幼兒教育健康課件(英文)

PhysicalDevelopmentandHealthDuring

theFirstThreeYearsChapterSixPhysicalDevelopmentandHealGuidepostsforStudy1.HowDoBabiesGrow,andHowandWhatShouldTheyBeFed?2.HowDoestheBrainDevelop,andHowDoEnvironmentalFactorsaffectItsEarlyGrowth?GuidepostsforStudy1.HowDoGuidepostsforStudy3.HowDotheSensesDevelopDuringInfancy?4.Whataresomeearlymillstoneinmotordevelopmentandwhataresomeinfluenceonit?5.HowCanWeEnhanceBabies’ChancesofSurvivalandHealth?GuidepostsforStudy3.HowDoGrowthandNutritionChildrengrowfasterduringthefirst3yearsoflife,especiallyduringthefirstfewmonthsthantheyeverwillagain.GrowthandNutritionChildrengGrowthandNutritionPatternsofGrowthBy5monthsaveragebabyboywilldoubleweightto7kg.By1yearhisweightwilltripleto10kg.

GrowthandNutritionPatternsoGrowthandNutritionRecapfromchapter4CephalocaudalprincipleGrowthoccursfromtopdownProximodistalprincipleGrowthoccursfromthecenterofthebodyoutwardGrowthandNutritionRecapfromGrowthandNutritionNourishmentBreastfeeding:BenefitsandCautionsEncouragingBreastfeedingBabiesprefersweettasteGrowthandNutritionNourishmenGrowthandNutritionNutritionalconcernsManyparentsdonotfollowtheguidelinesgivenbypediatricexpertsOverweightinfantsareaconcernGrowthandNutritionNutritionaTheBrainandReflexBehaviourCentralNervousSystemBrainandspinalcordSensorymessagestraveltothebrainandmotorcommandstravelbackTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourBuildingtheBrainMajorpartsofthebrainBrainstemCerebellumLateralizationCorpuscallosumTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourBuildingtheBrainCerebralhemisphereOccipitallobeParietallobeTemporallobeFrontallobeCerebralcortexRegionsgovernvision,hearing,andothersensoryinformationTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourPartsoftheBrain,sideview.TheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourBuildingtheBrainBraincellsNeuronsAxonsDendritesSynapsesNeurotransmittersGliacellsTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourBuildingtheBrainAsneuronsmultiply,migrate,anddevelopconnections.theyundergoIntegrationDifferentiationCelldeathTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourMyelinationMyelin,afattyinsulatingsubstance,beginsabouthalfwaythroughgestationinsomepartsofthebrainandcontinuesintoadulthoodinothersTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourGrowthofNeuralconnectionsduringthefirst2yearsoflife.Thereisanincreaseinbraindensityandweight;duetotheformationofdendrites,extensionsofnervecellbodiesandthesynapsesthatlinkthem.TheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourEarlyReflexesAutomatic,innateresponsestostimulationPrimitiveSucking,rooting,andMoroPosturalLocomotorWalking,swimmingTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourWiringtheBrain!Developmentofneuralconnectionsbeforeandafterbirth.TheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourMoldingtheBrain:TheRoleofExperiencePlasticityFormativeperiodvulnerabilityHazardousdrugsEnvironmentaltoxinsMaternalstressTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourLEFT:APETscanofanormalchild’sbrainshowsregionsofhigh(red)andlow(blueandblack)activity.

RIGHT:APETscanofthebrainofaRomanianOrphaninstitutionalizedafterbirth,showlittleactivity.TheBrainandReflexBehaviourEarlySensoryCapacitiesTouchandPainFirstsensetodevelopDevelopsinthewombSmellandTastePreferenceofpleasantodoursinutero“Sweettooth”EarlySensoryCapacitiesTouchEarlySensoryCapacitiesHearingFunctionalbeforebirthRecognitionofvoicesandlanguagecanoccurinthewombSightLeastdevelopedatbirthUnderdevelopedstructuresBinocularvisiondevelopsat4to5monthsEarlySensoryCapacitiesHearinMotorDevelopmentMilestonesofMotorDevelopmentSimpleskills→SystemsofactionPincergripDenverDevelopmentalScreeningTestGrossmotorskillsFinemotorskillsMotorDevelopmentMilestonesofMotorDevelopmentMilestonesofMotorDevelopmentHeadcontrolFullycontrollableat4monthsHandcontrolAt7to11monthscanpickupatinyobjectLocomotionSelf-locomotionMotorDevelopmentMilestonesofMotorDevelopmentMotorDevelopmentandPerceptionVisualguidanceDepthPerceptionThreedimensionsHapticperceptionAbilitytoacquireinformationbyhandlingobjectsratherthanjustlookingatthemMotorDevelopmentMotorDevelopMotorDevelopmentHowMotorDevelopmentOccurs:Thelen’sDynamicSystemsTheoryElementoftimeMotorDevelopmentisInteractionbetweeninfantsandstheirenvironmentIntegrationofperceptionandcognitionwithactionDifferingdevelopmentalpathwaysofindividualchildrenMotorDevelopmentHowMotorDevMotorDevelopmentCulturalInfluencesonMotorDevelopmentSomeculturesactivelyencourageearlydevelopmentofmotorskillswhileothersinhibitthemHandlingroutinesinAfricanandWestIndianculturesMotorDevelopmentCulturalInflHealthInfantMortalityRateProportionofbabieswhodiewithinthefirstyearBirthdefectsaretheleadingcauseReducingInfantMortalityPreventabledeathsPovertyPoormaternalhealthandnutritionInfectionPoormedicalcareSIDSHealthInfantMortalityRateHealthInfantmortalityratesinindustrializedcountries,2003.Inrecentyearsmostnations,includingCanada,haveshowndramaticimprovement.HealthInfantmortalityratesiHealthBirthweightdistributionsbyethnicgroupinCanada(2000-2002).LowbirthweightproportionsforAboriginalrefertooff-reservegroups.On-reservelow-birthweightrateisthesameastheCanadianNon-Aboriginalaverage.HealthBirthweightdistributioHealthReducingInfantMortalitySuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(SIDS)LowbirthweightbabiesaremoresusceptibleGenemutationsaffectingthehearthavebeenlinkedDefectsinthebrain’sabilitytouseserotoninHealthReducingInfantMortalitHealthUnintentionalinjuriesarethefourthleadingcauseofdeathininfancyinCanada,andthethirdleadingcauseofdeathafterthefirst4weeksoflife,followingSIDSandbirthdefects.HealthUnintentionalinjuriesHealthImmunizationforBetterHealthMeasles,pertussis,andpolio95percentdropofvaccine-preventedinfectiousdiseasessince1993ManychildrennotadequatelyprotectedUnsubstantiatedconcernaboutAutismHealthImmunizationforBetterReviewYourGuideposts?ReviewYourGuideposts?ReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepostsReviewQuestion#1Attheendoftheaveragechild’sfirstyear,his/herweighthas__________sincebirth.A. increasedby25%B. doubledC. tripledD. quadrupled

Answer:C Formoreinformation,reviewyournotesandseePage:132inyourtextbook.

ReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepoReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepostsReviewQuestion#2Together,thebrainandthespinalcordcomprisetheA.centralnervoussystem.B.peripheralnervoussystem.C.neurolepticcircuit.D.neurogeneticmatrix.

Answer:AFormoreinformation,reviewyournotesandseePage:136inyourtextbook.

ReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepoReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepostsReviewQuestion#3ThesensethatseemstobethefirsttodevelopininfantsisA. taste.B. smell.C. touch.D. sight.

Answer:CFormoreinformation,reviewyournotesandseePage:146inyourtextbook.

ReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepoReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepostsReviewQuestion#4Toobservethedevelopmentofachild’sfinemotorskills,apsychologistasksthechildtoA. drawwithacrayon.B. readachildren’sbook.C. throwabaseball.D. kickafootball.Answer:AFormoreinformation,reviewyournotesandseePage:148inyourtextbook.

ReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepoReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepostsReviewQuestion#5Oneofthetopthreeleadingcauseofdeathininfantsaged1monthto1yearinCanadaisA.accidentsrelatedtoinfantwalkers.B.suddeninfantdeathsyndrome.C.neglect.D.caraccidents.Answer:BFormoreinformation,reviewyournotesandseePage:154inyourtextbook.

ReviewYourGuideposts!GuidepoPhysicalDevelopmentandHealthDuring

theFirstThreeYearsChapterSixPhysicalDevelopmentandHealGuidepostsforStudy1.HowDoBabiesGrow,andHowandWhatShouldTheyBeFed?2.HowDoestheBrainDevelop,andHowDoEnvironmentalFactorsaffectItsEarlyGrowth?GuidepostsforStudy1.HowDoGuidepostsforStudy3.HowDotheSensesDevelopDuringInfancy?4.Whataresomeearlymillstoneinmotordevelopmentandwhataresomeinfluenceonit?5.HowCanWeEnhanceBabies’ChancesofSurvivalandHealth?GuidepostsforStudy3.HowDoGrowthandNutritionChildrengrowfasterduringthefirst3yearsoflife,especiallyduringthefirstfewmonthsthantheyeverwillagain.GrowthandNutritionChildrengGrowthandNutritionPatternsofGrowthBy5monthsaveragebabyboywilldoubleweightto7kg.By1yearhisweightwilltripleto10kg.

GrowthandNutritionPatternsoGrowthandNutritionRecapfromchapter4CephalocaudalprincipleGrowthoccursfromtopdownProximodistalprincipleGrowthoccursfromthecenterofthebodyoutwardGrowthandNutritionRecapfromGrowthandNutritionNourishmentBreastfeeding:BenefitsandCautionsEncouragingBreastfeedingBabiesprefersweettasteGrowthandNutritionNourishmenGrowthandNutritionNutritionalconcernsManyparentsdonotfollowtheguidelinesgivenbypediatricexpertsOverweightinfantsareaconcernGrowthandNutritionNutritionaTheBrainandReflexBehaviourCentralNervousSystemBrainandspinalcordSensorymessagestraveltothebrainandmotorcommandstravelbackTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourBuildingtheBrainMajorpartsofthebrainBrainstemCerebellumLateralizationCorpuscallosumTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourBuildingtheBrainCerebralhemisphereOccipitallobeParietallobeTemporallobeFrontallobeCerebralcortexRegionsgovernvision,hearing,andothersensoryinformationTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourPartsoftheBrain,sideview.TheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourBuildingtheBrainBraincellsNeuronsAxonsDendritesSynapsesNeurotransmittersGliacellsTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourBuildingtheBrainAsneuronsmultiply,migrate,anddevelopconnections.theyundergoIntegrationDifferentiationCelldeathTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourMyelinationMyelin,afattyinsulatingsubstance,beginsabouthalfwaythroughgestationinsomepartsofthebrainandcontinuesintoadulthoodinothersTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourGrowthofNeuralconnectionsduringthefirst2yearsoflife.Thereisanincreaseinbraindensityandweight;duetotheformationofdendrites,extensionsofnervecellbodiesandthesynapsesthatlinkthem.TheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourEarlyReflexesAutomatic,innateresponsestostimulationPrimitiveSucking,rooting,andMoroPosturalLocomotorWalking,swimmingTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourWiringtheBrain!Developmentofneuralconnectionsbeforeandafterbirth.TheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourMoldingtheBrain:TheRoleofExperiencePlasticityFormativeperiodvulnerabilityHazardousdrugsEnvironmentaltoxinsMaternalstressTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviourLEFT:APETscanofanormalchild’sbrainshowsregionsofhigh(red)andlow(blueandblack)activity.

RIGHT:APETscanofthebrainofaRomanianOrphaninstitutionalizedafterbirth,showlittleactivity.TheBrainandReflexBehaviourEarlySensoryCapacitiesTouchandPainFirstsensetodevelopDevelopsinthewombSmellandTastePreferenceofpleasantodoursinutero“Sweettooth”EarlySensoryCapacitiesTouchEarlySensoryCapacitiesHearingFunctionalbeforebirthRecognitionofvoicesandlanguagecanoccurinthewombSightLeastdevelopedatbirthUnderdevelopedstructuresBinocularvisiondevelopsat4to5monthsEarlySensoryCapacitiesHearinMotorDevelopmentMilestonesofMotorDevelopmentSimpleskills→SystemsofactionPincergripDenverDevelopmentalScreeningTestGrossmotorskillsFinemotorskillsMotorDevelopmentMilestonesofMotorDevelopmentMilestonesofMotorDevelopmentHeadcontrolFullycontrollableat4monthsHandcontrolAt7to11monthscanpickupatinyobjectLocomotionSelf-locomotionMotorDevelopmentMilestonesofMotorDevelopmentMotorDevelopmentandPerceptionVisualguidanceDepthPerceptionThreedimensionsHapticperceptionAbilitytoacquireinformationbyhandlingobjectsratherthanjustlookingatthemMotorDevelopmentMotorDevelopMotorDevelopmentHowMotorDevelopmentOccurs:Thelen’sDynamicSystemsTheoryElementoftimeMotorDevelopmentisInteractionbetweeninfantsandstheirenvironmentIntegrationofperceptionandcognitionwithactionDifferingdevelopmentalpathwaysofindividualchildrenMotorDevelopmentHowMotorDevMotorDevelopmentCulturalInfluencesonMotorDevelopmentSomeculturesactivelyencourageearlydevelopmentofmotorskillswhileothersinhibitthemHandlingroutinesinAfricanandWestIndianculturesMotorDevelopmentCulturalInflHealthInfantMortalityRateProportionofbabieswhodiewithinthefirstyearBirthdefectsaretheleadingcauseReducingInfantMortalityPreventabledeathsPovertyPoormaternalhealthandnutritionInfectionPoormedicalcareSIDSHealthInfantMortalityRateHealthInfantmortalityratesinindustrializedcountries,2003.Inrecentyearsmostnations,includingCanada,haveshowndramaticimprovement.HealthInfantmortalityratesiHealthBirthweightdistributionsbyethnicgroupinCanada(2000-2002).LowbirthweightproportionsforAboriginalrefertooff-reservegroups.On-reservelow-birthweightrateisthesameastheCanadianNon-Aboriginalaverage.HealthBirthweightdistributioHealthReducingInfantMortalitySuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(SIDS)LowbirthweightbabiesaremoresusceptibleGenemutationsaffectingthehearthavebeenlinkedDefectsinthebrain’sabilitytouseserotoninHealthReducingInfantMortalitHealthUnintentionalinjuriesarethefourthleadingcauseofdeathininfancyinCanada,andthethirdleadingcauseofdeathafterthefirst4weeksoflife,followingSIDSandbirthdefects.HealthUnintentionalinjuriesHealthImmunizationforBetterHealthMeasles,pertussis,andpolio95percentdropofvaccine-preventedinfectiousdiseasessince1993ManychildrennotadequatelyprotectedUnsubstantiatedconcernaboutAutismHealthImmunizationforBetter