翻譯理論與實(shí)踐-parison

English

vsChinese:英漢對比研究一、英漢思維差異探討周光召（前院長）：“一種文化的特點(diǎn)更集中地反映在它的思想方式和對待一些人類的問題看法態(tài)度之中?！备道祝骸皷|方人與西方人的思想方式有基本：我人重綜合、重歸納、重暗示。西方人則重分析、細(xì)微、曲折，挖掘惟恐不足，描寫惟恐不周?！币?、英漢思維差異探討楊振寧：“中國的文化是向模糊，朦朧及總體的方向走，而西方文化是準(zhǔn)確而具體的方向走?！彼终f“中文的表達(dá)方式不夠準(zhǔn)確這一點(diǎn)，假如在寫法律是一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)的話，寫詩卻是一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)?！眲③模?65-532）所謂“意授于思，言授于意”（《文心雕龍：神思》）西方人重形式論證，崇尚

思維，重分析?，西方哲學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)主客體對立，物我分明。如希臘人認(rèn)為“人為萬物尺度”。的哲學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)天人合一，主客體主張“萬物與我為一”。所以西方人重

思維，表現(xiàn)在語言中，重形合，不求全面、周到，但求結(jié)構(gòu)上的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。漢民族重悟性，重整體抽象、重綜合漢語重悟性，即不憑借著嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)男问竭M(jìn)行分析，而是根據(jù)

的

，從邏輯及上下文中“悟”出關(guān)系來，因此語言簡約和模糊。意合是漢語重悟性的突出表現(xiàn)。即在語言中可以連連出現(xiàn)省略，而意義相連，脈絡(luò)清楚。形散而神聚的句子比比皆是。請看下列例句，體會(huì)英漢思維差異：1.

我買了六支鋼筆,一共三十元，拿回家一看，都是用過的了。I

bought

six

pens

whichcost

methirty

yuan.When

I

took

them

back

home,

I

found

they

weresecond-hand.2.襲人道：“一百年還記著呢！比不得你，拿著話當(dāng)耳邊風(fēng)，夜里說了，早起就忘了?！保ā?》）?“I’ll

remember

if

I

live

to

be

a

hundred!”

saidAroma.

“I’m

not

like

you,letting

whatI

say

goin

at

one

ear

and

out

at

the

other

forgettingwhat’s

said

at

night

by

the

nextmorning.”有何體會(huì)？3.“他來了，我走?！笨赡苡邢旅鎺追N理解，譯文分別不同：如果他來，我就走。If

he

comes,

I

will

go.既然他來，我可以走了。Since

he

comes,

I

will

go.當(dāng)時(shí)他來，我就走。When

he

comes,

I

will

go.因?yàn)樗麃?，所以我走。As

he

has

come,

I

must

go

now.?有何體會(huì)？4.

只見她一身珠光寶氣，綽約宜人。She

showed

up

in

a

graceful

manner,gleaming

with

jewelry.5.

任憑風(fēng)浪起，穩(wěn)坐

船。You

can

sit

tight

in

the

fishing

boat

despitethe

rising

wind

and

waves.6.

注意看看信的地址是否寫對了。Care

should

be

taken

to

see

if

the

letter

isproperly

addressed.?有何體會(huì)？7.

Hispassion

carried

himastray.他因感情沖動(dòng)而誤入歧途。8.

Neither

sorrow

nor

regret

followed

my

passionateoutburst.我發(fā)一陣怒后，并不難過，也不后悔。9.

Memories

of

that

historic

and

happy

occasion

stilllinger.猶新。ways

reminds

me

ofthe人們對那次歷史性的盛會(huì)10.

The

sight

of

the

orphparents.我看到這孤兒就會(huì)想起他的父母。11.

The

most

notable

is

the

further

willingness

of

peopleto

speak

their

minds.人們更愿意暢所欲言，這是最值得注意的。12.

Her

illness

kept

her

in

hospital

for

four

weeks.她因病在醫(yī)院住了四個(gè)星期。有何體會(huì)？13. Work

with,

and

not

against,

nature.要順應(yīng)自然工作，不要

自然工作。Reading

exercises

one’s

eyes;speaking,

one’s

tongue;

while

writing,one’s

mind.閱讀訓(xùn)練人的眼睛，說話訓(xùn)練人的口齒，寫作訓(xùn)練人的思維。房間空空蕩蕩，他走來走去，這兒停停，那兒停停，東

，西瞧瞧。Walking

up and

down

the

empty

room,

hestopped

here

and

there

to

touch

or

look.有何體會(huì)？1.

Hypotactic

vs.par

tic(形合與意合)Hypotaxis

(形合)is

the

dependent

or

subordinateconstruction

or

relationship

of

clauses

withconnectives.

English

sentence

buildingischaracterized

by

hypotaxis.

Parataxis

(意合)

is

thearranging

of

clauses

one

after

another

withoutconnectives showing

the

relation

between

them.Chinese

sentence

building

is

featured

by

parataxis.所謂“形合”指的是借助詞匯和形態(tài),如連接詞、關(guān)系詞等將詞語或句子連接起來,其特點(diǎn)是通過關(guān)聯(lián)詞體現(xiàn)詞語或句子之間的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系,即注重語句形式上的接應(yīng);所謂“意合”是指詞語或語句之間的連接主要憑借助詞、語句意義或語句間邏輯關(guān)系來實(shí)現(xiàn),其語言特點(diǎn)是著重行文意義上的連貫。劉宓慶在談到翻譯中句子整合問題時(shí)

:形合與意合兩種通常并存于一種語言中,是相輔相左的。只是在漢語中,意合比形合

;在英語中形合

比意合更重要更規(guī)范罷了。To

clarify

the

relations

between

words,phrasesor

clauses,English

more

often

resorts

to

overtcohesion(顯性銜接),frequently

using

variouscohesive

ties(銜接紐帶)suchas

coordinators(并列連詞)(e.g.

and,or,

but,

yet,

so,however,as

well

as,

either…or…,neither…nor…),subordinators(從屬連詞)(e.g.

when,

while,

as,since,

until,

so…that…,unless,

lest),

relativepronouns

and

adverbs(e.g.

who,whom,whose,that,

which,

when,where,why,how),prepositions

and

others.Let’s

look

at

someexamples.All

was

cleared

up

some

time

later

when

newscame

from

adistant

place

that

anearthquakewas

felt

the

veryday

the

little

copper

ball

fell.過了一些時(shí)候,

從遠(yuǎn)方傳來消息:

小銅球墜落那天,人們感受到了 ，這一切終于得到了澄清。We

will

not

attack

unless

we

areattacked.人不犯我,我不犯人。Let

everybody

share

the

foodif

there

is

any

.有飯大家吃。ExercisesUntil

all

is

over,

ambition

never

dies.He

who

does

not

advance

falls

backward.Smart

as

a

rule,

but

this

time

a

fool.不到

心不死。

（緊縮句）不進(jìn)則退。（四字格）聰明一世，糊涂一時(shí)。（對偶）2.

Imalvs.(物稱與人稱)alFormal

written

English

often

goes

with

anim al

style,

in

which

the

writer

doesnotrefer

directly

to

himself

or

his

readers,

and

heavoids

using

the

pronounsI,

we,

andyou,

thusthe

writer

and

the

reader

are

out

of

the

picture,hiding

themselves

behind

im al

language.Some

of

the

common

features

of

im

allanguage

are

passives,

sentences

beginningwith

the

introductory

word

it

and

nounsassubjects

(Leech,

1974:25).Chinese,

by

contrast,

prefers

to

use

the

al

style,

which

is

featured

by

moreactive

sentences,

or

more

active

sentences

inform

but

passive

in

meaning, al

subjects,or

subjectless

and

subject-omitted

sentenceswhen

the

subject

is

self-evident,

unknown

orimplied

in

the

context.As

a

result

of

the

above

differences,

theconversion

of

English

im al

subjects

intoChinese al

subjects

is

often

employed

intranslation.ExercisesAn

idea

suddenly

struck

me.我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。A

strange

peace

came

over

her

when

she was

alone.她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種莫名奇妙的寧靜。Alarm

began

to

take

entire

possession

of

her.From

the

moment

we

stepped

into

the

People’s,

careand kindness

surrounded

us

onevery

side.,他開始變得驚恐萬狀。一踏上中

民懷與照顧。就隨時(shí)隨地受到關(guān)3.

Passive

vs.

Active（

與主動(dòng)）Passives

of

various

forms

are

frequently

used

inEnglish

mainly

due

to

the

following

reasons:1)When nt

of

action

is

unknown

or

self-evident,

or

it

is

unnecessary

or

impossible

tomention nt.

E.g.

It

is

said

that

themurderer

will

be

hanged.2)

Syntactic

factors:

for

cohesion,

balance,

endfocus,

weight,

etc.

E.g.

I

was

astounded

that

heshould

be

prepared

to

give

me

a

job.Rhetorical

factors:

for

variation,

etc.

e.g.The

basic

English

sentence

pattern

ofsubject-verb-object can

be

varied

in

manyways.Stylistic

factors:

more

passives

ininformative

writing,

notably

in

the

objective,im al

style

of

scientific

articles,

newsitems

andE.g.

Theernment

communications.can

be

determinedprovided

that

the

voltage

and

current

areknown.The

passive

voice

allows

us

to

expreeaswithoutattributing

them

to

a

specific

iidualsource.

That

is

why

it

is

so

widely

used

inernment

communications

in

which

decisionsand

opinions

are

presumed

to

be

those

of

thebureau

or

agency

as

a

whole

and

notconsidered

to

be

those

of

individual

officials.Anyone

whodoes

not

wish

to

take

alresponsibility

for

his

statements

finds

a

way

outby

saying

or

writing

“It

is

directed

that”instead

of“I

direct

that”.

The

weak

passive

isused

in

newspaper

articles

for

the

same

reason:to

achieve

the

im al

note,

and

thus,

inmany

instances,

to

di direct

responsibilityfor

statements

that

arebased

onhearsay.By

contrast,

active

forms,

including

those

in

passivesense

are

often

used

in

Chinese.

There aresomereason

for

the

limited

use

of

the

Chinese

passive

formsmarked

by

被,讓、給、叫、挨、受、遭、蒙，etc.The

Chinese

passive

form

markedby

被

istraditionallyfelt

tobe

an

“inflictingvoice”

（不幸語態(tài)）,mainlyexpressing

things

unpleasant

or

undesirable

to

thesubjective ,

as

、被殺、被剝削、被

，though

there

is

amodern

tendency

todenote

things”、“被選為desirable

or

neutral,as

“被選為工會(huì)先進(jìn)工作者”。The

Chinese

passiveform

generally

has

an

agent

after被,which

restricts

the

use

of

the

passive

form

when

theagent

isunknown

or

difficult

to

mention.Instead,

Chinese

generally

prefers

to

use

activeforms;

besides,

there

are

many

other

ways

todenote

passive

sense

which

is

usuallyexpressed

in

the

English

passive

form.

E.g.1)

Notional

passives

（意義 式）:

active

inform

but

passive

in

sense.

Pattern:receptor

subject

（受事主語）+verb+agent一匹馬騎兩個(gè)人。（不說“一匹馬被兩個(gè)人騎”。）Two s

rode

one

horse.這鍋飯能吃十個(gè)人。（不說“這鍋飯能被十個(gè)人吃”。）A

pot

of

rice

like

this

can

feed

tenpeople.(3)昨晚我蓋了兩條被子。（不說“昨晚我被兩條被子蓋著”。）Last

night

I

was

covered

up

with

two

quilts.(4)

，你想死 了！Daddy,

we’ve

been

missing

you

very

much.克服了，工作完成了，問題也解決了。The

difficulties

have

been e,

the

workhas

been

finished,

and

the

problem

solved.2)

Subjectless

or

subject-omittedsentences

when

the

subject

is

self-evident,unknown,

or

implied

in

the

context.要制造飛機(jī),就必須考慮空氣阻力問題。Air must

be

given

carefulconsideration

when

the

aircraft

is

to

bemanufactured.為什么總把這些麻煩事推給我呢?Why

should

all

the

unpleasant

jobs

bepushed

onto

me?3)Using

generic s(通稱或泛稱)as

subjects:“人,有人,人們,大家,人家,別人,”,etc.

eg.Voices

were

heard

calling

for

help.有人聽見呼救

。It

is

well

known

that

the

compasswas

invented

in

China

morethan2000

years

ago.眾所周知,

在兩千多年前就發(fā)明了指南針。4.

Substitutive

vs.Repetition(替換與重復(fù))Repetition

of

words

in

English

is

generallymore

or

less

abnormal

and

objectionableexcept

that

it

is

rhetorical

or

significant(Fowler,

1951:218)To

avoid

repetition,

English

often

employssubstitution,

ellipsis,

variation, and

someother

devices.8.1

Substitution(替代)English

generally

uses

pro-forms

or

substitutesto

avoid

repetition,

while

Chinese

often

repeatsthe

same

words

or

clauses.Translation

from

English

into

Chinese

is

notso

easy

as

that

from

English

into

French.英譯漢不如英譯法容易。In

any

case,work

does

not

include

time,butpowerdoes.在任何情況下,功不包括時(shí)間，但功率卻包括時(shí)間。8.2

Ellipsis（省略）English

usually

leaves

out

the

same

word(s)

from

asentence

(zero-substitution)

to

avoid

repetition,

whileChinese

often

repeats

the

same

word(s).A

man

is

called

selfish,

not

for

pursuing

his

owngood,

but

for

neglectinghis

neighbor’s.說一個(gè)人自私自利,并非因?yàn)樗粓D自己的利益,而是因?yàn)樗活權(quán)従拥睦?Ambition

is

the

mother

of

destructionas

well

as

ofevil.野心不僅是

的根源,也是

的根源.8.3

Variation（變換）English

often

uses

synonyms

or

near-synonyms（同義詞，近義詞）,super-ordinates（上義詞）,hyponyms（下義

詞）,or

general

words

（概括詞）to

avoidrepetition,whileChinese

usually

repeats

the

same

word(s).Look

atthefollowing

Examples.John

has

bought

himself

a

new

Ford.

He

practically

livesinthecar.約翰給自己買了一部新的福特牌汽車,他幾乎就住在這部汽車?yán)?。An

electron

tube

is

generally

used

for

amplification,

andvacuum

tube

is

another

name

for

this

device.電子管通常用來放大，而真空管則是電子管的另一名稱。The

monkey’s

most

extraordinary plishment

waslearning

to

operate

a

tractor. Bythe nine,

themonkey

had

learned

to

solo

on

the

vehicle.

(R.

Quirk)這只猴子最了不起的技能是學(xué)會(huì)駕駛拖拉機(jī)。到了九歲的時(shí)候，這只猴子已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)單獨(dú)表演駕駛拖拉機(jī)了。Chinese,

however,

is

more

tolerant

of

repetition.Reiterative

devices

such

as

reduplication,

repetition,antithesis

and

parallelism

are

often

used

in

Chinese.8.4

Reduplication

(

)Chinese

often

employs

various

patterns

ofcharacter-reduplication

for

rhetorical

or

otherpurposes,

while

English

has

fewer

devices

of

thiskind.擠滿了男男女女,他們熙熙攘攘,正在

各種各樣的東西。The

road

was

packed

with

a

noisy

crowd

of

men

andwomen,

who

were

selling

and

buying

all

kinds

ofthings.（3）她希望所說的情況真真假假，足以使他糊里糊涂。She

hopedshe

had

mixed

enough

fact

and

fictioninher

story

to

mislead

him.8.5

Repetition(重復(fù))Compared

with

English

repetition

which

is

generallyrhetorical,

Chinese

repetition

of

word(s)

and

meaning(s)

isrhetorical

or

grammatical,

and

is

mu ore

frequent.不懂就是不懂,不要裝懂。We

must

not

pretend

to

know

what

we

do

not

know.他說他的，

。Let

him

say

what

he

likes;

I’ll

just

get

on

with

my

work.的一些舊衣服和舊家具，當(dāng)?shù)漠?dāng)了，賣的賣了。

Our

old

clothes

and

furniture

have

been

either

pawned

orsold.想喝就喝，想吃就吃，別客氣了。Eat

or

drink

as

youlike.

Please

make

yourself

at

home.沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默中

。（

：《紀(jì)念劉和珍君》）Silence!

Silence!

Unless

weburst

out,

weshall

perish

in

thissilence.二、英漢句式差異探討剛性與柔性繁復(fù)與簡單靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)重心向前和重心向后二、英漢句式差異探討英語結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊嚴(yán)密；漢語結(jié)構(gòu)簡練明快。英語句子好比一棵參天大樹，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一樹荔枝。而漢語句子好比一根竹子，一盤珠子，一江波濤。王力：“西洋語法是硬的，沒有彈性；中國語法是軟的，富有彈性?！灾袊Z法以達(dá)意為主。”呂叔湘：“漢語的句子有時(shí)哩哩啦啦，不那么嚴(yán)密，可以考慮分成“句段”來分析。”，漢語有這么一類句子，“一個(gè)小句接一個(gè)小句，很多地方可斷可連”，他把這類句子名為流水句。漢語句子的特點(diǎn)潘文國：漢語句子分為音句、義句。前者不等同于英語的句子，是為了表達(dá)節(jié)奏，而后者略等于英語的句子。漢語句子是“口頭上有較長停頓的，上以

、問好、感嘆號結(jié)束的語言片段?！睆墓糯鷿h語看，大部分的韻文與散文，其每句的字?jǐn)?shù)很難超過

。漢語的一個(gè)句子，可能相當(dāng)于英語的一個(gè)詞、短語、單句、復(fù)句甚至句群。因此，英漢互譯中，不可機(jī)械對應(yīng)英漢的句子請看以下例子：1.

The

isolation

of

the

rural

world,because

of

distance

and

the

lack

oftransport

facilities,

is

compounded

bythe

paucity

of

the

information

media.距離遠(yuǎn)，又缺乏交通工具，農(nóng)村社會(huì)本來就與外界隔絕，再加上通訊工具不足，這種隔絕就更加嚴(yán)重了。(比較：Because

there

is

a

great

distanceand

there

are

not

enough

transportorld

is

isolated.

Thise

more

seriousot

enough

informationfacilities,

the

risolation

hasbecause

thermedia.

)2.

Carlile

Street

runs

westward,

across

a

greatblack

bridge,

downa

hill

andup

again,

by

littleshops

and

meat-markets,

past

single-storiedhomes,

until

suddenly

it

stops

against

awidegreen

lawn.卡萊爾大街往西伸展，越過一座黑色大橋，爬下山崗又爬上去，經(jīng)過許多小鋪和肉市，又經(jīng)過一些平房，然后突然朝著一大片綠色草地中止了。3.

Inadequate

training

for

farmers

andthe

lowproductivity

of

many

farms

place

the

majority

ofcountry

dwellers

in

a

disadvantageous

positionin

their

own

countries.農(nóng)民缺乏訓(xùn)練，許多農(nóng)場生產(chǎn)率很低，這就使得大多數(shù)農(nóng)民處于貧窮的困境。4.晴雯先接出來，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高興，只寫了三個(gè)字，扔下筆就走了，哄我等了這一天，快來給我寫完了這些墨才算呢！”Qing-wen

greeted

him

with

a

s

,exclaiming,

“A

fine

one

you

are!

On

thespur

of

the

moment

you

bade

me

grind

inkfor

you

this

morning.

But

you

threw

downyour

brush

and

went

away

after

havingwritten

merely

three

characters.

You’vekept

me

waiting

for

you

the

whole

day.You

are

to

use

up

this

ink

now.

Be

quick!”5.

請觀察以下漢語句子：走，不早了，只有二十車子開來，走吧。《雷雨》，叫他們把他走進(jìn)客廳，喝了一口水，看了一會(huì)兒電視，又走回房間溫習(xí)。他拿著雜志，看了一眼，搖了搖頭，把它放回桌子上。6.

Tragedies

can

be

written

in

literature

sincethere

is

tragedy

in

life.生活中既有悲劇，文學(xué)作品就可以寫悲劇。7.

His

chief

contribution

was

making

me

realizehow

mu ore

than

knowledge

I

had

beengetting

fromhim.他使我認(rèn)識(shí)到，我從他那里學(xué)到的，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不只是知識(shí)，這是他最大的貢獻(xiàn)。8.

The

people

of

a

small

country

can

certainlydefeat

aggression

by

a

big

country,

if

onlytheydare

to

rise

in

struggle,

dare

to

take

up

arms

andgrasp

in

their

own

hands

the

destiny

of

theirowncountry.小國人民只要敢于起來

，敢于拿起握自己國家運(yùn)，就一定能打敗大國的并掌。9.

It

was

a

keen

disappointment

when

Ihad

to

postpone

the

visit

which

I

intendedto

pay

to

China

in

January.我原來打算在今年一月

中國，后來不得不推遲，這使我非常失望。1.

Rigid

vs.Supple(剛性與柔性)English

sentence

structures

are

cophrases,

verb

phrases,

etc.

It

hased

of

noune

anre

a

verb,invariable

custom

to

have

a

subjecand

therefore

a

sentence

that

dsubject

and

a

verb

is

felt

to

benot

contain

aplete.

Thesubject

must

agree

with

the

pre e

verb

inand

number,

etc.

This

rigid

S-V

concord

formskernel

of

a

sentence,

with

the

predicate

verbcontrolling

other

main

members.

English

sentences,however

long

and

complicated,

can

be

reduced

tofive

basic

patterns:

SV,

SVP,

SVO,

SVoO,

andSVOC.1.

句子

固定2.

句子成分固定主語：名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞成分謂語：動(dòng)詞賓語：名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞成分定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等。3.

搭配關(guān)系固定主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，介賓關(guān)系等4.連接詞、引導(dǎo)詞固定句子有固定的變體、擴(kuò)展、延伸、省略、倒裝方式English

sentences

are

characterized

by

theirvariants（變體）,expansion（擴(kuò)展）,combination（組合）,omission（省略）,orinversion(倒裝).Variants:

interrogative,

negative, andpassive;“There

be

+

subject”.Expansion:

adding

modifiers,

including

words,phrases,

and

clauses;

usingphrases

or

clausesinstead

of

words

as

members

of

the

basic

patterns.Combination:

combining

simplesentences

intocompoundor plex

sentences.Omission:

omitting

certain

members

of

the

sentence.Inversion:

inverting

the

word-order

of

the

sentence.This

rigid

S-V

concord

（主謂一致）forms

the

kernel

of

anEnglish

sentence.

English

sentences,

however

long

andcomplicated,

can

be

reduced

to

five

basic

patterns:

SV,

SVP,SVO,SVoO,

and

SVOC.

Chinese,

however,

is

relatively

freefrom

the ernment

of

the

rigid

S-V

concord.

The

subject-predicate

structure

is

usually

varied,

flexible,

and

thereforecomplicated

and

supple.

E.g.文章翻譯完了。（受事主語）The

essay

has

been

translated.全市到處在興建新工廠。（地點(diǎn)主語）New

factories

are

being

built

all

overthe

city.現(xiàn)在正下著毛毛細(xì)雨。（時(shí)間主語）It

is

drizzling

at

the

moment.累得我站不起來了。（無主句）I

am

so

exhausted

that

I

can’t

stand

up.The

predicate

ofa

Chinese

sentence

is

so

varied

andcomplicated:天高云淡。（形容詞作謂語）The

sky

is

high

and

the

clouds

are

pale.他

去了。

（連動(dòng)式謂語）He

has

gone

abroadfor

further

studies.我介紹他加入 。

（兼語式謂語）I mended

him

formembership

of

theassociation.這項(xiàng)合同經(jīng)理要簽名。(主謂詞組作謂語)This

contract

should

be

signed

by

themanager.這姑娘長得漂亮，鵝蛋形臉，兩眼又深又黑，披著又長又密的頭發(fā)。She

is

a

pretty

girl,

with

an

oval

face,deepdark

eyes,

and

longheavy

clinging

tresses.The

rigidity

of

English

generally

requires

a

complete

sentencestructure,

SV

concord,and

formal

cohesion(形式銜接),whilethe

suppleness

of

Chinese

enjoys

flexibility

of

sentencestructure

and

pays

more

attention

to

semantic

coherence(語義連貫).王力

(1984:53):“就句子的結(jié)構(gòu)而論,西洋語言是的,中國語言是人治的。所謂‘’，即句子的形式嚴(yán)格受到語法的制約，如句子必須有主語和謂語動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞必須有賓語，這些不管用得著用不著，總要呆板地求句子形式的一律。所謂‘人治’，即句子比較不受形式的約束，可以因表意的需要而加以變通，詞語的分合伸縮比較靈活，用得著就用，用不著就不用，只要雙方意思明白，就可以了。英語有綜合語的特征，受形式的約束，因而語法是硬的，沒有彈性；漢語是分析語，不受形態(tài)的約束，因而語法是軟的，富于彈性。”2.

Complex

vs

Simple(繁復(fù)與簡短)Subordination(從屬結(jié)構(gòu)),the

placing

of

certainelements

in

modifying

roles,

is

a

fundamentalfeature

of

English.With

plenty

ofsubordinateclauses

and

phrases,English

has

comparativelylonger

and

more

complicated

sentences

thanChinese,which,on

the

other

hand,is

marked

byits

coordination(并列結(jié)構(gòu)),loose

or

minorsentences(松散句),contracted

sentences(緊縮句),elliptical

sentences,run-onsentences(流水句),and

composite

sentences(并列句).English

sentence

building

is

featured

by

an“architecture

style”(樓房建筑式)withextensive

use

of

longer

or

subordinatestructures,while

Chinese

is

marked

by

a“chronicle

style”(流水記事式)with

frequentuse

of

shorter

or

composite

structures.In

short,English

sentences

are

often

complex,whileChinese

sentences

are

often

simple.ExercisesIn

the

doorway

lay

at

least

twelve

umbrellas

of

allsizes

and

colors.門口放著一堆雨傘，少說也有十二把,五顏六色,大小不一。There

are

many

wonderful

stories

to l

about

theplaces

I

visited

and

the

people

I

met.Can

you

answer

a

question

which

I

want

to

askand

which

is

puzzling

me?我

了一些地方,也遇到了一些人。要談起來,奇妙的事兒可多著哩。我有一個(gè)問題弄不懂，想請教你，你能回答嗎？3.

Static

vs.

Dynamic（靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)）Broadly

speaking,

nouns

are

believed

to

bestatic

in

that

they

refer

to

entities

that

are

seenas

stable.

At

the

opposite

pole,

verbsarefeatured

as

dynamic,

for

they

are

fitted

by

theircapacity

to

show

tense

and

aspect,

to

indicateaction,

activity,

and

temporary

or

changingconditions

(Quirk,

1973:

48).

Adjectives

andprepositions

often

go

hand

in

hand

with

nouns,while

adverbs

are

frequently

used

with

verbs.English

is

featured

by

its

predominance

of

nounsover

verbs.

S.

Potter

(1969:101)

points

out,“Our

western

civilization,

it

has

been

said,favors

anover-development

of

the

in lect

at

theexpense

of

the

emotions.That

is

why

peopleprefer

nouns

to

verbs.They

suffer

what

theGermans

call

‘noun

disease’.They

sayJohn’s

arrival

was

premature

instead

of

Johnca

soon.”Therefore,nominalization(名詞化)is

acommon

occurrence

in

English.English

makesmore

use

ofnouns,

adjectives,and

prepositions;as

aresult,

it

is

morestatic.

Conversely,

Chinese

oftenemploys

verbs,

adverbs,

verbal

phrases,repetition

andreduplication

of

verbs;

accordingly,

it

is

moredynamic.Let’s

compare

some

English

sentences

with

their

Chineseversions.1.

The

doctor’s

extremely

quick

arrival

and

monlycareful

examination

of

the

patient

brought

abouthis

veryspeedyrecovery.醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá),并仔細(xì)地檢查了

,所以,

很快就康復(fù)了.As

a

result

of

the

above

difference,

the

conversion

of

theEnglish

nominal

style

into

the

Chinese

verbal

style,

e.g.English

nounsconverted

into

Chinese

verbs,

adjectives

intoadverbs,

prepositions

into

verbs,

etc.

is

often

employed

intranslation.He

is

a

good

eater

and

a

good

sleeper.他能吃能睡。I

used

to

be

a

bit

of

a

fancier

myself.過去我常常有點(diǎn)喜歡胡思亂想。ExercisesThe

computer

is

afar

more

careful

andindustrious

inspector

than

human

beings.He

has

someone

behind

him.Ford’s pledge

was,

“Mr.,

you

have

my

support

and

myloyalty.”計(jì)算機(jī)比人檢查得更細(xì)心，更勤快。有人給他撐腰。福特一開始就保證說：

“總統(tǒng)先生，我支持您，并效

您?！庇覕U(kuò)展RBD

vs

LBD左擴(kuò)展英語句式是向右擴(kuò)展的，漢語則是向左。漢語的擴(kuò)展方向一般是向左的，而英語的擴(kuò)展方向是向右的?！宋膰?，1997英語的各個(gè)層面，短語、句子、復(fù)句都呈現(xiàn)尾部開放向右擴(kuò)展的樣態(tài)?！苤九啵?003漢語基本句具有句首開放性（opening

beginning）和句末收縮性（contracting

ending/closedending），而英語句子相反，具有句首封閉性和句末開放性?！?jiǎng)㈠祽c，1992；連淑能，1993He

had

cleared

up

those

confusions

whicharose

from

different

medicines

that

hadthe

same

name

and

from

various

namesthat

had

been

given

to

the

same

substance.他使那些由于不同的藥物有著同一名稱而同一藥物卻又給以不同的名稱所引起的混亂得以澄清。藥名很，有的是由于不同藥物有同一名稱所引起，有的是由于同一藥物卻有不同名稱所造成，他對此一一作了澄清。Can

you

answer

a

question

which

I

wantto

ask

and

which

is

puzzling

me?你能回答一個(gè)我要問你的而又使我感到迷惑的問題的嗎？我有一個(gè)問題弄不明白，想請教你，你能回答嗎？He

did

not

remember

his

father

who

diedwhen

he

was

three

years

old.他記不起當(dāng)他三歲時(shí)就死了的父親。他三歲時(shí)就死了父親，所以記不得他了。This

is

the

farmer

sowing

his

cornThat

kept

the

cock

that

crowed

in

the

mornThat

waked

the

priest

all

shaven

and

shornThat

married

the

m

l

tatteredand

tornThat

kissed

the

maiden

all

forlornThat

milked

the

cow

with

the

crumpled

hornThat

tossed

the

catThat

killed

the

ratThat

ate

the

maltThat

lay

in

the

house

that

Jack

built——

Quirk,

1972紅顏梅花一朵梅花鬢邊斜插一朵梅花鬢邊斜插一朵梅花糞桶兩個(gè)糞桶肩上橫挑兩個(gè)糞桶黑臉長工肩上橫挑兩個(gè)糞桶——潘文國，1997；劉宓慶，1992小結(jié)英語的右擴(kuò)展是符合英語的實(shí)際的，它之所以能大量地向右擴(kuò)展是由它的形態(tài)形式詞保證的。而漢語正因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞不形態(tài)變化，形式

不夠發(fā)達(dá)，只能主要靠語義連貫和語序安排來組織句子，所以擴(kuò)展就比較靈活，可以左擴(kuò)展，也可以右擴(kuò)展，甚至中擴(kuò)展，只要意義相連，語序不亂就行。三、本質(zhì)上，英漢語言差異是綜合語與分析語的差異Synthetic

vs.