒng)分室溫度控制的手段及其熱工特性[J].建筑節(jié)能,1998,(2)：22~28./r/n[6]王維華.適宜分戶計量、分室控溫的住宅供暖系統(tǒng)形式.節(jié)能技術(shù),2001,(2):22~24./r/n[7]毛立純.某高層住宅采暖系統(tǒng)分析[J].中外建筑，2001，06期/r/n[8]王睿.采暖設(shè)計的一些常見問題[J].科技資訊，2001，05期/r/n[9]王榮光，秦顯娥.住宅分戶熱計量采暖設(shè)計工程實例[J].中國建設(shè)信息供熱制冷，2004，02期/r/n[10]余茂林.高層建筑采暖[J].工程建設(shè)與設(shè)計，1982，04期/r/n[11]陶明峰.淺談高層建筑熱水采暖系統(tǒng)[J].黑龍江科技信息2009，20期/r/n附表/r/n隔層房間計算參數(shù)/r/n底層：/r/n/r/n房間/r/n負(fù)荷源/r/n傳熱系數(shù)/r/n溫差修正系數(shù)/r/n耗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