考研考博-英語-東華理工大學(xué)長(zhǎng)江學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-東華理工大學(xué)長(zhǎng)江學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Shewasso（

）inherworkthatshedidn’tnoticemewhenIcameintheroom.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.immersed

B.obsessed

C.submerged

D.suffocated

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)通常用于beimmersedin（沉浸于，埋頭于，陷入）；B選項(xiàng)通常用于beobsessedwith（癡迷于，著迷于）；C選項(xiàng)submerge“浸沒，淹沒”；D選項(xiàng)suffocate“（使）窒息而死，（把……）悶死”。句中的so...that表示“如此……以至于”，根據(jù)固定搭配和后面的shedidn’tnoticemewhenIcameintheroom（我走進(jìn)房間時(shí)她沒注意到我）可知她沉浸于工作中，以至于沒注意到我進(jìn)來，因此選A。句意：她如此沉浸于工作中，以至于我進(jìn)屋時(shí)她都沒有注意到我。

2.單選題

Governmenthealthorganizationshavefosteredanawarenessofthedangersincertainsocialhabits.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.included

B.discovered

C.cultivated

D.discouraged

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)included“包括，包含”；B選項(xiàng)discovered“發(fā)現(xiàn)，找到”；C選項(xiàng)cultivated“培養(yǎng)，發(fā)展，教化”；D選項(xiàng)discouraged“使氣餒”。句意：政府衛(wèi)生組織_____了對(duì)某些社會(huì)習(xí)慣的危險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)。這里表達(dá)的是“培養(yǎng)人們對(duì)危險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)知”，因此C選項(xiàng)的意思與原文最符合，C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Thetreatywillbethe（

）oflastingpeace.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.potential

B.enclosure

C.tribute

D.threshold

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。potential意為“可能性，潛在性”；enclosure意為“圈地，圍場(chǎng)，附件”；tribute意為“致敬，悼念”；threshold意為“門檻，入口，開始”。

句意：這個(gè)條約將是持久和平的開端。

4.單選題

Proteinsarecomposedofmorethantwentyaminoacidsthatareliberatedduringdigestion.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.congregated

B.multiplied

C.freed

D.conscripted

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。題干liberated“解放”。A項(xiàng)“聚集，集合”，B項(xiàng)“成倍增加；繁殖”，C項(xiàng)“解放，使自由”，D項(xiàng)“征募；征召”。因此選C。句意：蛋白質(zhì)由二十多種在消化過程中釋放的氨基酸組成。

5.單選題

I（

）severalinterestingfactsaboutMexicointhatbook.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cameto

B.cameinto

C.cameover

D.cameacross

【答案】D

【解析】句意:我在那本書中無意發(fā)現(xiàn)了有關(guān)墨西哥的幾個(gè)有趣的事實(shí)。

考查短語辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞短語的過去式。cometo想起，共計(jì)，蘇醒，來到;comeinto進(jìn)入，得到（財(cái)產(chǎn)）；come過來，順便來訪，抓??；comeacross偶遇，無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)，講得清楚明白。由關(guān)鍵信息“severalinterestingfactsaboutMexico”可知D符合句意。

6.單選題

Crimeisincreasingworldwide,andthereiseveryreasontobelievethe（

）willcontinueintothenextdecade.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.emergency

B.trend

C.pace

D.schedule

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析題。emergency緊急情況，突發(fā)事件；trend趨勢(shì)，走向；pace步伐，速度；schedule時(shí)間表，日程安排。

句意：全世界的犯罪活動(dòng)一直在增加，我們有充分的理由相信這一趨勢(shì)將持續(xù)到下一個(gè)十年。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

7.單選題

Thegentleman______acherubwithhisletter.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.combined

B.included

C.kept

D.enclosed

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)combined“結(jié)合”；B選項(xiàng)included“包括”；C選項(xiàng)kept“保留”；D選項(xiàng)enclosed“隨函（或包裹等）附上”。句意：那位先生在信中______一個(gè)小天使。根據(jù)語境，這里指在信中附加一個(gè)小天使，D選項(xiàng)enclosed“隨函（或包裹等）附上”符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Ifyoudivide7by3,youhave1（

）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.leftover

B.leftout

C.leftoff

D.leftabout

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。leftover“剩下，遺留”；leftout“被遺忘，忽略”；leftoff“停止，中斷”；leftabout“亂丟，亂放”。句意：七除以三還余一。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

9.翻譯題

AMessontheLadderofSuccess1.ThroughoutAmericanhistory,therehasalmostalwaysbeenatleastonecentraleconomicnarrativethatgavetheambitiousorunsatisfiedreasontopackupandseektheirfortuneelsewhere.Forthefirst300orsoyearsofEuropeansettlement,thestorywasaboutmovingoutwards:gettingimmigrantstothecontinentandthentothefrontiertocleartheprairies,drainthewetlandsandbuildnewcities.

Bytheendofthe19thcentury,asthefrontiervanished,theUShadamildpanicattack.2.whatwouldthisenergetic,enterprisingcountrybewithoutnewlandstoconquer?Somepeople,suchasTeddyRoosevelt,decidedtokeeponconquering(Cuba,thePhilippines,etc.),buteventually,inindustrialization,theUSfoundanewnarrativeofeconomicmobilityathome.Fromthe1890stothe1960s,peoplemovedfromfarmtocity,firstintheNorthandthenintheSouth.Infact,bythe1950s,therewasenoughprosperityandwhite-collarworkthatmanybegantomovetothesuburbs.Asthepopulationaged,therewasalsoashiftfromthecoldRustBelttothecomfortsoftheSunBelt.Wethinkofthisasanoldperson’smigration,butitcreatedmanyjobsfortheyounginconstructionandhealthcare,nottomentiontourism,retailandrestaurants.

Forthelast20yearsfromtheendofthecoldwarthroughtwoburstbubblesinasingledecade,theUShasbeencastingaboutforitsnexteconomicnarrative.Andnowitisexperiencinganotherperiodofpanic,whichisbadnewsformuchoftheworkforcebutparticularlyforitsyoungestmembers.

TheUShasalwaysbeenaremarkablemobilecountry,butnewdatafromtheCensusBureauindicatethatmobilityhasreacheditslowestlevelinrecordedhistory.Sure,somepeoplearestuckinhomesvaluedatlessthantheirmortgages,butmanyyoungpeoplewhodon’townhomesanddon'tyethavefamilies—arestayingput,too.Thissuggests,amongotherthings,thatpeoplearen’tpackingupforneweconomicopportunitiesthewaytheyusedto.Ratherthandividingthecountryintothe1percentersversuseveryoneelse,thesplitinoureconomyisreallybetweentwootherclasses:themobileandimmobile.

Partoftheproblemisthatcountry’slargestindustriesareindecline.Inthepast,itwasperfectlyclearwhereyoungpeopleshouldgoforwork(Chicagointhe1870s,Detroitinthe1910s,Houstoninthe1970s)and,moreorless,whatthey’dbedoingwhentheygotthere(killingcattle,buildingcars,sellingoil).3.Andtheseindustrieswerelargeenoughtoofferjobstoeachclassofworker,fromunskilledlaborertomanagerorengineer.Today,thefewbrightspotsinoureconomyarerelativelysmall(thoughsomepromisefuturegrowth)anddecentralized.TherearegreatjobsinSiliconValley,inthebiotechresearchcapitalsofBostonandRaleigh-Durhamandinadvancedmanufacturingplantsalongthesouthern1-85corridor.Thesecompaniesrecruitalloverthecountryandtheglobeforworkerswithspecificabilities.4.Youdon’tneedtobethenextMarkZuckerberg,founderofFacebook,togetajobinoneofthemicrohubs,bytheway.ButyouwillalmostcertainlyneedatleastaB.A.incomputerscienceorayearortwoatatechnicalschool.Thisnewer,selectjobmarketisnational,anditoffersmembersofthemobileclasscompetitivesalariesandhigherbargainingpower.

Manymembersoftheimmobileclass,ontheotherhand,liveintheAmericaofthegloomyheadlines.Ifyouhavenospecializedskills,there'slittlereasontouproottoanotherstateandbethelastinlineforalow-payingjobatanewautoplantoragreen-energystartup.Thesurpriseinthecensusdata,however,isthattheimmobileworkforceisnotlimitedtounskilledworkers.Infact,manyhaveacollegedegree.

Untilnow,aB.A.inanysubjectwasanear-guaranteeofatleastmiddle-classwages.Buttoday,aquarterofcollegegraduatesmakelessthanthetypicalworkswithoutabachelor’sdegree.DavidAutor,aprominentlaboreconomistatM.I.T.,recentlytoldmethatacollegedegreealoneisnolongeraguarantorofagoodjob.5.Whilegraduatesfromtopuniversitiesarestilllikelytogetagoodjobnomatterwhattheirmajoris,hesaid,graduatesfromless-famousschoolsaregoingtobejudgedonwhattheyknow.Tocompeteforjobsonanationallevel,theyshouldbearmedwiththeskillsthatemergingindustriesneed,whethertechnicalornot.

【答案】1.縱觀美國歷史，幾乎總是至少會(huì)有一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中心的故事，讓雄心勃勃或不滿足的人有理由收拾行囊，到別處去尋找機(jī)遇。在歐洲人定居的前300年左右，這種故事是關(guān)于人口向外遷移的：讓移民先到大陸，然后再到邊疆開辟草原，排干濕地，并建造新的城市。

2.如果沒有新的土地可以征服，這個(gè)精力充沛、富有進(jìn)取精神的國家將會(huì)怎樣？有些人，比如泰迪?羅斯福，決定繼續(xù)征服(古巴、菲律賓等地)，但最終，在工業(yè)化的進(jìn)程中，美國在國內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)新的關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)流動(dòng)的故事。

3.而且這些行業(yè)的規(guī)模足夠大，可以為各個(gè)階層的工人提供工作，從非技術(shù)工人到經(jīng)理或工程師。但是今天，我們經(jīng)濟(jì)中為數(shù)不多的亮點(diǎn)相對(duì)較小(盡管一些亮點(diǎn)未來可能會(huì)增長(zhǎng))，而且是分散管理的。

4.順便說一下，你不需要成為下一個(gè)Facebook的創(chuàng)始人馬克?扎克伯格(MarkZuckerberg)，也能在微軟中心找到一份工作。但幾乎可以肯定的是，你至少需要計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位或在技術(shù)學(xué)校待過一兩年。這個(gè)新興的擇業(yè)市場(chǎng)是全國性的，它為流動(dòng)階層的成員提供了有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的薪資和更高的議價(jià)權(quán)力。

5.他稱，盡管那些頂尖大學(xué)的畢業(yè)生不論他們學(xué)的專業(yè)是什么，都有可能找到一份好工作，但那些不知名學(xué)校的畢業(yè)生將會(huì)根據(jù)他們所學(xué)的知識(shí)來接受評(píng)判。為了在全國范圍內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)工作崗位，他們應(yīng)該具備新興產(chǎn)業(yè)所需要的技能，無論是技術(shù)性的還是非技術(shù)性的。

10.單選題

Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whoishe

B.whoitis

C.whoheis

D.whoisit

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.whoishe他是誰B.whoitis它是誰

C.whoheis他是誰D.whoisit它是誰

【考查點(diǎn)】賓語從句。

【解題思路】分析句子可知，空格處為賓語從句，跟在動(dòng)詞go和see的后面，根據(jù)前一句“有人在按門鈴”可知，賓語從句引導(dǎo)要用who，從句要用陳述語氣，who指的是someone，所以要用代詞he，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、D項(xiàng)不是陳述語氣；

B項(xiàng)it不指人。

【句意】有人在按門鈴。去看看他是誰。

11.單選題

Ajobdescriptionshouldgivedetailsoftheperformance______aspecificjob.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thatisrequiredfor

B.thatrequired

C.thatrequires

D.requiringfor

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意，先行詞performance在定語從句中是require的邏輯賓語，是被要求具備的，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；C、B、D均為主動(dòng)語態(tài)；本句句意是：工作描述應(yīng)詳細(xì)說明具體工作所需的表現(xiàn)。因此選A。

12.單選題

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears-andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimesarequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernmphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernmphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemodernmeraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents-totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernmsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernmscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction-bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation-thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemodernms;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernmispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“”facts"”and“"theories"”or“’’facts”and“”ideas”n-intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter-provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts-aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（

）.

2.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory"’.

3.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts’’maybecalled（

）

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Philosophyofmathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience

C.TheVerificationofFacts

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ametaphor

B.aparadox

C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods

D.apun

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.aninductivescience

B.inneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatitwasanactofGod

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章通篇都是在討論科學(xué)研究或探索的方法。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。第四段指出:Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthishenomenonintheantithesisof"facts"and"theories"or"facts"and"ideas"-intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter-provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.試圖在事實(shí)的對(duì)立面和理論，或事實(shí)和思想中發(fā)現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的解釋看起來有些太狹隘，也會(huì)因模糊不清遭批評(píng)。因?yàn)椋瑢?duì)立面不全面，事實(shí)和理論不是同類的事物。第五段指出：Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.事實(shí)是一個(gè)提議，通過運(yùn)用知識(shí)的源泉和經(jīng)驗(yàn)而證實(shí)的提議直接而又簡(jiǎn)單。而理論，若是真理論，就有事實(shí)的一切特性（除非其證實(shí)只能通過非直接的，遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的方式方法），把理論轉(zhuǎn)成事實(shí)必須用簡(jiǎn)單的核實(shí)，理論因此具有事實(shí)的一切特性。由此得出，選擇A:后者(理論)需要證實(shí)。

3.推斷題。文章指出:事實(shí)和理論不是同類的事物。因此“理論即事實(shí)”的論斷就是悖論。故B項(xiàng)正確。

4.推斷題。選項(xiàng)C推理演繹科學(xué)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出：Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents-totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?或者，我們是否應(yīng)該把這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的特征都?xì)w因于所謂的歷史意外事件一一歸因于客觀環(huán)境中相似性結(jié)合的影響。這一點(diǎn)除非以指導(dǎo)一切的上帝的智慧和無限權(quán)利來解釋，否則難以解說清楚。因此B項(xiàng):是上天的安排為正確選項(xiàng)。

13.單選題

EnglishisthedominantlanguageinHawaii,butitisinfusedwithHawaiianwords,phrasesandpidginslang.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.included

B.affected

C.filled

D.spoiled

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.included包括，包含B.affected影響

C.filled（使）充滿，裝滿D.spoiled破壞，搞壞，毀掉

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】infused的意思為“使具有，注入（某特性）”，這里指夏威夷主要講英語，但在英語中有非常多的夏威夷詞匯、短語和洋涇浜俚語，filled與之詞義相近，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D選項(xiàng)詞義與之不符。

【句意】英語是夏威夷的主導(dǎo)語言，但它滿是夏威夷詞匯、短語和洋涇浜俚語。

14.單選題

Heisproudofhischildrenthatheoften（）abouttheirsmallachievement.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exaggerates

B.asserts

C.boasts

D.toasts

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。exaggerate“夸大”；assert“斷言”；boast“吹噓”。exaggerate符合句意。本句意為“他為他的孩子們而感到驕傲，他經(jīng)?？浯笏麄兊男〕删汀?，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Somedaysoftwarewilltranslatebothwrittenandspokenlanguagesowellthattheneedforanycommonsecondlanguagecould（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.descend

B.decline

C.deteriorate

D.depress

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)descend“下降”，多指從高處落向低處；B選項(xiàng)decline“衰退”，多指數(shù)量，質(zhì)量或價(jià)值的下降；C選項(xiàng)deteriorate“惡化，變壞”；D選項(xiàng)depress“壓抑，使沮喪”。根據(jù)句意：總有一天，軟件可以很好地翻譯書面語和口語，以至于對(duì)通用第二語言的需求可能會(huì)減少。這里是指需求減少，所以選項(xiàng)B最恰當(dāng)。

16.單選題

Takentogether,income,occupation,andeducationaregoodmeasuresofpeople'ssocialstanding.Usingalayeredmodelofstratification,mostsociologistsdescribetheclasssystemintheUnitedStatesasdividedintoseveralclasses:upper,uppermiddle,middle,lowermiddle,andlowerclass.Eachclassisdefinedbycharacteristicssuchasincome,occupationalprestige,andeducationalattainment.Thedifferentgroupsarearrayedalongacontinuumwiththosewiththemostmoney,education,andprestigeatthetopandthosewiththeleastatthebottom.

IntheUnitedStates,theupperclassownsthemajorshareofcorporateandpersonalwealth;itincludesthosewhohaveheldwealthforgenerationsaswellasthosewhohaverecentlybecomerich.Onlyaverysmallproportionofpeopleactuallyconstitutetheupperclass,buttheycontrolvastamountsofwealthandpowerintheUnitedStates.Theyexerciseenormouscontrolthroughoutsociety.Mostoftheirwealthisinherited.

Despitesocialmythstothecontrary,thebestpredictoroffuturewealthisthefamilyintowhichyouareborn.Eachyear,thebusinessmagazineForbespublishesalistofthe"Forbes400"—thefourhundredwealthiestfamiliesandindividualsinthecountry.OfallthewealthrepresentedontheForbes400list,morethanhalfisinherited.Thoseonthelistwhocouldbecalled"self-made"werenottypicallyofmodestorigins;mostinheritedsignificantassets(Forbes,1997;SklarandCollins,1997).Thoseintheupperclasswithnewlyacquiredwealthareknownasthenouveauriche.Althoughtheymayhavevastamountsofmoney,theyareoftennotacceptedinto"oldrich"circles.

Theuppermiddleclassincludesthosewithhighincomesandhighsocialprestige.Theytendtobewell-educatedprofessionalsorbusinessexecutives.Theirearningscanbequitehighindeed—successfulbusinessexecutivescanearnmillionsofdollarsayear.Itisdifficulttoestimateexactlyhowmanypeoplefallintothisgroupbecauseofthedifficultyofdrawinglinesbetweentheupper,uppermiddle,andmiddleclass.Indeed,theuppermiddleclassisoftenthoughtofas"middleclass"becausetheirlifestylesetsthestandardtowhichmanyaspire,butthislifestyleissimplybeyondthemeansofamajorityofpeopleintheUnitedStates.

Themiddleclassishardtodefine;inpart,being"middleclass"ismorethanjusteconomicposition.ByfarthemajorityofAmericansidentitythemselvesasmiddleclasseventhoughtheyvarywidelyinlifestyleandinresourcesattheirdisposal.ButtheideathattheUnitedStatesisanopen-classsystemleadsmanytothinkthatthemajorityhaveamiddle-classlifestylebecause,ingeneral,peopletendnottowanttorecognizeclassdistinctionsintheUnitedStates.Thus,themiddleclassbecomestheubiquitousnormeventhoughmanywhocallthemselvesmiddleclasshaveatenuousholdonthisclassposition.

Inthehierarchyofsocialclass,thelowermiddleclassincludesworkersintheskilledtradesandlow-incomebureaucraticworkers,manyofwhommayactuallydefinethemselvesasmiddleclass.Examplesareblue-collarworkers(thoseinskilledtradeswhodomanuallabor)andmanyserviceworkers,suchassecretaries,hairdressers,waitresses,police,andfirefighters.Mediumtolowincome,education,andoccupationalprestigedefinethelowermiddleclassrelativetotheclassgroupsaboveit.Theterm"lower"inthisclassdesignationreferstotherelativepositionofthegroupinthestratificationsystem,butithasapejorativesoundtomanypeople,especiallytopeoplewhoaremembersofthisclass.

Thelowerclassiscomposedprimarilyofthedisplacedandpoor.Peopleinthisclasshavelittleformaleducationandareoftenunemployedorworkinginminimum-wagejobs.Fortypercentofthepoorwork;10percentworkyear-roundandfulltime—aproportionthathasgenerallyincreasedovertime.Recently,theconceptoftheunderclasshasbeenaddedtothelowerclass.Theunderclassincludesthosewhohavebeenleftbehindbycontemporaryeconomicdevelopments.Rejectedfromtheeconomicsystem,thoseintheunderclassmaybecomedependentonpublicassistanceorillegalactivities.

1.Whydoestheauthormentionthe"Forbes400"inParagraph3?

2.Theauthorstatesthatbusinessandprofessionalpeoplewitheducationaladvantagesaremostoftenmembersofthe（）

3.WhydomostpeopleidentifythemselvesasmiddleclassintheUnitedStates?

4.WhatcanbeinferredaboutpoorpeopleintheUnitedStates?

5.AccordingtoParagraph7,whyhastheunderclassemerged?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Toexplainthemeaningofthelistingthatappearseveryyear.

B.Tocastdoubtontheclaimthatfamilyincomepredictsindividualwealth.

C.Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulpeoplewhohavemodestfamilyconnections.

D.Tosupportthestatementthatmostwealthypeopleinherittheirmoney.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.lowermiddleclass

B.uppermiddleclass

C.nouveauriche

D.upperclass

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhaveaboutthesamelifestyleaseveryoneelseinthecountry.

B.Theydon'treallyknowhowtodefinetheirstatusbecauseitisunclear.

C.TheyprefernottoadmitthatthereareclassdistinctionsintheUnitedStates.

D.Theyidentifythemselveswiththemajoritywhohavenormallifestyles.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarenotabletofindentry-leveljobs.

B.Theyworkinjobsthatrequirelittleeducation.

C.Theyareserviceworkersandmanuallaborers.

D.Theydonottrytofindemployment.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thenewtermwasnecessarybecausethelowerclassenjoyedahigherlifestylethanithadpreviously.

B.Theincreaseincrimehassupportedanewclassofpeoplewholivebyengaginginillegalactivities.

C.Changesintheeconomyhavecausedanentireclassofpeopletosurvivebywelfareorcrime.

D.Minimum-wagejobsnolongersupportaclassofpeopleatastandardlevelintheeconomicsystem.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段的第三句"OfallthewealthrepresentedontheForbes400list,morethanhalfisinherited."福布斯富人榜中，富人的財(cái)富大部分是繼承而來的。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

第2題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段的一二句“Theuppermiddleclassincludesthosewithhighincomesandhighsocialprestige.Theytendtobewell-educatedprofessionalsorbusinessexecutives.”上層中產(chǎn)階級(jí)包括那些收入高、社會(huì)地位高的人。他們往往是受過良好教育的專業(yè)人士或企業(yè)高管。所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段的倒數(shù)第二句“...peopletendnottowanttorecognizeclassdistinctionsintheUnitedStates.”人們不愿意承認(rèn)在美國存在著階級(jí)差別。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

第4題:根據(jù)最后一段的一二句"Thelowerclassis...poor.Peopleinthisclasshavelittleformaleducationandareoftenunemployedorworkinginminimum-wagejobs."下層階級(jí)主要由流浪者和窮人組成。這個(gè)階層的人幾乎沒有受過正規(guī)教育，經(jīng)常失業(yè)或從事最低工資的工作。由此可推斷，下層階級(jí)從事的工作不需要太高的受教育程度。選項(xiàng)B正確。

第5題:根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Rejectedfromtheeconomicsystem,thoseintheunderclassmaybecomedependentonpublicassistanceorillegalactivities.”被排斥在經(jīng)濟(jì)體系之外的下層階級(jí)可能會(huì)依賴于公共援助或非法活動(dòng)。句中的publicassistanceorillegalactivities與C選項(xiàng)中的bywelfareorcrime同義。所以選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

17.單選題

Hishandshookalittleashe（）thekeyinthelock.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.squeezed

B.inserted

C.stuffed

D.pierced

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。squeeze“擠，緊握”；insert“插入”；stuff“塞滿”；pierce“穿孔”。句意：當(dāng)他將鑰匙插入鎖時(shí)，他的手微微抖了一下。B項(xiàng)符合題意。

18.單選題

Astheyenteredthevillageshop,theoldladybehindthecounter________atthemkindly.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beamed

B.glared

C.grimaced

D.peeped

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。beamatsb.“對(duì)某人微笑”；glareatsb.“盯著某人；怒視某人”；grimace“扮鬼臉”；peepat“偷窺”。句意：當(dāng)他們走進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村小店時(shí)，柜臺(tái)后面的老婦人朝他們友好地微笑。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

19.單選題

Povertyanddomesticviolencemakeiteasyforhertotrustthatbadthingswillhappenandtakethis（）happinessaway.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.adversary

B.vulgar

C.fragile

D.superfluous

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞辨析題。adversary敵手，對(duì)手；vulgar粗俗的，本土的；fragile脆的，易碎的；superfluous多余的。句意：貧窮和家庭暴力讓她很容易相信壞事會(huì)發(fā)生，并帶走這種脆弱的幸福。只有選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

20.單選題

Proteinsynthesisbeginswhenthegeneencodingaproteinisactivated.Thegene’ssequenceofnucleotidesistranscribedintoamoleculeofmessengerRNA(mRNA),whichreproducestheinformationcontainedinthatsequence.Transportedoutsidethenucleustothecytoplasm,themRNAistranslatedintotheproteinitencodesbyanorganelleknownasaribosome,whichstringstogetheraminoacidsintheorderspecifiedbythesequenceofelementsinthemRNAmolecule.SincetheamountofmRNAinacelldeterminestheamountofthecorrespondingprotein,factorsaffectingtheabundanceofmRNA’splayamajorpartinthenormalfunctioningofacellbyappropriatelyregulatingproteinsynthesis.Forexample,anexcessofcertainproteinscancausecellstoproliferateabnormallyandbecomecancerous;alackoftheproteininsulinresultsindiabetes.

BiologistsonceassumedthatthevariableratesatwhichcellssynthesizedifferentmRNA’sdeterminesthequantitiesofmRNA’sandtheircorrespondingproteinsinacell.However,recentinvestigationshaveshownthattheconcentrationsofmostmRNA’scorrelatebest,notwiththeirsynthesisrate,butratherwiththeequallyvariableratesatwhichcellsdegradethedifferentmRNA’sintheircytoplasm.IfacelldegradesbotharapidlyandaslowlysynthesizedmRNAslowly,bothmRNA’swillaccumulatetohighlevels.

Animportantexampleofthisphenomenonisthedevelopmentofredbloodcellsfromtheirunspecializedparentcellsinbonemarrow.Forredbloodcellstoaccumulatesufficientconcentrationsofhemoglobin(whichtransportsoxygen)tocarryouttheirmainfunction,thecells’parentcellsmustsimultaneouslyproducemoreoftheconstituentproteinsofhemoglobinandlessofmostotherproteins.Todothis,theparentcellshaltsynthesisofnon-hemoglobinmRNA’sinthenucleusandrapidlydegradecopiesofthenon-hemoglobinmRNA’sremaininginthecytoplasm.HaltingsynthesisofmRNAalonewouldnotaffectthequantitiesofproteinssynthesizedbythemRNA’sstillexistinginthecytoplasm.BiologistsnowbelievethatmostcellscanregulateproteinproductionmostefficientlybyvaryingbothmRNAsynthesisanddegradation,asdevelopingredcellsdo,ratherthanbyjustvaryingoneortheother.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussingthe________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcanhappenwhen,proteinisnotappropriatelyregulated?

3.Theaccumulationofconcentrationsofhemoglobininredbloodcellsismentionedinthepassageasanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthesecondandthirdparagraphsofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.influenceofmRNAconcentrationsonthedevelopmentofredbloodcells

B.roleofthesynthesisanddegradationofmRNAincellfunctioning

C.mechanismbywhichgenesaretranscribedintomRNA

D.differencesinmRNAconcentrationsincellnucleiandinthecytoplasm

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.DiabetescanresultfromerrorsthatoccurwhentheribosomestranslatemRNAintoprotein.

B.Adeficiencyofredbloodcellscanoccurifbonemarrowcellsproducetoomuchmechanism.

C.Cancercanresultfromanexcessofcertainproteinsanddiabetescanresultfromaninsulindeficiency.

D.ExcessivesynthesisofoneproteincantriggerincreaseddegradationofmRNA’sforotherproteinsandcreatesevereproteinimbalances.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.TheeffectivenessofsimultaneousvariationoftheratesofsynthesisanddegradationofmRNA

B.Theroleoftheribosomeinenablingaparentcelltodevelopproperlyintoamorespecializedform.

C.Theimportanceofactivatingthegenesforparticularproteinsatthecorrectmoment.

D.ThekindofevidenceforsupportofaviewofmRNAsynthesisthatisnowc