考研考博-英語-東北林業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-東北林業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

FromthebeginningoftheRepublic,Americanshaveenjoyedaccusingthefirstmagistrateofkinglyambition.Sometimesseriouslybutmoreoftenderisively,thepresidentisdenouncedasawould-beking,subvertingtheConstitutionforpersonalends.FromGeneralWashingtontothepresentincumbent,thewielderofpowerhasusuallybeenregardedwithsuspicion,adisagreeablebutnotunhealthystateofaffairsforbothgovernorandgoverned.Fewpresidents,however,havebeenaccusedofwantingtoestablishfamilydynasties,ifonlybecausemostpresidentshavefounditimpossibletoselectasuccessorofanysort,muchlesspromotearelative.ButnowsomethingnewishappeningintheRepublic,andastheChinesesay,weareliving“ininterestingtimes”.

In1960,withtheelectionofthethirty-fifthpresident,thefamousambitionofJosephP.Kennedyseemedatlastfulfilled.Hehimselfhadcomealongwayfromobscuritytogreatwealthandprominence;nowhiseldestsurvivingson,accordingtoprimogeniture,hadgonethefulldistanceandbecomepresident.Itwasatriumphforthepatriarch.Itwasalsoasplendidmomentforatleasthalfthenation.WhatdoubtsonemayhavehadabouttheKennedyswereobscuredbythecharmandintelligenceofJohnF.Kennedy.Heappearedtobebeautifullyontohimself;hewasalsoontous;thereisevenevidencethathewasontothefamily,too.Asaresult,therewerefewintellectualsin1960whowerenotbeguiledbythespectacleofapresidentwhoseemedalwaystobestandingatacertainremovefromhimself,watchingwithamusementhisownperformance.Hewasanironistinaprofessionwheretheprizeusuallygoestotheapparentcomball.Withsuchamanaschiefofstate,allthingswerepossible.Hewould“getAmericamovingagain”.

Butthenmysteriouslythethingwentwrong.Despitefinerhetoricandwisecommentary,despitetheglamorofhispresence,wedidnotmove,andifhistoriansarecorrectwhentheytellusthatpresidentsare“made”intheirfirsteighteenmonthsinoffice,thenonecanassumethattheKennedyadministrationwouldneverhavefulfilledourhopes,muchlesshisown.Kennedywasofcourseill-fatedfromthebeginning.TheBayofPigsusedupmuchofhiscreditinthebankofpublicopinion,whilehisattemptsatsociallegislationwereresolutelyblockedbyamorethanusuallyobstructiveCongress.InforeignaffairshewasoverwhelmedbythemasterfulKhrushchevandnotuntiltheCubanmissilecrisisdidheachievetacticalparitywiththatslygambler.Hisadministration’soneachievementwasthetest-bantreaty,anencouragingfootnotetothecoldwar.

YettodayKennedydeadhasinfinitelymoreforcethanKennedyliving.Thoughhisadministrationwasnotasuccess,hehimselfhasbecomeanexemplarofpoliticalexcellence.Partofthisphenomenonisattributabletotherace’sneedforheroes,evenindeflationarytimes.ButmostlythelegendisthedeliberatecreationoftheKennedyfamilyanditsclients.Wantingtoregainpower,itisnownecessarytoshowthatonceuponatimetherewasindeedaCamelotbesidethePotomac,agoldenageforeverlostunlessasecondKennedyshouldbecomethepresident.Andso,toensuretherestorationofthatlovelytime,thepastmustbetransformed,dullfactstranscended,andthedeadheroextolledinfilms,throughmemorials,andinthepagesofbooks.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whenmanyconsideredKennedyasapresidentialcandidate,（

）.

2.DuringKennedy’spresidency,the“bankofpublicopinion”

（

）.

3.TheauthorbelievesthattheAmericanpublic’swarinessofitsleader’sambitionforpoweris

（

）.

4.TheauthornotesthatAmericahasnotdevelopedlastingpoliticaldynasties

（

）.

5.FromthedescriptionofJohnF.Kennedyinthisessay,wemightseehimasforeshadowingthemodernpopularityof（

）.

問題1選項

A.misgivingswerenullifiedbycharisma

B.hisinexperiencewasnotafactor

C.JosephP.Kennedy’sambitionswerefulfilled

D.theyfounditdifficulttodecidewhetherornottovoteforhim

問題2選項

A.overflowedbecauseoftheBayofPigs

B.constrainedafast-flowingriverofpopularcontentment

C.wasnegativelyaffectedbecauseoftheCongress

D.wasdepletedearly

問題3選項

A.prudent

B.jaundiced

C.indicativeofdisillusionment

D.quixotic

問題4選項

A.becauseofdisenchantmentwiththeKennedypresidency

B.becauseofcongressionaloversight

C.forwantofpresidentialheirs

D.forpragmatic,ratherthanpractical,reasons

問題5選項

A.meta-humorandrecta-analysis

B.populistpoliticalmovements

C.intellectualdisenchantmentwithAmericanpolitics

D.realitytelevisionshows

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:

1.判斷推理題。題干中“whenmanyconsideredKennedyasapresidentialcandidate”是指肯尼迪競選總統(tǒng)一事，因此答案也需要在相關(guān)內(nèi)容處找。第二段中第五句說到“WhatdoubtsonemayhavehadabouttheKennedyswereobscuredbythecharmandintelligenceofJohnF.Kennedy”，約翰?f.肯尼迪的魅力和智慧掩蓋了人們對肯尼迪家族的懷疑，也就是A選項“個人魅力抵消了疑慮”表述內(nèi)容。

第2題:2.事實細節(jié)題。題干中關(guān)鍵詞“bankofpublicopinion”出現(xiàn)在文章第三段第四句“TheBayofPigsusedupmuchofhiscreditinthebankofpublicopinion”，豬灣事件耗盡了他在公眾輿論銀行的大部分信用。且前一句最后提到了時間點“fromthebeginning”。由此可知，D選項“提前消耗”正確。

第3題:3.觀點態(tài)度題。題干中關(guān)鍵在于“美國公眾對其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的權(quán)力野心保持警惕”，這一點在文章第一段第一、二句中做了表述，美國民眾對于當權(quán)者始終抱有懷疑的態(tài)度，或以嚴肅，或以嘲諷的語氣譴責當權(quán)者想要顛覆憲法做國王（回到封建時期）。并且作者對此給出了評論“…adisagreeablebutnotunhealthystateofaffairsforbothgovernorandgoverned”，對大家來說，這是一種令人討厭但并非不健康的狀態(tài)。對比四個選項，A選項prudent“謹慎的”；B選項jaundiced“有偏見的”；C選項indicativeofdisillusionment“醒悟的象征”；D選項quixotic“空想的”。綜合文意及選項可知A選項符合題意。

第4題:4.事實細節(jié)題。由選項可知，本題需要找原因。題干中關(guān)鍵信息“Americahasnotdevelopedlastingpoliticaldynasties（美國沒有發(fā)展出持久的政治王朝）”,出現(xiàn)在文章第一段“Fewpresidents,however,havebeenaccusedofwantingtoestablishfamilydynasties,ifonlybecausemostpresidentshavefounditimpossibletoselectasuccessorofanysort”，可知原因在于大多數(shù)總統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)難以選擇繼任者。因此C選項“因缺少總統(tǒng)繼任者”正確。

第5題:5.判斷推理題。文章第二段說到“Asaresult,therewerefewintellectualsin1960whowerenotbeguiledbythespectacleofapresident…”，肯尼迪在任時，大多數(shù)知識分子都為他著迷。第三段提到幻想破滅“thenonecanassumethattheKennedyadministrationwouldneverhavefulfilledourhopes,muchlesshisown”，肯尼迪政府永遠不會實現(xiàn)我們的愿望，更不用說他自己的了。由此可知，知識分子對美國政治不再抱有幻想，也就是C選項的內(nèi)容。因此C選項正確。

2.單選題

Theremarkable（

）oflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwinto

establishhistheoryofevolution.

問題1選項

A.classification

B.variety

C.density

D.diversion

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。classification“分類，類別”；variety“多樣化”；density“密度”；diversion“轉(zhuǎn)移，消遣”。句意：加拉帕戈斯群島上生物顯著的多樣性激發(fā)了達爾文去建立自己的進化論。由后半句“激發(fā)了達爾文去建立自己的進化論”可推知該島上的生物是多樣的。答案B

3.翻譯題

Forthoseplayingthegameofscience,themethodbywhichtheyascertainwhattheybelieveiscrucial.Theyhavetoevaluatedataandargumentsanddecideforthemselvesontheirvalidity.Scientistscommunicatingtoothershavethetaskofconvincingthehearersofthevalidityoftheirstatementsintermsofthedataandtheirexplanationsofthedata.Theyarenotplayingthegamecorrectlyiftheywinsupportbythestrengthoftheirpersonalityorprestige.Intheshortrunscientistsmayfollowanotheronthebasisofprestige,butthiscannotcontinueindefinitely.Itisuptothehearerstoevaluatewhatthescientistssayratherthanacceptitbecausetheysayit.Andtheculminationofthisenterpriseisthedeterminationofwhethertheexplanationsaccountforthedataobserved.Therelationshipbetweenscientificexplanationsanddatahelpstoensuretheintegrityofscientists.Iftheirfindingsareimportant,theycanbesurethattheirtheoriesanddatawillbeexaminedcriticallyandnewevidenceattained.

Itisthesystemofdata-basedexplanationthatdistinguishessciencefromdogma.Scientistshaveboththerightandtheresponsibilitytodecideforthemselves,onthebasisofevidenceathand,thebestexplanationofasetofphenomena.Ontheotherhand,dogma(religious,economic,politicalorsocial)dependsonpronouncementsbyestablishedauthorities.

【答案】【參考譯文】

對于那些玩科學(xué)游戲的人來說，用什么方法來確定相信什么至關(guān)重要。他們必須評估數(shù)據(jù)和論點，并自己判斷其正確性?？茖W(xué)家在與他人交流時，需要讓聽者相信他們的數(shù)據(jù)陳述及其對數(shù)據(jù)解釋的正確性。如果他們以自己的個性或威望贏得支持，就沒有遵循正確的游戲之道。在短期內(nèi)，科學(xué)家們可能會基于聲望而追隨另一個科學(xué)家，但這種情況不可能無限期地持續(xù)下去。聽者應(yīng)該評估科學(xué)家所說的，而不是因為他們說了就接受。而這一事業(yè)的頂級目標是確定解釋到了觀測到的數(shù)據(jù)?？茖W(xué)解釋與數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系有助于確?？茖W(xué)家的完整性。如果他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是重要的，就可以確信他們的理論和數(shù)據(jù)會得到嚴格的檢驗，并獲得新的證據(jù)。

正是基于數(shù)據(jù)的解釋，系統(tǒng)將科學(xué)與教條區(qū)分開來?？茖W(xué)家有權(quán)利也有責任根據(jù)手頭的證據(jù)，自行做出對一系列現(xiàn)象的最佳解釋。另一方面，教條（宗教的、經(jīng)濟的、政治的或社會的）取決于權(quán)威的觀點。

4.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

北京奧組委(TheBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheGamesoftheXXIXOlympiad)官方網(wǎng)站訊：2007年6月23日，在八達嶺長城舉辦的“第四屆2008北京奧林匹克文化節(jié)”開幕式上，所有觀眾的目光都被長城上的新標識所吸引一一在綠樹環(huán)繞下，一個令所有中國人興奮的口號映襯著的長城遒勁而古老的線體。這就是一座長67米，高18米的“同一個世界同一個夢想(OneWorldOneDream)”北京奧運會會徽(Emblem)和北京奧運會主題口號大型景觀建筑。在今后的兩年多的時間里，每當人們抬頭仰望長城巍峨的身姿就會知道，奧運和中國有著怎樣的無法割舍的淵源。

【答案】TheBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheGamesoftheXXIXOlympiadOfficialWebsiteNews:AttheopeningceremonyoftheFourth2008BeijingOlympicCulturalFestival,heldontheBadalingGreatWallonJune23,2007,allaudiencesareattractedtothenewlogoontheGreatWall.Surroundedbygreentrees,thislogoshowspowerfulandantiquelineoftheGreatWallwithanexcitingslogantoallChinesepeople.Thatisalargelandscapearchitecture,67meterslengthand18metershigh,ofBeijingOlympicGamesemblemengravingcharacterswith“OneWorldOneDream”andBeijingOlympicGamesthemeslogan.Overthenextmorethantwoyears,peoplewilllearnaboutthedeepandcloserelationshipbetweenOlympicGamesandChinawhenevertheylookupattoweringfigureoftheGreatWall.

5.單選題

TheBritishpublicwasslowlyeasedintotheknowledgethatwhathadbeenseenasafairytalemarriagehasbeen[A]deeplymiserable.Aseparationwasannouncedin1992.Onthattelevisionprogramin1995Dianahintedthatthe[B]princessmightneverbecomeking.Asforherselfshewouldliketobe[C]“kingofpeople’shearts”.Theput-uponrealqueenhad[D]hadenough.

問題1選項

A.deeply

B.princess

C.“kingofpeople’shearts”

D.had

【答案】B

【解析】考查混用詞語。B選項處指的是PrinceCharles，應(yīng)把princess改為prince。

6.翻譯題

Heisaformerscientistwhotransitionedtoindustrymanyyearsagoandthenontoaseniormanagementposition.

【答案】他曾是一名科學(xué)家，多年前轉(zhuǎn)行到工業(yè)界，然后擔任高級管理職位。

7.單選題

Evidence,reference,andfootnotesbythethousandtestifytoascrupulousresearcherwhodoesconsiderablejusticetoafullrangeofdifferenttheoreticalandpoliticalpositions.

問題1選項

A.trustworthy

B.intelligent

C.diligent

D.meticulous

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項“可靠的，信賴的”；B選項“智慧的，聰明的”；C選項“勤勉的，用功的”；D選項“一絲不茍的，小心翼翼的”；題干中scrupulous“小心的，一絲不茍的”，句意：數(shù)以千計的證據(jù)、參考文獻和腳注證明了一位一絲不茍的研究人員，他對各種不同的理論和政治立場都做出了相當公正的評價。因此D選項最符合題意。

8.單選題

AstheclimateintheMiddleEastchangedbeginningaround7000B.C”conditionsemergedthatledtoamorecomplexandadvancedformofcivilizationinbothEgyptandoftheTigrisandEuphratesriversinMesopotamiabecamedrier,producingriver-sidelandsthatwerebothhabitableandfertile,andattractingsettlersarmedwiththenewlydevelopedtechniqueofagriculture.Thismigrationwasfurtherencouragedbythegradualtransformationoftheonce-hospitablegrasslandsoftheseregionsintodeserts.Humanpopulationbecameincreasinglyconcentratedintopocketsofsettlementscatteredalongthebanksofthegreatrivers.

Theriversprofoundlyshapedthewayoflifealongtheirbanks.InMesopotamia,themanagementofwaterinconditionsofunpredictabledrought,flood,andstormbecamethecentraleconomicandsocialchallenge.Villagersbeganearlytobuildsimpleearthworks,dikes,canals,andditchestocontrolthewatersandreducetheopposingdangersofdroughtduringthedryseason(usuallythespring)andfloodingattheharvesttime.

Sucheffortsrequiredadegreeofcooperationamongalargenumberofpeoplethathadnotpreviouslyexisted.Theindividualvillage,containingonlyadozenorsohousesandfamilies,waseconomicallyvulnerable;butwhenseveralvillages,probablyunderthedirectionsofacouncilofelders,learnedtosharetheirhumanresourcesinthebuildingofcoordinatednetworkofwater-controlsystems,thesafety,stability,andprosperityofallimproved.Inthisnewcooperation,theseedsofthegreatMesopotamiancivilizationswerebeingsown.

Technologicalandmathematicalinvention,too,werestimulatedbylifealongtherivers.Newdeviceswerefirstdevelopedhereforuseinirrigationsystems.Similarly,theearliestmethodsofmeasurementandcomputationandthefirstdevelopmentsingeometrywerestimulatedbytheneedtokeeptrackoflandholdingsandboundariesinfieldsthatwereperiodicallyinundated.

Theliversservedashighroadsofearliestcommerce.Tradersusedboatsmadeofbundlesofrushestotransportgrains,fruits,fibers,andtextilesfromonevillagetoanother,transformingtheriversintothecentralspinesofnascentcommercialkingdoms.Tradeexpandedsurprisinglywidely;wehaveevidencesuggestingthat,evenbeforetheestablishmentofthefirstEgyptiandynasty,goodswerebeingexchangedbetweenvillagersinEgyptandothersasfarasIran.

Similardevelopmentswereoccurringatmuchthesametimealongthegreatrivervalleysinotherpartsoftheworldforexample,alongtheIndusinIndiaandHwangHoinChina.Thehistoryofearlycivilizationhasbeenshapedtoaremarkabledegreebytherelationshipofhumansandrivers.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistoexplain（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingsocialeffectsdidtheunpredictabilityofwatersuppliesinMesopotamiahave?

3.Theearliestgeometersweresupportedprimarilyby（）.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheemergenceofcomplexcivilizationsintheMiddleEastwasdependentuponthepreviousdevelopmentof（）.

5.TheauthorreferstoemergingcivilizationsinIndiaandChinaprimarilyinordertoemphasize（）.

問題1選項

A.howclimaticchangesledtothefoundingoftheearliestrecordedcities

B.theinfluenceofriverlifeonthegrowthofearlycivilizations

C.someoftherecentfindingsofresearchersintoearlyhumanhistory

D.thesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongseveralancientsocieties

問題2選項

A.Itledtowarfareoverwaterrightsamongrivalvillages.

B.Itencouragedcooperationinthecreationofwatermanagementsystems.

C.Itdrovefarmerstosettleinfertilegrasslandsfarfromtheuncontrollablerivers.

D.Ithadtheactualeffectofincreasingthepopulationthere.

問題3選項

A.mechanicalartisans

B.tradersandmerchants

C.farmlaborers

D.landowners

問題4選項

A.basictechniquesofagriculture

B.symbolicsystemsforwritingandmathematicalcomputation

C.toolsforconstructinghousesquicklyandeasily

D.amethodforstoringandtransferringwealth

問題5選項

A.theimportanceofwatertransportationinthegrowthofearlytrade

B.therelativelyadvancedpositionenjoyedbytheMiddleEastspreadtootherplaces

C.therapiditywithwhichsocialsystemsdevelopedintheMiddleEastspreadtootherplaces

D.thecrucialroleplayedbyriversinthedevelopmentofhumanculturesaroundtheworld

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章主要介紹河流對于文明和發(fā)展的作用。因此B項“河流生命對于早期文明發(fā)展的影響”符合本文主旨大意。

2.判斷推理題。題干問的是:下列哪項是美索不達米亞中供水的不可預(yù)測性所產(chǎn)生的社會影響?第三段指出:Sucheffortsrequiredadegreeofcooperationamongalargenumberofpeoplethathadnotpreviouslyexisted.Theindividualvillage,containingonlyadozenorsohousesandfamilies,waseconomicallyvulnerable;butwhenseveralvillages,probablyunderthedirectionsofacouncilofelders,learnedtosharetheirhumanresourcesinthebuildingofcoordinatednetworkofwater-controlsystems,thesafety,stability,andprosperityofallimproved.Inthisnewcooperation,theseedsofthegreatMesopotamiancivilizationswerebeingsown(這種努力需要大量人員的前所未有的合作。只有十幾戶家庭的小村莊容易受到經(jīng)濟沖擊，但是在年長村民的指導(dǎo)下，這些村莊可能會學(xué)著在建立協(xié)調(diào)的水治理系統(tǒng)中進行人力資源共享，這吋候鄉(xiāng)村的安全和穩(wěn)定性以及繁榮度都得到了提升。在新的合作下，美索不達米亞的文明之種正被播散開來)。故選B“它激發(fā)了水資源管理體系創(chuàng)新的相互合作”。

3.細節(jié)事實題。通過題干關(guān)鍵詞geometers定位至第四段:Similarly,theearliestmethodsofmeasurementandcomputationandthefirstdevelopmentsingeometrywerestimulatedbytheneedtokeeptrackoflandholdingsandboundariesinfieldsthatwereperiodicallyinundated(同樣，早期的測量和估算方法，以及幾何學(xué)的初期發(fā)展，都是因為需要記錄土地的所有權(quán)和記錄被周期性淹沒的土地邊界范圍而刺激發(fā)展的。因此，最初幾何學(xué)主要是為了記錄土地的所有權(quán)和實際情況而發(fā)展的)。故選D“土地所有者”。

4.判斷推理題。題干為:中東地區(qū)的復(fù)雜文明的出現(xiàn)主要依賴于之前的哪項的發(fā)展？第一段指出:AstheclimateintheMiddleEastchanged...JedtoamorecomplexandadvancedfromofcivilizationinbothEuphratesriversinMesopotamiabecamedrier,producingriver-sidelandsthatwerebothhabitableandfertile,andattractingsettlersarmedwiththenewlydevelopedtechniqueofagriculture(隨著中東地區(qū)的氣候變化，出現(xiàn)的狀況導(dǎo)致了復(fù)雜和先進的文明形式。……當美索不達米亞的幼發(fā)拉底河變得更干旱后，產(chǎn)生了宜居且肥沃的河岸土地，并且吸引了擁有先進農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的移民。即中東地區(qū)的先進文明的發(fā)展有依靠農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的支持),故選A“基本的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)”。

5.作者意圖題。題干為:作者談及印度和中國的文明出現(xiàn)主要是為了強調(diào)什么？根據(jù)題干定位至最后一段:Similardevelopmentswereoccurringatmuchthesametimealongthegreatrivervalleysinotherpartsoftheworld—forexample,alongtheIndusinIndiaandHwangHoinChina(同吋，世界其他地方也有沿大河而居所產(chǎn)生的類似的發(fā)展，比如：印度西北部河流，中國的黃河)。因此,文章中談及印度和中國，是為了說明河流同樣在這些國家的發(fā)展中起到的作用,因此D項“在世界各地人類文化的發(fā)展中，河流發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵的作用”正確。

9.不定項選擇題

ConcernfortheenvironmentintheUSextendsbackintothenineteenthcentury,whennatureloversandsportsenthusiastsfirstsoughtprotectionforareasofnaturalbeautyorsignificance.Butitwasnotuntilthelate1960sthatenvironmentalconcernsenteredthemainstreamofAmericanpoliticaldebate.BythenmanyAmericanshadcometotheconclusionthatmoredevelopmentwasnotnecessarilydesirable,especiallyifitmeantmorepollutedair,dyinglakesandrivers,andalandscapestrewnwithunsightlywaste,andcrowdedwithsprawlingconstructionprojects.InMayof1970,severalenvironmentalgroupsstagedthefirstEarthDaycelebration,designedtoheightenpublicawarenessofenvironmentalproblems.Thesuccessofthatinitialeffortledtoitbecomingaregularannualevent.

Duringthe1950sand1960s,industrialandvehiclepollutionlevelshadbecomeaseriousthreattopublichealth,sotheenvironmentalmovementofthisperiodfocusedheavilyonrestoringandensuringthecleanlinessofbasicairandwatersupplies.Rapidlyexpandingdevelopmentpressureswerealsospurringeffortstopreserveuniquelandsandthreatenedwildlifehabitatsandtoprotecttheendangeredspeciessupportedbythembeforetheyvanishedintoextinction.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheenvironmentalprotectionmovementwassosuccessfulbecauseofitsgrassrootssupport,groupsofactivistsinhundredsoftownsthattooktheinitiativeincleaninguptheirowncommunities.Duringthe1970s,thislocalactivismreinforcedsupportforthepassageofkeylawsatthenationallevel,suchastheCleanWaterAct,CleanAirAct,EndangeredSpeciesAct,andNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct,whichtogetherhaveconstitutedthefoundationforenvironmentalstandardsintheUSeversince.

Inadditiontothisnationallegislation,theyearafterthefirstEarthDay,byexecutiveorder,PresidentNixonestablishedtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA);anorganizationdedicatedtorestoringandprotectingtheenvironment.[A]TheEPAspearheadedmanycontemporaryeffortstoprotecttheenvironment,butitwasnotworkingalone.[B]ItwasalliedwithawidevarietyofdistinctlydifferentandseparateorganizationstomanythousandsofsmallerspecialInterestgroupsandevenindividualsworkingatthelocallevel.[C]TheEPAhasnowbecomeoneofthegovernment’slargestandmostinfluentialregulatoryagencies.Throughitsowneffortsandincooperationwithotherorganizations,ithasearnedalargemeasureofcreditforprotectingandrestoringthequalityoftheenvironmentintheUnitedStates.[D]

Althoughonemightassumethatthecauseofenvironmentprotectionwouldengenderuniversalsupport,itdoeshaveitsdetractors.Onecriticismthathasbeenleveledagainstthemovementistheclaimthatitspredictionsaboutthedireconsequencesofenvironmentaldamagehaveoftenbeeninerror.Environmentalistscounterthisassertionbypointingoutthattheirwarningshaveoftenbroughtaboutchangesonthepartofthepublic,thegovernmentandprivateindustry,andthatthesechangespreventedthepredictionsfrombeingrealized.However,justasitisoftenverydifficulttogaugetheimpactofhumanactivityonsomethingascomplexastheenvironment.Itisequallydifficulttodeterminewhichsideisrightinthisdebate.Becauseenvironmentalissuescoversuchawiderangeofconcerns,thisisaquestionthatmustbeconsideredonacasebycasebasis.Thesevoicesofdissenthavedemonstratedtoenvironmentaliststheneedtoapplyquantitativemethodsinassessingtheextentofthedestructiontheyhavewitnessed,orthedegreetowhichtheirworkhasbeenmanifestedinactualimprovementoftheenvironment.

Howevervocalthecriticsofenvironmentalprotectioneffortsmaybe,giventheveryconsiderablebodyofenvironmentallegislationthatexists,itissafetoassumethattheirviewsdonotrepresentthemajorityopinion.Privateadvocacygroups,theEPS,statelegislaturesandCongresshaveworkedtogethertoenactnumerouslawsregardingairandwaterquality,landuseandwastemanagement.Thatshouldbeevidenceenoughofthebroadextentofthepopularsupportthatunderliesthemovement.

13.Onwhichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlyfocus?

14.Accordingtoparagraph2,whywastheenvironmentalprotectionmovementsowidelysuccessful?

15.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingaccuratelydescribeshowtheEPAhelpedtheenvironmentalmovement?

16.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatwasacommoncriticismoftheenvironmentalmovement?

17.Accordingtothepassage,whateffectdidthecriticismoftheenvironmentalmovementhave?

18.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheitalicizedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

19.Theworddireinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

20.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

ThankstotheadditionalhelpofenvironmentallyconsciouspoliticalfiguresinthemoldofTeddyRoosevelt,whonearlyacenturybeforeestablishedthefirstnationalparksintheUSA,themovementgainedmomentum.

Wherewouldthefollowingmostlikelyfitinthepassage(A,B,C,orD)?

21.Theworddissentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

問題1選項

A.EarthDay’simpactontheenvironmentalmovement.

B.Howtoprotecttheenvironmentoftheplanet.

C.Theenvironmentalprotectionmovementandhowitbegan.

D.ThesuccessoftheEPAinprotectingnaturalresources.

問題2選項

A.Itprotectedplantsandanimalspeoplecaredabout.

B.Itfunctionedwellatthelocallevel.

C.Itvotedunsympatheticpoliticiansoutofoffice.

D.Itforcedratificationofimportantnationallaws.

問題3選項

A.Itcoordinatedactionatthelocalandnationallevels.

B.Itobtainedpresidentialsupport.

C.Ittookoverfromlocalorganizationstoexpediteaction.

D.Itprovidedfundingtolocalorganizations.

問題4選項

A.Itsuggestedmeasuresthatwouldharmtheeconomy.

B.Itspredictionscouldnotbepreventedthroughpracticalaction.

C.Thatitlackedthesupportneededtomakeanyrealprogress.

D.Theenvironmentaldamageitclaimedwasnotseen.

問題5選項

A.Itcausedtheenvironmentaliststochangetheirmethods.

B.Itdecreasedfederalassistanceforenvironmentalprotection.

C.ItdiminishedpopularsupportfortheEPA.

D.Itrevitalizedsupportfortheenvironmentalprotectionmovement.

問題6選項

A.Criticsofthemovementweresuccessfulindissuadingmanyenvironmentalistsfromsupportingsomeofthemoredrasticmeasuresthathadbeensuggestedbyquestioningthequantitativemethodstheyemployed.

B.Opponentsoftheenvironmentalprotectionmovementsucceededingettingtheactiviststotakeanother,moreobjective,approachtosubstantiatingtheirclaims.

C.Peoplewhodisagreedwiththeenvironmentalistseventuallywereabletopersuademanythatthemethodsemployedbytheenvironmentalmovementwereinvalidandtheirconclusionincorrect.

D.Membersofenvironmentalgroupswerereluctanttoemployquantitativemethodsinassessingenvironmentaldamagebecausetheyfelttheresultsmightnotsubstantiatetheirclaims.

問題7選項

A.unrealized

B.possible

C.grave

D.imaginary

問題8選項

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

問題9選項

A.opposition

B.support

C.indifference

D.ambivalence

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

第6題:B

第7題:C

第8題:C

第9題:A

【解析】13.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章首先介紹了地球日環(huán)?；顒拥钠鹪矗又榻B了不同人群在環(huán)保運動中對環(huán)境保護做出的努力和取得的成果，說明本文的主要內(nèi)容是介紹環(huán)保運動的起源和發(fā)展。因此C選項“環(huán)保運動及其開始的過程”正確。A選項“地球日對環(huán)保運動的影響”，D選項“環(huán)保局在保護自然資源方面的成功”都只是文章的一個方面，不能概括文章的全部內(nèi)容，所以A，D錯誤。B選項“如何保護地球的環(huán)境”表述太過寬泛，所以B錯誤。

14.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第三句Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheenvironmentalprotectionmovementwassosuccessfulbecauseofitsgrassrootssupport,groupsofactivistsinhundredsoftownsthattooktheinitiativeincleaninguptheirowncommunities.（人們普遍認為，環(huán)境保護運動之所以如此成功，是因為它得到了基層的支持，數(shù)百個城鎮(zhèn)的活動人士團體主動清理了自己的社區(qū)。），說明環(huán)保運動取得廣泛成功的原因是得到了基層的支持。因此B選項“在地方層面運作良好”正確。A選項“保護了人們關(guān)心的植物和動物”，D選項“迫使重要的國家法律得到批準”是環(huán)境運動的成果，而不是取得成功的原因，所以A，D錯誤。C選項“把不近人情的政客趕下臺”在文中沒有提及，所以C錯誤。

15.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第三句ItwasalliedwithawidevarietyofdistinctlydifferentandseparateorganizationstomanythousandsofsmallerspecialInterestgroupsandevenindividualsworkingatthelocallevel.（它與各種截然不同的獨立組織結(jié)盟，與成千上萬的小型特殊利益集團甚至是在地方層面工作的個人結(jié)盟。），說明環(huán)保局是通過和其他地方組織合作，協(xié)調(diào)國家和地方的行動來幫助環(huán)保運動的。因此A選項“協(xié)調(diào)了地方和國家層面的行動”正確。B選項“獲得了總統(tǒng)的支持”，原文說的是總統(tǒng)通過行政命令成立了環(huán)保局，并不是它對于環(huán)保運動的做法，所以B錯誤。C選項“接手地方組織加快行動”，原文說的是和其他地方組織合作，沒有說接手地方組織，所以C錯誤。D選項“向地方組織提供資金”在文中沒有提及，所以D錯誤。

16.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段第二句Onecriticismthathasbeenleveledagainstthemovementistheclaimthatitspredictionsaboutthedireconsequencesofenvironmentaldamagehaveoftenbeeninerror.（對該運動提出的一個批評是，它對環(huán)境破壞可怕后果的預(yù)測往往是錯誤的。），說明有人批評環(huán)保運動預(yù)測的環(huán)境破壞后果都沒有出現(xiàn)。因此D選項“沒有看到它宣稱的環(huán)境破壞”正確。A選項“提出了一些會損害經(jīng)濟的措施”在文中沒有提及，所以A錯誤。B選項“預(yù)測無法通過實際行動來防止”，原文提到了環(huán)保運動提出的警告帶來了變化，而這些變化使得預(yù)測不會實現(xiàn)，所以B錯誤。C選項“缺乏取得任何實際進展所需的支持”，原文提到了它得到了國家層面關(guān)鍵法律和政府的支持，所以C錯誤。

17.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段最后一句Thesevoicesofdissenthavedemonstratedtoenvironmentaliststheneedtoapplyquantitativemethodsinassessingtheextentofthedestructiontheyhavewitnessed,orthedegreetowhichtheirworkhasbeenmanifestedinactualimprovementoftheenvironment.（這些不同的聲音向環(huán)保主義者表明，有必要使用定量方法來評估他們所目睹的破壞程度，或他們的工作在實際改善環(huán)境方面所體現(xiàn)的程度。），說明對環(huán)保運動的批評促使環(huán)保主義者改變了進行環(huán)保運動的方法。因此A選項“使環(huán)保主義者改變了他們的方法”正確。B選項“減少了聯(lián)邦政府對環(huán)境保護的援助”，C選項“減少了民眾對環(huán)保局的支持”，D選項“重振了人們對環(huán)保運動的支持”在文中均沒有提及，所以B，C，D錯誤。

18.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到