考研考博-英語-北京北大方正軟件職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京北大方正軟件職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalattitudesthatchangediachronicallyinresponsetonewscientificandmedicaldiscoveries.Historically,doctorsdefinedadiseaseaccordingtoaclusterofsymptoms,andastheirclinicaldescriptionsbecamemoresophisticatedtheystartedtoclassifydiseasesintoseparategroups,sothatfromthismedicaltaxonomycamenewinsightsintodiseaseetiology.Beforethe20thcentury,schizophreniaandsyphiliticinsanityweretreatedasthesamedisease,butbyearly1900itbecameevidentthatpsychoseswithoutassociateddementiarepresentedaseparatediseaseforwhichthetermschizophreniawasthencoined.Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain.Whileanoptimistichuntisstillonforthegenesinvolved,wemustcontinuetodefineschizophreniaintermsofthepresenceorabsenceof“positive”and“negative”symptoms.

Labelingsomeoneasdiseased,however,hasenormousindividual,social,financial,andphysicimplications,forirrespectiveofdiseasesymptoms,thelabelitselfmayleadtosignificantdistress.Individualswithasymptomaticconditions,includinggeneticvariations,maybeperceivedbythemselvesorothersashavingadisease.Itisnotthatlabelingsomeoneasdiseasedisalwayspositive—itdoeshavesevereramifications,affectingdecisionstohavechildrenorresultinginunjusttreatmentbylife,medical,anddisabilityinsurers—butitcanbebeneficial,legitimizingsymptoms,clarifyingissuesofpersonalresponsibility,andimprovingaccessibilitytohealthcare.Nevertheless,deviationsfromnormalthatarenotassociatedwithriskshouldnotbeconsideredsynonymouswithdisease.Twoschools—nominalistandessentialistorreductionist-havedebatedtheclinicalcriteriausedtolabelapatientasdiseased.Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology,whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatdiseasesdefinedaccordingtotheessentialisttraditionmaybepreciselywrong,whereasthosedefinedinthenominalisttraditionalmayberoughlyaccurate.Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality),foradverseconsequences,whilethelatterhelpssuggestspecificgeneticorpharmacologictherapies.Thus,bothclinicalcriteriaandgeneticabnormalitiesshouldbeusedtodefineadiseasestate,andthechoiceofadiseasedefinitionwillvaryaccordingtowhatonewishestoachieve,thegeneticcounselingoffamilymembersortheeffectivetreatmentofthepatient.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthewayschizophreniahasbeenclassifiedbydoctorsafter1960stobeanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?

3.Accordingtothepassage,anadherentofthe“nominalistschool'wouldclassifyararenewfeverinwhichofthefollowingways?

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastparagraphinrelationtothepassageasawhole?

5.Itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingsituationsislikelytobemostproblematictoanadherentofthe“essentialist”methodofpathologicaltaxonomy?

問題1選項

A.proposingareturntoatraditionaltaxonomicalsystem

B.describingawaytoresolveataxonomicaldilemma

C.assessingthesuccessofanewtaxonomicalmethod

D.predictingachangeinfuturetaxonomy

問題2選項

A.Adiseasewhichresistedtraditionalmethodsofclassification,buthasbeenservedwellbymodernmethodsofclassification.

B.Adiseasewhichhasresistedmodernmethodsofclassification,andcontinuestorequireatraditionalmethodofclassification.

C.Adiseasewhichsatisfiesmodernmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughatraditionalmethod.

D.Adiseasewhichsatisfiestraditionalmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughamodernmethod.

問題3選項

A.Shewouldwaituntilthediseaseappearsinotherpatients,thenclassifyitbyestablishingvariationsintheirsymptoms.

B.Shewoulddeterminewhetherthediseaseisacquiredorgenetic,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

C.Shewouldisolatethebacteriaorvirusorgeneticanomalywhichcausesthedisease,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

D.Shewoulddescribethepatient’ssymptoms,comparethemtopatientswhohavehadsimilarsymptoms,thentreatthepatternasadisease.

問題4選項

A.Itsummarizesthebenefitsthatmayaccruefromaperfectedsystemofpathologicaltaxonomy.

B.Itprovidesadditionalreasonswhypathologicaltaxonomyisadifficultendeavor.

C.Itarguesforasynthesisoftwomethodsofpathologicaltaxonomyalreadyinuse.

D.Itcontinuestohighlightthedifferencesbetweentwomethodsoftaxonomicalpathologicaltaxonomy.

問題5選項

A.Apatientsufferingfromfever,inwhichthevirusthatisapparentlyresponsibleforthesymptomshasnotbeenisolated.

B.Apatientsufferingfromlunginflammationwhich,thoughresemblingotherinflammations,doesnotrespondtoanyknowntreatments.

C.Apatientsufferingfromageneticanomalywhosecausemaybeknownbutwhoseconsequencesremainunidentified.

D.Acaseofapatientwithsymptomsthatmayhavearisenfromtwoknowndiseasesofdifferentsources.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。文章第一二段提到在確診疾病的依據(jù)時，有兩個不同的派別：唯名論者（nominalist）和本質(zhì)主義者（essentialist），前者用疾病名稱來標(biāo)記癥狀（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename），后者認(rèn)為每一種疾病都有病理病因（Whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology）；文章在最后一段提出在確診時，臨床癥狀和基因都應(yīng)該考慮（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），選項B“提出一種解決疾病分類進(jìn)退兩難處境的方法”符合題意。

第2題:推理判斷題。文章第一段倒數(shù)第二句話提到“對精神分裂癥的定義從20世紀(jì)60年代的精神疾病演變成一種疑似遺傳病因的疾病，盡管這種病因還不確定”（Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain），由此可知選項D“一種滿足傳統(tǒng)分類方法的疾病，但是科學(xué)家更愿意通過現(xiàn)代方法來分類”符合題意。

第3題:推理判斷題。文章第二段提到“唯名論者用疾病名稱來標(biāo)記各類癥狀，例如精神分裂癥，并且沒有對潛在的病因作任何解釋”（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology），選項D“她會描述患者的癥狀，跟那些有同樣癥狀的病人比較，然后將他們定義為患同一種疾病”符合題意。

第4題:推理判斷題。文章最后一段提到“但是在確診一種疾病時，臨床癥狀和基因異常都應(yīng)該被考慮在內(nèi)”（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），由此可知選項C“提出綜合兩種正在使用的病理分類方法”符合題意。

第5題:推理判斷題。文章第二段的最后提到“然后本質(zhì)主義者認(rèn)為每種疾病都有一個病理學(xué)上的病因，而且現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為決定病情最本質(zhì)的病變是基因異常”（whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality），選項A“一名明顯是由病毒感染而引起發(fā)燒的病人”符合題意。

2.單選題

IfWalkerbecomesgovernor,heisgoingto（

）thesalestaxinourstate.

問題1選項

A.abolish

B.abstain

C.abscond

D.absent

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。abolish意為“廢除，廢止”；abstain意為“戒（尤指酒），戒除”；abscond意為“（尤指逃避逮捕）潛逃，逃跑”；absent意為“缺席的，不在場的”。

句意：如果沃克成為了州長，他將要廢除我們州的營業(yè)稅。

3.單選題

Heshowednosignsofpain（

）tohisdeath.

問題1選項

A.before

B.preceding

C.prior

D.following

【答案】C

【解析】考察固定搭配。priorto“在……之前”。句意：他臨死前沒有表現(xiàn)出任何痛苦的跡象。選項C符合題意。

4.單選題

By1817theUnitedStatesConfesshad_______allinternaltaxesandwasrelyingontariffsonimportedgoodstoprovidesufficientrevenuestorunthegovernment.

問題1選項

A.allocated

B.distributed

C.eliminated

D.collected

【答案】C

【解析】allocated分配;distributed分發(fā);eliminated忽略,除去;collected收集。句意：到1817年,美國承認(rèn)取消了所有的國內(nèi)稅收,運行政府依靠進(jìn)口商品的關(guān)稅來提供足夠的收入。選項C符合句意。

5.單選題

Weshallprobablyneverbeableto（

）theexactnatureofthesesub-atomicparticles.

問題1選項

A.assert

B.impart

C.ascertain

D.notify

【答案】C

【解析】考查上下文動詞詞義解析。assert“維護，主張”；impart“給予，傳授”；ascertain“確定，查明”；notify“通知，公布”。句意：我們也許永遠(yuǎn)不能確定這些亞原子粒子的確切性質(zhì)。選項C符合題意

6.單選題

Howmightwestabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Thatquestionloomslargeintheeyesofscientistsandpoliticalleadersasthelevelsofcarbondioxidegrow.Carbondioxideandmethanehavelonglivesintheatmosphereand,oncetheyarethere,Earthmaybedestinedtobecomewarmer.Ifwefindthattheclimateisbecomingtoowarm,thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern.

Wemaybeabletocontrolfossilfueluseandratesofdeforestation,butthereisnodirectwaytocontroltheaccelerationofdecayexceptbystoppingthewarming.Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.

Mostscientistsbelievethatifimmediateglobalactionisnottaken,therapidincreasesofatmosphericcarbonfromdecaywillexceedthereductionsmadepossiblethroughcontroloffossilfueluseandmanagementofforests.In1990,theUnitedNationsgatheredmanyscientistsfromaroundtheworldtoreviewtheseissues.Thisgroup,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,concludedthatanimmediate60percentreductioninfossilfuelusewouldbenecessary.ButbyApril1992,nonationhadacceptedthegoal,thoughseveralhadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent.

AttheEarthSummitinJune1992,leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions—thoughoppositionfromtheUnitedStatespreventedthemfromagreeingtospecifictargetsforemissions,asmanyscientistshadhoped.Theleadersalsoagreedtoassistdevelopingnationsinlimitingtheirreleasesofgreenhousegases.

Humanbeingsareonlyoneofmillionsoforganismssufficientlydifferentoneanothertoberecognizedasspecies.Untilthe1980s,scientistsestimatedthattherewerebetween3millionand10millionspeciesonEarth.Then,scientistsbegantoexaminepopulationsofinsectslivinginthehighfoliageoftreesintropicalforest,andtheexperiencecausedthemtoincreasetheirestimateto30millionspecies.Afterscientistsbegantoconsiderthepopulationsofmicroorganismsinthetropics,theupperlimitoftheirestimatesroseto10(Jmillionspecies.Weshallprobablyneverhaveanaccuratecountofthedifferentkindsoforganismsthatshareourplanet.

Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies—plantsandanimalstogether—keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.Thisprocessiscommonlycalledbioticimpoverishment—thelossoftherichbiologicalofEarth.

1.Thereasonwhyitisnoteasytocorrectglobalwarmingisthat（

）.

2.Tostoptheglobalwarming,wehaveto

（

）.

3.Itisimpliedthat,atthe1992EarthSummit,

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutspeciesonearth?

5.Thetextismainlyabout（

）.

問題1選項

A.mostscientistsandpoliticalleadershavenotawakenedtotheseverityoftheproblem

B.deforestationisrampantinmanypartsoftheworld

C.thereisnoeasywaytorestoretheatmospheretoitsnormalstateoncedamaged

D.theUnitedStatesisunwillingtocutdownonitscarbondioxideemissions

問題2選項

A.cutbothdeforestationanduseoffossilfuels

B.removecarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere

C.findanewsourceofenergyotherthanfossilfuel

D.cutpresentreleasesto4billiontonsofcarbonayear

問題3選項

A.manyscientistshadhopedspecifictargetsforemissionsmightbereached

B.theU.S.showeditsunwillingnesstoreducethelevelofcarbondioxideemissions

C.severalcountrieshadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent

D.mostcountriespromisedtocuttheircarbondioxideemissionstoearlierlevels

問題4選項

A.Thereareabout100millionofthemonearth.

B.Aboutonethirdofthemarefoundintropicalforest.

C.Thehumanpopulationhaswellexceededthatofotherspecies.

D.Humanandotherspeciesarecloselylinkedforsurvival.

問題5選項

A.thesurvivalofdiversespeciesonearth

B.thepreventionofglobalwarming

C.thebioticimpoverishment

D.thecompositionoftheatmosphere

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern（沒有一種簡單或快速的方法可以清除這些氣體并恢復(fù)到早期的氣候模式）可知選C。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.（為了立即穩(wěn)定大氣的成分，我們必須每年減少約40億噸的碳排放?，F(xiàn)在要做到這一點，就必須同時減少森林砍伐和化石燃料的消耗）可知選A。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章第四段中的leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions（大多數(shù)工業(yè)化國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人原則上同意恢復(fù)到早先的二氧化碳排放水平）可知D選項“大多數(shù)國家承諾將其二氧化碳排放量削減到早先的水平”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies—plantsandanimalstogether—keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.（然而，我們知道，植物和動物這些物種一起使地球作為一個適合所有人的棲息地發(fā)揮作用。我們還知道，人類活動正在減少地球上物種的數(shù)量，以及可供它們使用的土地和水資源）可知D選項“人類和其他物種的生存息息相關(guān)”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。文章主要討論了全球變暖的問題以及需要采取的措施，因此B選項“防止全球變暖”符合題意。

7.單選題

Accordingtothelatestreport,consumerconfidence（）abreathtaking15pointslastmonth,toitslowestlevelin9years.

問題1選項

A.soared

B.mutated

C.plummeted

D.fluctuated

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。soared“飄升”；mutated“變化；突變”；plummeted“驟降”；fluctuated“波動”，根據(jù)lowestlevel“最低水平”可知此處應(yīng)該填plummeted。句意：根據(jù)最近的報告，消費者信任度上個月驚人的……15個點，達(dá)到九年中最低值。故正確答案為選項C。

8.單選題

Oneofthechieffunctionsofslangwordsistoconsolidateone’s（）withagroup.

問題1選項

A.introduction

B.superstition

C.identification

D.specification

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項introduction“介紹；引進(jìn)；入門”；B選項superstition“迷信”；C選項identification“辨認(rèn)；認(rèn)同；身份”；D選項specification“規(guī)格；說明書”。句意：俚語的主要功能之一增強與其一伙人的（）。根據(jù)語境，俚語主要是拉近人和人之間的距離，identification“認(rèn)同”比較合理。因此C選項正確。

9.單選題

Hewasona________ofjudgesforafamousliteraryprize.

問題1選項

A.group

B.team

C.panel

D.lot

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項“團體”；B選項“團隊”；C選項“專家咨詢組”；D選項“組，群”。句意：他Group是有某種聯(lián)系的團體aminoritygroup“少數(shù)群體”；Team指一種因為工作或者某種原因組合在一起與另一個團隊競爭而組成的團隊比如Afootballteam；panel則是一群有專業(yè)知識的人組合起來研討或者評價某事的小組anadvisorypanel“顧問組”；lot則單純指一群，既可指人也可指物，Whatdoyoulotwant?“你們這幫人想要怎么樣？”。從題意的judges看，答案選C選項。

10.單選題

Inorderto（）therisingproductioncosts,thesubscriptionrateshavebeenincreased.

問題1選項

A.addupto

B.lookupto

C.cutshort

D.keepupwith

【答案】D

【解析】詞組辨析題。A選項addupto“合計達(dá)...，總共達(dá)...”；B選項lookupto“尊敬”；C選項cutshort“縮短，縮減”；D選項keepupwith“跟上，趕上”。句意：為了跟上不斷上漲的生產(chǎn)成本，訂閱費已經(jīng)提高了。選項D符合語境。

11.單選題

EnvironmenthastakenratherabackseatpoliticallysincetheEarthsummitinRiodeJaneironearlyfiveyearsago.

（1）theproblemsthatmeeting

（2）hadnotgoneaway.Oneenvironment（3）tank—theInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutehasbeenlookingatthefutureofwaterand（4）reportreflectsgrowingconcernatthehugeleapinusageoverthepastfewyears,Insomepatoftheworld,waterconsumptionhas

（5）

fivefold.Andtheinstitute,knownbyits（6）IFPKE,saysshortagescouldsoonbecomethe

（7）forconflictandamajorbarrierto（8）theworld’sgrowingpopulation.Here’sRichardBlackofourScienceUnit.

“It’softenbeensaidthatwater

（9）oilwillbethecauseofwarfareinthenextcentury.AccordingtotheIFPREreport,thetime

（10）thathappensmightnotbefaraway.Thenumberofpeople

（11）bywatershortageswillincreaseten

（12）overthenext30years,itsays,

（13）couldwellleadtolargescaleconflicts.

Themainreasonwhywaterisbecominga

（14）resourceisagriculture,whichnow

（15）

70%ofwaterconsumptionworldwide,90%insome

（16）countries.Countlessfannershaveswitchedfromgrowingindigenouscropsforthe

（17）markettohighyieldexportvarieties,which

（18）

needfarmorewater.ButtheIFPRIreportsaysthatinsomeregionswatershortageisnowthesinglebiggestimpedimenttofeedingthepopulation.Waterscarcity

（19）

leadstowaterpollution.IntheIndianStateofWestBengal,forexample,overextractionofwaterfromboreholeshasledtoarsenicpoisoningwhichis（20）tohaveaffectedtwomillionpeoplesofar.ButtheIFPRIreportcallsforbetterwatermanagementworldwideincludingfinancialincentivestoencourageconservation.”

問題1選項

A.But

B.So

C.And

D.For

問題2選項

A.overcome

B.highlighted

C.motivated

D.confronted

問題3選項

A.thoughtful

B.thought

C.thinking

D.think

問題4選項

A.those

B.whose

C.its

D.their

問題5選項

A.decreased

B.increased

C.expanded

D.dwindled

問題6選項

A.initials

B.capitals

C.beginnings

D.letters

問題7選項

A.trigger

B.effect

C.initiation

D.consequence

問題8選項

A.feed

B.raise

C.feeding

D.raising

問題9選項

A.insteadof

B.inresponseto

C.inplaceof

D.ratherthan

問題10選項

A.which

B.how

C.why

D.when

問題11選項

A.affecting

B.affected

C.isaffected

D.isaffecting

問題12選項

A.double

B.multiple

C.fold

D.time

問題13選項

A.what

B.how

C.which

D.that

問題14選項

A.natural

B.scarce

C.plentiful

D.dormant

問題15選項

A.accountsfor

B.runsfor

C.speaksfor

D.countsfor

問題16選項

A.developed

B.developing

C.advanced

D.industrialized

問題17選項

A.home

B.export

C.exchange

D.foreign

問題18選項

A.remarkably

B.formidably

C.inevitably

D.consumedly

問題19選項

A.though

B.so

C.however

D.also

問題20選項

A.assessed

B.appraised

C.rated

D.estimated

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:A

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:D

第11題:B

第12題:C

第13題:A

第14題:B

第15題:B

第16題:B

第17題:A

第18題:D

第19題:D

第20題:D

【解析】（1）根據(jù)選項確定考察連詞，句意：自從五年前在巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧舉行的地球峰會以來，環(huán)境問題在政治上一直處于次要地位，而且遇到的問題并沒有克服。表示句意順承用and。

（2）A選項意思是‘克服，解決’，B選項意思是‘是突出，顯著’，C選項意思是‘激發(fā)……的積極性’，D選項意思是‘面對，面臨’。句意：而且遇到的問題并沒有克服。A選項符合題意。

（3）根據(jù)空格后的名詞tank確定這里需要填寫一個形容詞，只有A選項是形容詞，所以A正確。

（4）根據(jù)空格后的動詞reflects用的是三單形式，確定主語是單數(shù)，選項C符合題意。

（5）句意：在世界上的一些地方，用水量已經(jīng)增長了五倍。A選項意思是‘減少’，B選項意思是‘增加’，C選項意思是‘?dāng)U大’，D選項意思是‘縮減’。B選項正確。

（6）A選項意思是‘英文縮寫’，B選項意思是‘大寫字母’，C選項意思是‘開始’，D選項意思是‘字母’。句意：這個因為它的縮寫IFPKE而聞名的機構(gòu)。A選項正確。

（7）A選項意思是‘觸發(fā)器’，B選項意思是‘影響’，C選項意思是‘啟蒙’，D選項意思是‘結(jié)果’。句意：短缺可能很快會觸發(fā)沖突，A選項正確。

（8）feed意思是‘喂養(yǎng)’，raise意思是‘提高’，to表目的，后面接動詞原形，排除CD選項。句意：也是阻礙世界人口增長的主要障礙，B選項正確。

（9）A選項意思是‘代替，而不是’，B選項意思是‘響應(yīng)’，C選項意思是‘代替’，通常與be動詞搭配使用，D選項意思是‘而不是’，通常不做主語。句意：人們常說水將代替石油將成為下個世紀(jì)戰(zhàn)爭的原因。A選項正確。

（10）定語從句，不缺成分，表示時間用when。

（11）空格后面有動詞willincrease，所以空格里的詞不能充當(dāng)謂語，根據(jù)句意‘被水資源短缺影響的人’，表示被動，用過去分詞，B選項符合題意。

（12）十倍，tentimes/fold/multiple，C選項正確。

（13）非限制性定語從句。用which引導(dǎo)。A選項正確

（14）A選項意思是‘自然的’，B選項意思是‘稀有的，缺乏的’，C選項意思是‘豐富的’，D選項意思是‘休眠的，靜止的’。句意：水成為一種稀缺的資源的主要原因是農(nóng)業(yè)。B選項正確。

（15）A選項意思是‘占……比例’，B選項意思是‘運行’，C選項意思是‘說明’，D選項意思是‘計數(shù)’。句意：農(nóng)業(yè)用水占比全世界70%的水。B選項正確。

（16）A選項意思是‘先進(jìn)的，發(fā)達(dá)的’，B選項意思是‘發(fā)展中的’，C選項意思是‘先進(jìn)的，發(fā)達(dá)的’，D選項意思是‘工業(yè)化的’。句意：尤其是發(fā)展中國家。B選項正確。

（17）A選項意思是‘家，本地的’，B選項意思是‘出口’，C選項意思是‘交換，交易所’，D選項意思是‘外國的’。句意：無數(shù)的農(nóng)民已經(jīng)從種植本地農(nóng)作物轉(zhuǎn)向了高產(chǎn)的出口品種，A選項正確。

（18）A選項意思是‘顯著地，非常地’，B選項意思是‘可怕地，強大地’，C選項意思是‘不可避免地，必然地’，D選項意思是‘格外地，大大地’。句意：無數(shù)的農(nóng)民已經(jīng)從種植本地農(nóng)作物轉(zhuǎn)向了高產(chǎn)的出口品種，這需要格外多的水。D選項正確。

（19）根據(jù)選項確定考察連詞，句意：在一些地區(qū)，水資源短缺現(xiàn)在是養(yǎng)活人口的最大障礙。缺水還會導(dǎo)致水污染。Also表示‘也，還’，符合題意。

（20）A,B,C選項都表示‘評估’的意思,只有D選項是‘預(yù)估’的意思，所以D選項正確。

12.單選題

Between1974and1997,thenumberofoverseasvisitorsexpanded（

）27%.

問題1選項

A.by

B.for

C.to

D.in

【答案】A

【解析】介詞辨析題。expandby“增加了”；expandfor“擴展為”；expandto“增加到”；expandin“在……中增加”。

句意：在1974年到1997年間，海外游客的數(shù)量增加了27%。選項A符合語境。

13.單選題

Thericeandcottonfieldsarebesetwithswarmsofpestslikericehopperandpinkbollworm.

問題1選項

A.invested

B.infested

C.infected

D.injected

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞義辨析。Beset表示“困擾，圍繞”；A項invest“投資，覆蓋”，B項infest“大批滋生”，C項infect“感染”，D項inject“注入，注射”。句意：稻田和棉田被成群的害蟲所包圍，如稻虱和粉虱。因此B項正確。

14.單選題

DuringtheSpringFestivalholiday,Chinesecitizensaregrantedavisa-upon-arrivalin37countriesandregions,whileafurther11countriesandregionsare（）visa-free.

問題1選項

A.identical

B.measurable

C.abnormal

D.accessible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項identical表示“同一的，完全相同的”；B選項measurable表示“可測量的，重大的，重要的”；C選項abnormal表示“反常的，不規(guī)則的”；D選項accessible表示“可進(jìn)入的，可理解的，易接近的”。由句意可知，在春節(jié)期間，中國公民在37個國家和地區(qū)享有落地簽證的權(quán)利，而在另外的11個國家和地區(qū)，享受免簽待遇。因此，D選項含義最符合句意要求，故本題正確答案為D選項。

15.單選題

Sincetheearlynineties,the

trendinmostbusinesseshasbeentowardon-demand,always-availableproductsandservicesthatsuitthecustomer's（

）ratherthanthecompanys.

問題1選項

A.benefit

B.availability

C.suitability

D.convenience

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。句意:九十年代早期開始，大多數(shù)公司就傾向于經(jīng)營隨需應(yīng)變、隨時可用的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。這樣為顧客提供了，而不是為公司提供便利。

Suitone’sconvenience對…便利。

16.單選題

Thenumberofthetickets（

）willbedeterminedbythesizeofthestadium.

問題1選項

A.adaptable

B.acceptable

C.advisable

D.available

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項adaptable“能適應(yīng)的”；B選項acceptable“可接受的”；C選項advisable“明智的，可取的”；D選項available“可獲得的”。句意：可獲得的門票數(shù)量將根據(jù)體育場的大小來定。選項D更符合語境。

17.單選題

He______asumofmoneyeverymonthtohelpthetwoorphans.

問題1選項

A.setalong

B.setsin

C.setsaside

D.setsup

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查短語辨析。A選項setalong非短語；B選項setsin“（不好的事物）到來”；C選項setsaside“省出，抽出；把……拋在腦后”；D選項setsup“設(shè)置；成立；創(chuàng)建”。句意：他每個月______一筆錢來幫助那兩個孤兒。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是拿出錢來幫助孤兒，C選項setsaside“省出，抽出”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

18.單選題

Researchfindingsshowwespendabouttwohoursdreamingeverynight,nomatterwhatwe（

）duringtheday.

問題1選項

A.musthavedone

B.shouldhavedone

C.wouldhavedone

D.mayhavedone

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)。musthavedone“一定已經(jīng)做了某事”；shouldhavedone“本應(yīng)該做某事”；wouldhavedone屬于對過去事實的虛擬；mayhavedone“可能已經(jīng)做了某事”。由句中關(guān)鍵詞“nomatter不管”的對應(yīng)知“可能已經(jīng)做了某事”符合語境，故D項“mayhavedone”正確。

19.單選題

Melissaisacomputer（）thatdestroyedfilesincomputersandfrustratedthousandsofusersaroundtheworld.

問題1選項

A.genius

B.virus

C.disease

D.bacteria

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。genius“天才”；virus“病毒”；disease“疾病”；bacteria“細(xì)菌”，根據(jù)destroyedfilesincomputers“破壞電腦中的文件”，可知此處說的是電腦病毒。句意：米麗莎是一種電腦……，它能夠摧毀電腦中的文件，困擾了成千上萬的全球用戶。故正確答案為選項B。

20.不定項選擇題

TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfined,ofcourse,tothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselves,dominatedbythemastermen,hadgrownselfishandexclusive.

Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besides,theyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreover,newindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvances,suchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofawinemethodofmakingbrass,whichaskedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince.

ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystem,developedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontract,thesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproduction,theorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworker,eachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinners,thentotheweavers,fillers,anddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinished,itwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whatchangesdidtheCommercialRevolutionbringabout?

2.Theword“defunct”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.

3.Accordingtothearticle,inwhichareawasitmoreenergy-effective?

4.Theauthorimpliesthat（）.

5.Accordingtothearticle,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

問題1選項

A.Methodsofproduction.

B.Appearanceofcraftguilds.

C.Increasedtradevolume.

D.Growthoftrade,bankingandmethodsofproduction.

問題2選項

A.popular

B.obsolete

C.potential

D.extensive

問題3選項

A.Smeltingindustry

B.Miningindustry

C.Banking

D.Weaving

問題4選項

A.theguildsystemwasmoreefficient

B.thedomesticsystemwascapitalistic

C.thetechnicaladvancestimulatedtheguildsystem

D.thedomesticsystemwasnotasefficientastheguildsystem

問題5選項

A.Technicaladvancesstimulatedthedevelopmentofenterprises.

B.Inthewoolenindustry,weaverswouldpassontheirproductstospinners.

C.Thedomesticsystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.

D.Theword“clothier”issynonymousto“entrepreneur”inthiscontext.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，商業(yè)革命帶來了哪些變化？選項A“生產(chǎn)方式”；選項B“手工業(yè)工會的出現(xiàn)”；選項C“貿(mào)易量的增加”；選項D“貿(mào)易，銀行和生產(chǎn)方式的進(jìn)步”，根據(jù)第一段第一句的內(nèi)容“TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfined,ofcourse,tothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.當(dāng)然，商業(yè)革命沒有限制貿(mào)易和銀行業(yè)的發(fā)展。它還帶來了生產(chǎn)方式的根本性變化”，所以商業(yè)革命的影響包括兩方面的內(nèi)容，選項A和選項B表達(dá)的都正確，但是只是一部分的影響，不全面，所以可以排除；選項C錯誤；故正確答案為選項D。

第2題:詞義辨析題。第一段中“defunct”這個單詞大概的意思是，popular“流行的”；obsolete“廢棄的，已經(jīng)過時的”；potential“潛在的；有潛力的”；extensive“廣泛的”，我們可以根據(jù)下文來猜測這個單詞的含義，根據(jù)第一段最后一句話“Theguildsthemselves,dominatedbythemastermen,hadgrownselfishandexclusive.工會本身被精通技術(shù)的人主導(dǎo)，變得自私和排他”，這句話是對“defunct”所在句“ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct”中世紀(jì)晚期，由手工工會發(fā)展而來的制造業(yè)迅速地變得“defunct”的進(jìn)一步解釋說明，所以由selfish和exclusive可知defunct的意思應(yīng)該是obsolete，故正確答案為選項B。

第3題:推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，哪個地方的能源利用最高效？選項A“冶煉行業(yè)”；選項B“煤礦業(yè)”；選項C“銀行業(yè)”；選項D“紡織業(yè)”；根據(jù)文章第二段中“suchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofawinemethodofmakingbrass,whichaskedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.如轉(zhuǎn)輪的發(fā)明和葡萄酒生產(chǎn)銅的方法，它們只需要以前大約一半的燃料使用”，可知由于技術(shù)的改進(jìn)，在冶煉行業(yè)能源的使用變得十分的高效,故正確答案為選項A。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。作者暗示什么，選項A“工會制度更加高效”；選項B“家庭手工制是資本主義”；選項C“技術(shù)進(jìn)步刺激了工會制度”；選項D“家庭手工制不如工會制度那么有效率”，根據(jù)文章第三段中“Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproduction,theorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic盡管生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小，組織基本上是資本主義”，可知家庭手工制是資本主義，故正確答案為選項B。