英語修辭寫作-語法修辭篇 參考材料 Section 3

Section3StylisticChoiceofWords(1):CorrectinGrammar,AppropriateinStyleI.KeytotheExercise1)Whatisthestylisticeffectoftheuseofcompoundnouns?Findouttheanswerfromthelecture.Rewritethefollowingsentencewithoutusingcompoundnounsandcomparethedifferenteffectsofthetwoversions.WealsohavereportsoftheeatingofdogsandcatsfromaroundtheU.S.,Canada,Mexico,andEurope.(Notasconciseastheoriginal)1)Whatisthestylisticeffectofsomegenericanddisagreeableuseofpronouns?Findouttheanswerfromthelecture.Rewritethefollowingwithoutusingpronounsgenericallyandusingpronounsdisagreeably,andcomparethedifferenteffectsofthetwoversionsofthesentencerewritten.Peoplecantakeahorsetothewaterbuttheycan'tmakehimdrinkOhno,ohno,ohno(Notasintimateastheoriginal)1)Whatisthestylisticeffectofdisagreeableuseofpronouns?Findouttheanswerfromthelecture.Rewritethefollowingusingpronouns(everybody,their)agreeablyinnumber,andcomparethedifferenteffectsofthetwoversions.There'satimeforeverystartoshineEverybodygoihissomething(Notasidiomaticastheoriginal)1)Whatisthestylisticeffectofphrasalverbsandverbphrases?Findouttheanswerfromthelecture.Rewritethefollowingsentencesandreplacethephrasalverborverbphrasewithanon-phrasalverbornon-verbphrase,andcomparetheirdifferentstylisticeffects.Loyalty,itappears,can'tbeopenedandclosedtromthetop.ItmustbebuiltSixPrinciplesforMakingNewThingsPaulGraham,February2008ThefieryreactiontothereleaseofArchadanunexpectedconsequence:itmademerealizeIhadadesignphilosophy.ThemaincomplaintofthemorearticulatecriticswasthatArcseemedsoflimsy.Afteryearsofworkingonit,allIhadtoshowformyselfwereafewthousandlinesofmacros?Whyhadn'tIworkedonmoresubstantialproblems?AsIwasmullingovertheseremarksitstruckmehowfamiliartheyseemed.ThiswasexactlythekindofthingpeoplesaidatfirstaboutViaweb,andYCombinator,andmostofmyessays.WhenwelaunchedViaweb,itseemedlaughabletoVCsande-commerce“experts."Wewerejustacoupleguysinanapartment,whichdidnotseemcoolin1995thewayitdoesnow.Andthethingwe'dbuilt,asfarastheycouldtell,wasn'tevensoftware.Software,tothem,equalledbig,honkingWindowsapps.SinceViawebwasthefirstweb-basedappthey'dseen,itseemedtobenothingmorethanawebsite.TheywereevenmorecontemptuouswhentheydiscoveredthatViawebdidn'tprocesscreditcardtransactions(wedidn'tforthewholefirstyear).Transactionprocessingseemedtothemwhate-commercewasallabout.Itsoundedseriousanddifficult.Andyet,mysteriously,Viawebendedupcrushingallitscompetitors.TheinitialreactiontoYCombinatorwasalmostidentical.Itseemedlaughablylightweight.StartupfundingmeantseriesArounds:millionsofdollarsgiventoasmallnumberofstartupsfoundedbypeoplewithestablishedcredentialsaftermonthsofserious,businesslikemeetings,ontermsdescribedinadocumentafootthick.YCombinatorseemedinconsequential.ItstooearlytosayyetwhetherYCombinatorwillturnoutlikeViaweb,butjudgingfromthenumberofimitations,alotofpeopleseemtothinkwe'reontosomething.Ican'tmeasurewhethermyessaysaresuccessful,exceptinpageviews,butthereactiontothemisatleastdifferentfromwhenIstarted.AtfirstthedefaultreactionoftheSlashdottrollswas(translatedintoarticulateterms):"Whoisthisguyandwhatauthoritydoeshehavetowriteaboutthesetopics?Ihaven'treadtheessay,butthere'snowayanythingsoshortandwritteninsuchaninformalstylecouldhaveanythingusefultosayaboutsuchandsuchtopic,whenpeoplewithdegreesinthesubjecthavealreadywrittenmanythickbooksaboutit."Nowthere'sanewgenerationoftrollsonanewgenerationofsites,buttheyhaveatleaststartedtoomittheinitialuWhoisthisguy?*'NowpeoplearesayingthesamethingsaboutArcthattheysaidatfirstaboutViawebandYCombinatorandmostofmyessays.Whythepattern?Theanswer,Irealized,isthatmym.o.forallfourhasbeenthesame.Hereitis:Iliketofind(a)simplesolutions(b)tooverlookedproblems(c)thatactuallyneedtobesolved,and(d)deliverthemasinformallyaspossible,(e)startingwithaverycrudeversion1,then(f)iteratingrapidly.WhenIfirstlaidouttheseprinciplesexplicitly,Inoticedsomethingstriking:thisispracticallyarecipeforgeneratingacontemptuousinitialreaction.Thoughsimplesolutionsarebetter,theydon'tseemasimpressiveascomplexones.Overlookedproblemsarebydefinitionproblemsthatmostpeoplethinkdon'tmatter.Deliveringsolutionsinaninformalwaymeansthatinsteadofjudgingsomethingbythewayit'spresented,peoplehavetoactuallyunderstandit,whichismorework.Andstartingwithacrudeversion1meansyourinitialeffortisalwayssmallandincomplete.10I'dnoticed,ofcourse,thatpeopleneverseemedtograspnewideasatfirst.Ithoughtitwasjustbecausemostpeoplewerestupid.NowIseethere'smoretoitthanthat.Likeacontrarianinvestmentfund,someonefollowingthisstrategywillalmostalwaysbedoingthingsthatseemwrongtotheaverageperson.Aswithcontrarianinvestmentstrategies,that'sexactlythepoint.Thistechniqueissuccessful(inthelongterm)becauseitgivesyoualltheadvantagesotherpeopleforgobytryingtoseemlegit.Ifyouworkonoverlookedproblems,you5remorelikelytodiscovernewthings,becauseyouhavelesscompetition.Ifyoudeliversolutionsinformally,you(a)savealltheeffortyouwouldhavehadtoexpendtomakethemlookimpressive,and(b)avoidthedangeroffoolingyourselfaswellasyouraudience.Andifyoureleaseacrudeversion1theniterate,yoursolutioncanbenefitfromtheimaginationofnature,which,asFeynmanpointedout,ismorepowerfulthanyourown.InthecaseofViaweb,thesimplesolutionwastomakethesoftwarerunontheserver.Theoverlookedproblemwastogeneratewebsitesautomatically;in1995,onlinestoreswereallmadebyhandbyhumandesigners,butweknewthiswouldn'tscale.Thepartthatactuallymatteredwasgraphicdesign,nottransactionprocessing.Theinformaldeliverymechanismwasme,showingupinjeansandat-shirtatsomeretailer'soffice.Andthecrudeversion1was,ifIremembercorrectly,lessthan10,000linesofcodewhenwelaunched.Thepowerofthistechniqueextendsbeyondstartupsandprogramminglanguagesandessays.Itprobablyextendstoanykindofcreativework.Certainlyitcanbeusedinpainting:thisisexactlywhatCezanneandKleedid.AtYCombinatorwebetmoneyonit,inthesensethatweencouragethestartupswefundtoworkthisway.Therearealwaysnewideasrightunderyournose.Solookforsimplethingsthatotherpeoplehaveoverlooked-thingspeoplewilllaterclaimwere“obvious”-especiallywhenthey'vebeenledastraybyobsoleteconventions,orbytryingtodothingsthataresuperficiallyimpressive.Figureoutwhattherealproblemis,andmakesureyousolvethat.Don'tworryabouttryingtolookcorporate;theproductiswhatwinsinthelongterm.Andlaunchassoonasyoucan,soyoustartlearningfromuserswhatyoushouldhavebeenmaking.Redditisaclassicexampleofthisapproach.WhenRedditfirstlaunched,itseemedliketherewasnothingtoit.Tothegraphicallyunsophisticateditsdeliberatelyminimaldesignseemedlikenodesignatall.ButRedditsolvedtherealproblem,whichwastotellpeoplewhatwasnewandotherwisestayoutoftheway.Asaresultitbecamemassivelysuccessful.Nowthatconventionalideashavecaughtupwithit,itseemsobvious.PeoplelookatRedditandthinkthefounderswerelucky.Likeallsuchthings,itwasharderthanitlooked.TheRedditspushedsohardagainstthecurrentthattheyreversedit;nowitlookslikethey'remerelyfloatingdownstream.SowhenyoulookatsomethinglikeRedditandthink“IwishIcouldthinkofanidealikethat,"remember:ideaslikethatareallaroundyou.Butyouignorethembecausetheylookwrong.IV.SupplementaryGuidesorReferences1.Reference:FullTextofSection3StylisticChoiceofWords

GrammaticallyAppropriateSampleReadthefollowingsamplepassagesandpayspecialattentiontotheuseoftheitalicizedwords.ChinaDevelopmentBank(Excerpt)TheChinaDevelopmentBank1(CDB)isafinancialinstitutioninthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)underthedirectjurisdictionoftheStateCouncil.ItistheonlybankinChinawhosegovernorisafullminister.ItisoneofthethreepolicybanksofthePRC,primarilyresponsibleforraisingfundingforlargeinfrastructureprojects,includingmostofthefundingfortheThreeGorgesDam2andShanghaiPudongInternationalAirport.ThebankwasestablishedbythePolicy3BanksLawof1994.2DebtsissuedbyCDBarefullyguaranteedbythecentralgovernmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.CDBisoneofthebiggestissuersofbonds4inthePRC.3ThebankhadRMB1.5trillion5inloansoutstandingasoftheendof2004.During2004,thebankmadeaprofitofaboutUS$2billion6.ThebankisthemostprofitablebankinChina,andthesecondmostprofitablebankinAsia.4Inyear2005and2006ChinaDevelopmentBanksuccessfullyissuedtwopilotABSproductsindomesticChinamarket.TogetherwithanotherABSproductsissuedbyChinaConstructionBank,theyhavesetthecornerstone7forapromisingdebtcapital&structuredfinancemarket.1.ChinaDevelopmentBank(中國)國4.bond證券家開發(fā)銀行5.trillion萬億billion十億2.ThreeGorgesDam三峽大壩6.cornerstone柱石3.policy保險契約HorsetoWaterLyrics1(Excerpt)GeorgeHarrisonYoucantakeahorsetothewaterbutyoucan'tmakehimdrinkOhno,ohno,ohnoAfriendofmineinsomuchmisery2Somepeoplesailthroughlife,buthehasstruckareef3Isaid'heymanlet'sgooutandgetsomewisdom'Butfirstheturnedon4me,thenheturnedoff5hisnervoussystemYoutakeahorsetowaterbutyoucan'tmakehimdrinkOhno,ohno,ohnoYoucanhaveitalllayed6/staked7outinfrontofyoubutitstilldon'tmakeyouthinkOhno,ohno,ohnolyric抒情詩，歌詞misery悲慘，苦惱turnoff關(guān)閉lay放置

reef礁石turnon開啟7.stake栓（馬）EverybodyGotTheirSomethingMyfacetotheskyDreamingaboutjusthowhighIcouldgoandI'llknowWhenIfinallygetthereTakingofmyglassesSunpokesButbusinessbrass1shouldn'tbesurprisedthatloyaltyishardtofind.Nottoolongago,theworkersthatthebrassfreelydeclaredweretheirmostloyal-older,long-serviceemployees-alsoweretheonesmostlikelytogetthechopButbusinessbrass1shouldn'tbesurprisedthatloyaltyishardtofind.Nottoolongago,theworkersthatthebrassfreelydeclaredweretheirmostloyal-older,long-serviceemployees-alsoweretheonesmostlikelytogetthechop2.Foryears,thatloyaltyqualitywasdevaluedintheworkplacebythecutting-edge3,with-it4managers.Now,withthelabormarketgettingtightandhigh-intelligenceworkershardtofindandharderstilltokeep-manycorporationsarereapinginthe1990swhattheysowedinthe1980s.Olderemployees,whoselongserviceanddemonstratedloyaltytothefirmalwaysgotbiglipservice5fromthemanagement,werebeingdumped6neverthelessonallsides.Lipserviceornot,neitherservicenorloyaltycountedaspluses7.AndsomehowIknowThere'satimeforeverystartoshineEverybodygottheirsomethingMakeyousmilelikeanittybittyThe1980sbroughtthenewviewpointthatolderemployeesaren'tstrengthsorchildThe1980sbroughtthenewviewpointthatolderemployeesaren'tstrengthsorEverybodygottheirsomethingEverybodygottheirsomethingpoke刺，戳lash睫毛bittypoke刺，戳lash睫毛itty?bitty細?。ǖ模?Intheworkplace,loyaltyisaSometimeThing(Excerpt)ByJimWrightTheDallasMorningNews,May11,1997Thereissadironyinthefactthatpersonneldepartmentstookupthe“humanresources"tag10justasmanytopmanagementsseemedtodecideolderworkerswereneitherhumansnorresourcesbutcosts.Olderemployees,whoselongserviceanddemonstratedloyaltytothefirmalwaysgotbiglipservicefromthemanagement,werebeingdumpedneverthelessonallsides.Lipserviceornot,neitherservicenorloyaltycountedas11pluses.1.brass高級軍官（官員等）7.pluses.正數(shù)2.getthechop被殺死；被取消8.liability債務(wù),義務(wù)3.cutting-edge求變(新)的9.hard-nosed頑強的，精明的4.with-it時髯的10.tag標簽,名片5.Lipservice說好聽的11.countedas算作，當作6.dump拋棄，解雇OscarAwardsPortrayedanAmericawithoutHopeVatican1City,Feb25,2008/04:01pm(CNA).-CommentingonthelatestOscarsawards,theVaticandailyL'OsservatoreRomano2saidinanopinioncolumnthatthemostawardedmoviesportraytheimageofahopelessAmerica.Thearticle,writtenbyGaetanoVallini,saysthattheawardsnightwasdominatedbytwovisionsofevil,twoinstancesofusingimagestoportray3evil."Ononeside,thestoryofperdition4,describedbyPaulThomasAndersonin'ThereWillBeBlood,'ontheother,acontemporaryWestern,withamodernincarnation5ofevil,'NoCountryforOldMen,*producedbyJoelandEthanCoen,“eachoneofthemreceivingeightnominations.L^sservatoresaysthat,asidefromtheawardsgiventothesetwofilms,Hollywoodhasbeendominatedthisyearubydarkfilms,filledwithviolencebutmainlywithhopelessness.nTheauthorofthecolumnasksifthisisnota“signofthetimes.”"Maybe,"Valliniwrote."Sincetherewerefilmscapableofexpressingdifferentemotionsintherunning,withbraveopenness,likeJuno,directedbyJasonReitman,whichtalesthestoryofateenagerwhodecidedtocarryanunwantedpregnancy6toterm,or'TheDivingBellandtheButterfly1,fromJulianSchnabel,asecular7hymn8tolifedespitegravedisabilities.wHowever,VallinifoundtheCohenbrothers*story"markedbyabsurdandmindlessactsofviolence,aworldinwhichthereisnoplaceforoldvalues.1.Vatican梵帝岡5.incarnation化身2.OsservatoreRomano羅馬觀察家6.pregnancy懷孕3.portray描繪7.secular長期的4.perdition毀滅8.hymn贊美詩，圣歌6SixPrinciplesforMakingNewThingsPaulGraham,February20081ThefieryreactiontothereleaseofArcArc一種程序語言hadanunexpectedconsequence:itmademerealizeIhadadesignphilosophy.Themaincomplaintofthemorearticulatearticulate清晰的，明白的criticswasthatArcseemedsoflimsyflimsy淺薄.Afteryearsofworkingonit,allIhadtoshowformyselfwereafewthousandlinesofmacrosmacrosArc一種程序語言articulate清晰的，明白的flimsy淺薄macros（計算機）宏指令mullingover琢磨2AsIwasmullingove盧theseremarksitstruckmehowfamiliartheyseemed.ThiswasexactlythekindofthingpeoplesaidatfirstaboutViawebViaweb一種在線商店應(yīng)用軟件,andYCombinator6,andViaweb一種在線商店應(yīng)用軟件3WhenwelaunchedViaweb,itseemedlaughabletoVCs7ande-commerce8“experts."Wewerejustacoupleguysinanapartment,whichdidnotseemcoolin1995thewayitdoesnow.Andthethingwe'dbuilt,asfarastheycouldtell,wasn'tevensoftware.Software,tothem,equalledbig,honking9Windowsapps10.SinceViawebwasthefirstweb-basedappthey'dseen,itseemedtobenothingmorethanawebsite.Theywereevenmorecontemptuous11whentheydiscoveredthatViawebdidn'tprocesscreditcardtransactions12(wedidn'tforthewholefirstyear).Transactionprocessingseemedtothemwhate-commercewasallabout.Itsoundedseriousanddifficult.4NowpeoplearesayingthesamethingsaboutArcthattheysaidatfirstaboutViawebandYCombinatorandmostofmyessays.Whythepattern?Theanswer,Irealized,isthatmym.o.13forallfourhasbeenthesame.8Hereitis:Iliketofind(a)simplesolutions(b)tooverlooked14problems(c)thatactuallyneedtobesolved,and(d)deliver15themasinformallyaspossible,(e)startingwithaverycrudeversion1,then(f)iterating16rapidly.e-commerce電子商務(wù)honking呱呱叫的apps(applications)應(yīng)用(軟件)transaction交易m.o.(mailorder)郵購overlooked忽視YCombinator美國風險投資公司VCs一種系列模擬器軟件deliver發(fā)表,陳述iterating重申ILLectureGrammaticallyAppropriateinStyle:Grammaticalcorrectnesscanguaranteethepreliminaryeffect(clarityandvalidityingrammar)ofwriting,butgrammaticalappropriatenesscanmakeourwritingmoreeffective.Thatistosay,whilewemaintaingrammaticalcorrectnessintheuseofwordsorexpressions,wecanalsochooseamongdifferentusagesofthemtomakeourwritingmoreeffective.Usagesofwordsorexpressionsinasentencemayhavetheirsubstitute(s)andwecanassorttodifferentalternativesamongthemtosuitdifferentstyles(formalorinformalforinstance)ofourwriting.Thesesubstitutesoralternativesofusagesaresynonymousandgrammaticallycorrectbuthavedifferentrhetoricalorstylisticeffect.Synonymouschoicesareintendedforstylisticappropriatenessthatcanmakeourwritingmoreeffective.StylisticChoiceofNouns,PronounsandNumeralsFormaluseofnouns,pronounsandnumeralsistheguaranteeofpreliminaryeffectinwriting,especiallycognitivewriting(writingtoexpressmeaning),butinformaloridiomaticuseofthemmayberhetoricallyorstylisticallymoreeffective,especiallyinstylisticwriting(writingtoexpressemotions).Thereforewewillconcentrateonsomeinformaloridiomaticandthusmoreeffectiveusagesofthem.StylisticUseofNounsInformalbutmoreeffectiveuseofnounsispartlyreflectedinthefollowingcases.StylisticUseofNounsasPre-modifiersComparedtopost-modifyinguseofnouns,pre-modifyinguseofthemisclearerandmoreconcise,thoughmaybelessformal.Atypicalexampleistheuseofnounsaspre-modifiersinpropernamesandspecialterms.Thefirstsampletextisabundantintheuseofnounsaspre-modifiers:ChinaDevelopmentBank,StateCouncil,policybanks,infrastructureprojects,ThreeGorgesDarrrShanghaiPudongInternationalAirport,PolicyBanksLaw,domesticChinamarket,ChinaConstructionBank,debtcapital,financemarket,etc.Bylessformal,wemeantheymayhavemoreformalbutrigidsubstitutes.Forinstance,ChinaDevelopmentBankcanbesubstitutedbyTheBankofChinaforDevelopment,StateCouncilbyTheCouncilofState,etc.Nowadaysthese“l(fā)essformal“usageshavebecomequiteformal.Whatisimportantisthatweshouldgetfamiliarwithwhatpre-modifiersareintheadjectiveform(theCentralBank),whatareinthenounform,andwhatareinthepossessivecase(thePeopleRepublic).Oncethesenoun-nouncombinationsarefixed,theyhavebecometheformalusages.StylisticUseofCompoundNounsCompoundnounsareinessenceconstructionsofnounsandtheirmodifiers.Theyhavetremendousrhetoricaleffect(clearerandmoreconcise)thatwillbemorethoroughlydealtwithinlaterdiscussions.Compoundnounsarenumerousandfrequentlyusednotonlyindailyconversations,butalsoinwrittenEnglish.TheAztecs,whomtheSpanishconquerorHernandoCortezfoundeatingdogsin1519,wereamongthefewdog-eaters(peoplewhoeatdogs)knowntohaveformedanempire;dog-eating(theeatingofdogs)persistsamongsomeoftheirisolateddescendants.-4,WhereElseDogsandCatsAreEaten',,AnimalPeopleJuly/August1999.StylisticUseofNounsinSingularFormbutTakingaPluralVerbNounsinsingularformandwithsingularmeaning(semantically)maytakepluralverbs.Whentakingpluralverbs,theyareusedidiomatically.Everycitizenover18hastheir(his)righttovote.Everybody(has)GotTheir(His)Something-Sample3StylisticUseofPronounsWhatwearegoingtotalkabouthereislimitedtostylisticoridiomaticuseofpersonalandnon-personalpronouns;relativeandconjunctivepronounshavebeendiscussedinsyntacticalwriting,thewritingofsentences.Generic(General)UseofPersonalPronounsGenericuseof“we”and“our”suggestsakindoffamiliarity.Genericuseof"you"and"your"hassomeemotionaleffect.Genericuseof“they”and“their”producesaneffectofalienation.“One"and"one's"aresometimesgenericallyusedintheplaceof"you"and"your"inordertobemoreformalandavoidadirectandmaybeimpolitereference.Allthesegenericusageshavestrongrhetoricaleffect.Butinveryformalwritings,wedon'thavetoworryaboutourdirectreferencesinusingpersonalpronouns.Ifweworkhardwewillsurelybesuccessful.(Rhetoricallysuggestiveofyou)Youcantakeahorsetothewater,butyoucan'tmakehimdrink.-Sample2(Familiarlysuggestiveof“one”)Ifonedoesn'tworkonecannothopetobepaid.(Rhetoricallysuggestiveofyou)PersonalPronounsUsedtoMeanSexlessThingsSexlessthingssuchasships,places(countries,cities,etc),celestialbodies(thesun,themoon)andsooncanbeconsideredmasculineorfeminine,chieflytoexpresssomekindoffeelings.Thenewshipwillbelaunchednextweek.HervirginvoyagetoEuropewilltakesixdays.Butinformalwritings,theseemotionalreferenceshadbetterbeavoided.Themoontravelsaroundthesunandeachofhercirclingaroundhimtakesaboutthirtydays.*IdiomaticUsagesofPronounsinCaseIdiomaticusagesofpronounsincasearestylisticallymoreeffective.ObjectiveCaseUsedasNominativeCaseSometimesanobjectivecasecanbeusedcolloquiallytoreplaceanominativecasealthoughitwillbequiteallrighttoreturntotheformaluseofanominativecase.Whenusedafter“IhanJanobjectiveuseismorepopularnowadays.Butinformalwritings,wecanstillremainalittlebitconservative.“Whoisspeakingonthephone?”"It'sme(/),Thomsonspeaking.Ifyouwerehim,youwouldthinkthesameway.Sheisnotapersonwhom(who)Ithoughthasbeenveryconsiderate.Mybrotherismuchmoresuccessfulthanme(/).SubjectiveinFormbutObjectiveinMeaningSomepronounstakesubjectiveformsbutexpressobjectivemeanings.Pleasetellallthosewho(whom)Iknowtobepresent.Whodoyouwanttostaywith?Sincemybrother'sarrest(thearrestofmybrother),manypeoplehavetelephonedmetoshowtheirconcernforhim.Hereducation(theeducationofshereceived)isscantysoitisverydifficultovertimeonmutualtrust,andthechainsawbosseschainsawedthattochipsyearsago.(Notasidiomaticastheoriginal)Hundredsofpeople,ingorillacostumes,participateintheannual7kmGreatGorillaRunalongtheRiverThamesonSundaytoraisemoneyforTheGorillaOrganisation,acharityaimingtosavethethreatenedgorillahabitatinAfrica.(Notasidiomaticastheoriginal)1)Whatisthestylisticeffectofusingadjectives?Whyareadjectivessometimespostposed?Findouttheanswerfromthelecture.Rewritethefirstsentenceinthefollowingbycancelingalltheadjectives;rewritethesecondsentencewithoutpostposingtheadjectivesoradjectivephrases,andthencomparethedifferentstylisticeffectsofthetwoversionsofeachsentence.CommentingonthelatestOscarsawards,theVaticandailyL'OsservatoreRomanosaidinanopinioncolumnthatthemoviesportraytheimageofaAmerica.(Notassubstantialastheoriginal)fOsservatoresaysthat,asidefromtheawardsgiventothesetwofilms,Hollywoodhasbeendominatedthisyear**bydarkfilms.Thesedarkfilmsarefilledwithviolencebutmainlywithhopelessness.H(Notasconciseandcoherentastheoriginal)1)Whatisthestylisticeffectoftheuseof"and”atthebeginningofasentence?Findouttheanswerfromthelecture.2)Rewritethefollowingsentencebycancelingthe"and"atthebeginningofthesentence,andcomparethedifferentstylisticeffectsofthetwoversions.Wewerejustacoupleguysinanapartment,whichdidnotseemcoolin1995thewayitdoesnow.Thethingwe'dbuilt,asfarastheycouldtell,wasn'tevensoftware.(Notascoherentandemphaticastheoriginal)ILTranslationoftheSampleTextOpen.III.SupplementarySamplesSample(1):forhertofindajobinthiscity.PossessiveCase"-'s"UsedforLifelessThingsPossessivecase"-'s''issupposedtobeusedforthingswithlife,butinpractice,thereisatendencythatmoreandmorewritersuseitforlifelessthingsforsimplicity.Ibelievethebook'sacceptability(theacceptabilityofthebookbyitsreaders)isbeyondanydoubt.AvoidingRepeatedUseoftheSamePossessiveFormMostpossessivecasescantaketwoforms,oneusing“sJtheotherusing“oF'phrase.Sometimespossessivecasesneedtoberepeated,buttherepetitionofasamepossessiveformsoundsratherawkwardinreading,especiallywhenrepeatedformorethantwice.Itismyteacher'sson'sbook.*Itisabookofthesonoftheteacher.*Inordertoavoidthiskindofrepetition,thetwopossessiveformscanbeusedalternatelyorincombination.Theaboveawkwardrepetitioncanbeimprovedthisway:Itisabookofmyteacher'sson.PossessiveCaseUsedtoDenoteQuantityorExtentPossessivecasecanbeusedtodenotequantityorextentoftime,apace,worth,andetc.Fortime,wemayhave“sixhours'work,“"twoweeks'(fortnight's)stay,"etc;andforspace,wemayhave“ahair'sbreath,““anarm'slength,etc;andforworth,wecanuse“threepound'sworth,“"ashilling'sworth,"etc.TheoriginalfivehoursJourneyhasbeenshortenedbyone-fifth.Thisiceandsnowdisasterhascausedmanybillionyuans'\oss.But“five-yearplan,"“six-yearterm"，etcdonotusepossessivecase.Thenextfive-yearplanstartsfrom2008to2012.IdiomaticOmissionsinPossessiveCaseInidiomaticuse,nounsafterpossessivecasecanbeomittedwithoutcausinganytroubleofunderstanding,suchas“iheJohns,(house),n"thebarber's(shop),“etc."Whereareyougoing?"MTothetailor's."Atthenextcorneryoucanfind“TheColling's.nStylisticChoiceofVerbsTwoformsofverbs(nomatterwhethertheyarepredicateverbsornon-prcdicateverbs)maybedifferentinformbutthesameinmeaningsothatwecanmakestylisticchoiceamongdifferentformstoexpressthesameidea.Ourtalkonstylisticchoiceofverbswillbelimitedtoidiomaticuseofverbs,includingpredicateverbs,non-predicateverbs;andomissionsofverbs.1)StylisticUseofPredicateVerbsPredicateverbsincludephrasalverbsandverbphrases.Phrasalverbsandverbphrasesarcstylisticallyinformalorlessformalthannormalverbs(non-phrasalverbsandnon-verbphrases).Thereforeyoucanmakeachoicebetweenthem.PhrasalVerbsStructurally,therearethreetypesofphrasalverbsthatcanallbeusedforstylisticchoices:Verb+Adverb,Verb+Preposition,Verb+Adverb&Prepositions.4Lipserviceornot,neitherservicenorloyaltycountedaspluses.-Sample4(Havethevalueof)(Verb-preposition)Butevenmoreseriousisthatpollshowingbetterthanfourof10malegraduatesandth