考研考博-英語(yǔ)-四川信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-四川信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

(1)Aswehaveseen,thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease.Andespeciallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smoking,andfailuretoexercise.Thelineofthoughtinvolvedinthisshiftcanbepursuedfurther.Imagineapersonwhoisabouttherightweight,butdoesnoteatverynutritious(有影響的)foods,whofeelsOKbutexercisesonlyoccasionally,whogoestoworkeveryday,butisnotanoutstandingworker,whodrinksafewbeersathomemostnightsbutdoesnotdrivewhiledrunk,andwhohasnochestpainsorabnormalbloodcounts,butsleepsalotandoftenfeelstired.(2)Thispersonisnotill.Hemaynotevenbeatriskforanyparticulardisease.Butwecanimaginethatthispersoncouldbealothealthier.

(3)Thefieldofmedicinehasnottraditionallydistinguishedbetweensomeonewhoismerely“notill”andsomeonewhoisinexcellenthealthandpaysattentiontothebody’sspecialneeds.Bothtypeshavesimplybeencalled“well”.Inrecentyears,however,somehealthspecialistshavebeguntoapplytheterms“well”and“wellness”onlytothosewhoareactivelystrivingtomaintainandimprovetheirhealth.(4)Peoplewhoarewellareconcernedwithnutritionandexercise,andtheymakeapointofmonitoringtheirbody’scondition.Mostimportant,perhaps,peoplewhoarewelltakeactiveresponsibilityforallmattersrelatedtotheirhealth.Evenpeoplewhohaveaphysicaldiseaseorhandicap(缺陷)maybe“well”,inthisnewsense,iftheymakeanefforttomaintainthebestpossiblehealththeycaninthefaceoftheirphysicallimitations.“Wellness”mayperhapsbestbeviewednotasastatethatpeoplecanachieve,butasanidealthatpeoplecanstrivefor.Peoplewhoarewellarelikelytobebetterabletoresistdiseaseandtofightdiseasewhenitstrikes.(5)Andbyfocusingattentiononhealthywaysofliving,theconceptofwellnesscanhaveabeneficialimpactonthewaysinwhichpeoplefacethechallengesofdailylife.

【答案】1.正如我們所見，如今社會(huì)醫(yī)療保健的重點(diǎn)已從治療疾病轉(zhuǎn)向預(yù)防疾病。

2.這個(gè)人沒有生病，甚至可能沒有患上任何特定疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但是我們可以想象他可以更健康。

3.傳統(tǒng)上，醫(yī)學(xué)并沒有區(qū)分那些僅僅是“沒有生病”的人和那些身體非常健康并且注意身體特殊需求的人。

4.健康的人注意營(yíng)養(yǎng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)，他們非常重視關(guān)注自身的身體狀況。

5.通過關(guān)注健康的生活方式和概念可以對(duì)人們面對(duì)日常生活挑戰(zhàn)的方式產(chǎn)生積極影響。

2.單選題

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butonepopularformcontinuestothrive:thatisalphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatthecarsofataxifirmcalledAAAAhaveabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomerslookthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbothasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentsandvice-presidentshavesurnamesstartingwithBandCseparatelyand26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffet,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.SoshortsightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisseldomaskedtheimprovingquestionsbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendeesalltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

11.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

12.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

13.Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhat_____.

14.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ’’?

15.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Atypeofconspicuousbias.

B.Akindofoverlookedinequality.

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareimportanttosuccess.

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.

C.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

D.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

D.teachersshouldpayequalattentiontoalltheirstudents

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarenoisilydozingoff.

B.Theyaregettingimpatient.

C.Theyfeelinghumiliated.

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.

B.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.

C.VIPsinthewesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalunfairness.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】11.推理判斷題，定位到文章一二句也是文章的中心句Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butonepopularformcontinuestothrive:thatisalphabetism.“在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)里，各種不公平和歧視都受到譴責(zé)或被定為非法。但有一種流行的形式仍在蓬勃發(fā)展，那就是字母排序”這是文章的主旨句，說的是雖然這個(gè)社會(huì)反對(duì)歧視但是有種歧視卻被人忽略了，那就是字母順序歧視。第二段主要是舉例說明這種歧視，所以答案選B“一種被忽視的不平等”；

A選項(xiàng)“一種明顯的偏見”，文章沒有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“一種個(gè)人偏見”，文章沒有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“一種品牌歧視”，文章沒有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。

12.主旨大意題，分析文章前三段的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，文章是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，第一段提出生活中有種歧視被我們忽視了，那就是“字母順序歧視”這一觀點(diǎn)，第二三段都是在舉例，說明這種現(xiàn)象不是憑空捏造而是真實(shí)存在著的，所以答案選C選項(xiàng)“某種形式的歧視太微妙而無(wú)法識(shí)別”；

A選項(xiàng)“在東方和西方，名字對(duì)成功都很重要”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“ZoeZysman的失敗要?dú)w咎于字母表”定位到第二段第二句LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbothasinlifeoverZoeZysman.（不太為人所知的是，亞當(dāng)?阿伯特(AdamAbbot)在生活中比佐伊?茲斯曼(ZoeZysman)有優(yōu)勢(shì)）從這里可以看出名字的字母順序只是讓排在名字字母前面的人比排在后面的人有優(yōu)勢(shì)而已，不能把叫ZoeZysman的人的失敗全部歸結(jié)于字母，這里屬于理解過度；

D選項(xiàng)“顧客經(jīng)常很注意公司的名字”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

13.推理判斷題，第一步，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到第四段第一句Canthismerelybecoincidence?“這僅僅是巧合嗎？”，從這個(gè)反問句就可以看出作者認(rèn)為名字字母靠后的學(xué)生難以獲得成就并非巧合，第二步，尋找上下文線索，第四段描述的是一個(gè)作者的推想，就是那些字母排在后面的人小時(shí)候因?yàn)槔蠋煘榱耸∈滤园凑彰肿帜疙樞虮慌旁诹撕竺?，結(jié)果因?yàn)槔蠋煹暮雎詻]有發(fā)現(xiàn)某些名字字母排后面的學(xué)生有近視，坐后面就導(dǎo)致每次問問題也輪不到他，所以他錯(cuò)過了很多成長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)，然而還覺得幸好沒有叫到我，從這里就可以知道作者其實(shí)是通過擺事實(shí)的手法來(lái)建議教師不應(yīng)該這么簡(jiǎn)單粗暴地通過名字字母來(lái)排座位，應(yīng)該一視同仁，所以D選項(xiàng)“教師應(yīng)該對(duì)所有的學(xué)生給予同等的關(guān)注”正確；

A選項(xiàng)“問題經(jīng)常被問給更聰明的學(xué)生”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“字母順序不好的學(xué)生經(jīng)常逃課”文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“學(xué)生應(yīng)根據(jù)自己的視力選擇座位”，文章講述這件事情是希望老師最好不要因?yàn)榉奖阕约河洃浂凑兆帜疙樞蚺抛?，而是希望按照學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況來(lái)排座位，也就是希望老師多多關(guān)注學(xué)生，而不是讓學(xué)生自己排座位，所以C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于張冠李戴。

14.判斷推理題，定位到第五段第二句話Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.“在大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上，ABC是名字首字母的學(xué)生自豪地第一個(gè)獲獎(jiǎng)；當(dāng)輪到Zysmans同學(xué)的時(shí)候，（）。”文章前面連接的信息是名字以ABC字母開頭的人很早就拿到首先就很驕傲的拿到了自己的畢業(yè)證，但是名字是Zysmans的人可能因?yàn)榈却臅r(shí)間太久了已經(jīng)睡著了，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“他們鼾聲大作”；

B選項(xiàng)“他們開始不耐煩了”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“他們感到羞辱”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“他們忙于字謎”，文章沒有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

15.判斷推理題，由文章第四段可知老師會(huì)按照字母順序排位置，沒有人會(huì)覺得不合理，但是在不知不覺中對(duì)那些字母順序在后面的人造成了一種危害，所以答案選D。

A選項(xiàng)定位到第二段第二句LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbothasinlifeoverZoeZysman.（不太為人所知的是，亞當(dāng)?阿伯特(AdamAbbot)在生活中比佐伊?茲斯曼(ZoeZysman)有優(yōu)勢(shì)）從這里可知名字字母排前面的人只是相對(duì)排后面的人有優(yōu)勢(shì)，并沒有說到名字字母排后面的人受到了不好的對(duì)待，A選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有；

文章沒有提到該怎么糾正這種鮮為人知的歧視，所以也無(wú)從知道糾正這件事是不是任重道遠(yuǎn)，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以B選項(xiàng)不選；

C選項(xiàng)定位到文章第三段，文章第三段只是說西方重要人士的字母排在前面以此來(lái)佐證字母歧視是存在的，但是沒有說這些人因?yàn)槊肿帜疙樞蚺旁谇懊娴玫搅硕嗌賰?yōu)勢(shì)，所以C選項(xiàng)屬于過度解讀。

3.單選題

NewYorkprobablyhasthelargestnumberofdifferentlanguage（）intheworld.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.neighborhoods

B.communities

C.clusters

D.assemblies

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)neighborhood“街坊，街區(qū)”，B項(xiàng)community“社區(qū)，共同體，團(tuán)體”，C項(xiàng)cluster“群，簇”，D項(xiàng)assembly“裝配，集合”；根據(jù)空格前面的differentlanguage（不同的語(yǔ)言），結(jié)合句子的語(yǔ)境，只有B項(xiàng)符合。句意：紐約可能是世界上不同語(yǔ)言社區(qū)數(shù)量最多的城市。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Ourjourneywasslowbecausethetrainstopped（

）atdifferentvillages.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.constantly

B.continually

C.continuously

D.gradually

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)constantly“不斷地，時(shí)常地”，側(cè)重于事件發(fā)生的穩(wěn)定性和持續(xù)性以及經(jīng)久不變的狀態(tài)；B選項(xiàng)continually“不停地，持續(xù)地，頻繁地”，側(cè)重于一段時(shí)間內(nèi)多次發(fā)生、時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)或中斷時(shí)間很短而又接連發(fā)生的狀態(tài)；C選項(xiàng)continuously“連續(xù)不斷地”，側(cè)重在時(shí)間、物質(zhì)或廣度上沒有間斷的；D選項(xiàng)gradually“逐步地，漸漸地”。由“我們的行程很慢，因?yàn)榛疖嘷____在不同的村中?？俊笨芍@種?？渴窃凇拔覀兊男谐讨小卑l(fā)生的，是在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的，因此B選項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。句意：我們的行程很慢，因?yàn)榛疖囶l繁地在不同的村中?？俊?/p>

5.單選題

Becauseitwasverycontagious,everyoneinthefamilywasverymuchworried.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.superfluous

B.paternal

C.infectious

D.sanitary

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。contagious表示“感染性的，會(huì)蔓延的”；A項(xiàng)superfluous“多余的，不必要的，奢侈的”，B項(xiàng)paternal“父親的，得自父親的”，C項(xiàng)infectious“傳染的，傳染性的”，D項(xiàng)sanitary“衛(wèi)生的，清潔的”。句意：因?yàn)樗膫魅拘院軓?qiáng)，家里的每個(gè)人都很擔(dān)心。根據(jù)句意可知，C項(xiàng)的意思符合句子。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

MyfriendPaulwasbadlytakeninwhenhepaid$1000forthatsecond-handcar,itwasnotworth（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thatallmuch

B.allthatmuch

C.thatmuchall

D.muchallthat

【答案】B

【解析】考查修飾語(yǔ)。thatmuch通常用于口語(yǔ)中，用all修飾，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。所以本題選B。

7.單選題

Themorningnewssaysaschoolbus（

）withatrainatthejunctionandagroupofpolicemenweresentthereimmediately.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.crashed

B.collided

C.bumped

D.struck

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。crash“墜毀、撞壞”；collide“碰撞、抵觸、沖突”，常與with搭配；bump“碰撞、撞擊”，常與into連用；strike“打擊、罷工、猛擊”。句意：據(jù)新聞報(bào)道，一輛校車在交叉路口與一列火車相撞，警察立即抵達(dá)事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。B項(xiàng)能與with搭配，故答案B

8.單選題

Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeorfourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastersareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thus,amostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.

Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesWeatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstorms,floods,frosts,droughts,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-day“outlook”whichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelwhichoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmasses,frontsandstorms.

Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellites,enormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.

1.OnecharacteristicofweathermapsNOTmentionedbytheauthorinthispassageis（

）.

2.The30-dayforecastisdeterminedbyexamining

（

）.

3.Theobservationofweatherconditionsbysatellitesisadvantageousbecauseit

（

）.

4.Atthepresenttime,experimentsarebeingconductedin（

）.

5.Aweathermapissynopticbecauseit（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fronts

B.changesintemperature

C.frost

D.windspeed

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.dailyweathermaps

B.upperairlevels

C.satellitereports

D.changingfronts

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ismodernandprofitableforthecompaniesinvolved

B.useselectronicinstrumentstomeasuretheweatheronadailybasis

C.enablesmantoeasilyaltertheweathertohisadvantageandprofit

D.givesthescientistsinformationnotobtainedreadilyotherwise

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.manipulatingweather

B.determiningdensityofpressuregroups

C.satellites

D.controllingstorms

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.summarizesagreatdealofinformation

B.appearsdaily

C.showschangingfronts

D.canbeinterpretedaccurately

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“以下選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)沒在文章中被提到？”文章第一段提到“天氣預(yù)報(bào)員可以確定氣團(tuán)和氣鋒……”（Weatherforecastersareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts...）；文章第二段提到“美國(guó)國(guó)家氣象局通常發(fā)布有關(guān)即將到來(lái)的暴風(fēng)雨、洪水、霜凍、干旱和所有氣候情況的信息”（heUnitedStatesWeatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstorms,floods,frosts,droughts,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral），由此可知，只有選項(xiàng)B沒有被提及，符合題意。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“30天的預(yù)報(bào)是由什么決定的？”文章第二段最后一句話提到“這三十天的天氣預(yù)報(bào)建立在對(duì)上層空氣分析的基礎(chǔ)上，而上層空氣經(jīng)常為氣團(tuán)、氣鋒和暴風(fēng)雨的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造條件”（These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelwhichoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmasses,frontsandstorms），由此可知選項(xiàng)B“上層空氣”符合題意。

第3題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“衛(wèi)星來(lái)觀測(cè)天氣的優(yōu)勢(shì)是什么？”文章最后一段提到“通過電子儀器和地球衛(wèi)星，人們近年來(lái)在識(shí)別和跟蹤僅有少量氣象站的地區(qū)的暴風(fēng)雨方面取得了很大的收獲”（Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellites,enormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations），選項(xiàng)D“提供給科學(xué)家們?cè)谄渌矫娌蝗菀撰@得的信息”符合題意。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“實(shí)驗(yàn)正在哪些方面操作？”文章最后一段最后一句話提到“大量實(shí)驗(yàn)正在為了氣象改造而被進(jìn)行著”（Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies），因此選項(xiàng)A“操縱天氣”符合題意。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“為什么說氣象圖是氣象學(xué)？”文章第二段提到“氣象圖包含著大量關(guān)于天氣情況的信息，這些天氣情況在觀察時(shí)間存在于一個(gè)大的地理區(qū)域上”（Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea），選項(xiàng)A“包含很多信息”符合題意。

9.單選題

Springfieldfirefightersquickly（）aburningSUVinaparkinglotinForestPark.Thecauseremainsunderinvestigation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.extinguished

B.excluded

C.exceeded

D.exposed

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。extinguish熄滅，壓制；exclude排斥；exceed超過，expose暴露。由firefighter可推知消防員將火撲滅了。故A項(xiàng)正確。句意：斯普林菲爾德消防員迅速熄滅了在森林公園的一個(gè)停車場(chǎng)燃燒的SUV。事故原因仍在調(diào)查中。

10.單選題

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andplexiglassweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources,thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatcanproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructureandthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor（）.

4.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

5.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.sometimesadverselyaffectourstandardoflivinganddiminishournaturalresources

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.haslittleconfidenceintheabilityofmonopolisticindustrytoproducetheimportantinventionsofthefuture

B.wouldratherseethefederalgovernmentspendmoneyonsocialservicesthanonthedefenseestablishment

C.favorsaconservativeapproachtoinnovationandplacestrustinconglomeratestoprovideefficientproduction

D.feelsthatpriceshouldstillbethedominantvariableinthecompetitiveprocess

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theindependentinventorcannotaffordtoundertaketheresearchneededtoimproveourstandardofliving.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmall-shareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbelifted,andgovernmentfundingshouldbemadeavailabletolargecorporationswishingtoengageinresearch.

B.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbetightened,andgovernmentfundingshouldbemadeavailabletosmallcorporationsandindependentindividualswishingtoengageinresearch.

C.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbetightened,andnogovernmentfundingshouldbeprovidedtoanycorporationsorindividualswishingtoengageinresearch.

D.Theamountthegovernmentspendsonmilitaryresearchshouldbedecreased,andtheamountitspendstoimprovethestandardoflivingshouldbeincreased.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題?？v觀全文，文章第一段主要提到了人們普遍認(rèn)為，伴隨著巨型工業(yè)的出現(xiàn)，工業(yè)研究也開始激增。第二段用實(shí)例對(duì)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了否定。第三段主要提到相比大型工業(yè)，小公司不受大型工廠和資本設(shè)備投資的阻礙，往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴(kuò)大其市場(chǎng)份額。第四段主要提到一些大型企業(yè)在面臨競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的時(shí)候，也會(huì)大量投入進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。由此可知，本篇文章的主要目的在于指出了一個(gè)普遍存在的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)：工業(yè)研究的范圍與工業(yè)壟斷勢(shì)力的增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系，即大型壟斷企業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)會(huì)帶來(lái)工業(yè)研究和創(chuàng)新的激增。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.”，最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于世紀(jì)初以來(lái)重要發(fā)明的研究顯示，超過一半的發(fā)明是來(lái)自于獨(dú)立發(fā)明家，這些發(fā)明家獨(dú)立于有組織的工業(yè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)。可判斷出二十世紀(jì)的重要發(fā)明一半來(lái)自獨(dú)立發(fā)明家，一半來(lái)自研究團(tuán)隊(duì)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.”，大型企業(yè)往往在穩(wěn)定和安全的環(huán)境中獲得更舒適的經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)境，他們的管理機(jī)構(gòu)傾向于維持現(xiàn)狀，抵制變革中隱含的威脅。此外，在某些情況下，一些工業(yè)巨頭面臨很少的工業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，所以他們?cè)噲D通過故意阻礙技術(shù)進(jìn)步來(lái)避免因過時(shí)而造成的資本損失?？膳袛嘧髡邔?duì)壟斷行業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)明和創(chuàng)新能力沒有信心。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句，“Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.”，相比大型企業(yè)，小公司不受大型工廠和資本設(shè)備投資的阻礙，往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴(kuò)大其市場(chǎng)份額。可判斷出市場(chǎng)份額較小的公司積極追求創(chuàng)新，因?yàn)樗麄儧]有被固定在資本設(shè)備投資上。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.判斷推理題，文章第三段提到大型企業(yè)往往在穩(wěn)定和安全的環(huán)境中獲得更舒適的經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)境，他們的管理機(jī)構(gòu)傾向于維持現(xiàn)狀，抵制變革中隱含的威脅。相比大型企業(yè)，小型企業(yè)往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴(kuò)大其市場(chǎng)份額?？膳袛喑鲎髡叩膽B(tài)度可能是積極支持小型企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新，多投資于更有需求的小型企業(yè)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

11.翻譯題

Normal

0

7.8磅

0

2

false

false

false

EN-US

ZH-CN

X-NONE

世界與宇宙的本質(zhì)是什么？這是中國(guó)哲學(xué)的基本問題。春秋時(shí)期的思想家老子是第一個(gè)嘗試進(jìn)行闡釋的中國(guó)哲學(xué)家，老子認(rèn)為“道”乃宇宙及世界之源。道無(wú)始終，“道”即“天”，“天”即“道”。老子主張“道法自然”。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)揭示了一個(gè)平凡但深刻的真理：天、地、人及世間的一切都有著自然的屬性，人類作為自然的一部分應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循自然的法則，而不應(yīng)無(wú)節(jié)制地向自然索取。

【答案】Whatistheessenceoftheworldanduniverse?ThisisabasicprobleminChinesephilosophy.LaoTzeofspringandautumnperiodattemptedtoexplainChinesephilosophyfirstly.Hethoughthat“Tao”isthesourceofourworldoruniverse.“Tao”hasnoendorbeginning.AndtheuniverseisTao,andTaoisuniverse.LaoTzeadvocatedthetheoryof“theruleisconsistentwithnature”,whichshowsusasimplebutprofoundtruth:Allthingsintheworld,includinguniverse,earthandhumanhavenaturalattributes.Asapartofnature,humanbeingsshouldn’taskthenatureforresourcesimmoderatelyandneedtoobeythenature’srules.

12.單選題

（

）sermonsretainedtheirpreeminenceinreligiouslifeduringmostofthetwentiethcentury,theyaregraduallylosingthatcentralplacesaschurchesdevotemoreenergytosocialactivities.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.For

B.Although

C.As

D.Since

【答案】B

【解析】考查連詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)for“因?yàn)?，由于”；B選項(xiàng)thought“雖然，盡管”；C選項(xiàng)as“當(dāng)……時(shí)，隨著，照……方式，因?yàn)?，由于”；D選項(xiàng)since“自……以來(lái)，由于，既然”。

由sermonsretainedtheirpreeminence（布道保留了它們的優(yōu)勢(shì)地位）與theyaregraduallylosingthatcentralplaces（它們逐漸失去了中心位置）可知前后兩句之間表示轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系，因此選B。句意：盡管布道在20世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間里仍然在宗教生活中占據(jù)著主導(dǎo)地位，但隨著教會(huì)將更多的精力投入到社會(huì)活動(dòng)中，布道逐漸失去了中心位置。

13.單選題

In1896,WilliamJenningsBryan,athree-timecandidatefortheAmericanpresidency,gaveaspeechonarelativelydryfinancialtopic,criticizingthegoldstandard.Buthisrhetoricwasfortheages:“Youshallnotpressdownuponthebrowoflaborthiscrownofthorns;youshallnotcrucifymankinduponacrossgold!”

JustoverahundredyearslaterSamBrownback,arguingforwaragainstIraqinaspeechtotheAmericanSenate,said,“WegoatIraqanditsaystocountriesthatsupportterrorists,thereremainsixintheworldthatareasourdefinitionstatesponsorsofterrorists,yousaytothosecountries:4Weareseriousaboutterrorism,weareseriousaboutyounotsupportingterrorismonyourownsoil.”’

Whathappenedoverthe20lhcentury?Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinoratoryorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandflair.Norsotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.JohnMcWhorter,alinguist,seesthetriumphof1960scountercultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.

Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanotherpassageagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”，forexample,tobenaturalandnomorelamentablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofBcowulf-earEnglish.

Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”，hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonalgenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealvibrancy.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthanMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshouldcare.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallybemoaningthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,but,probablyaninevitable.

1.ThesentencesofWilliamandSamarequotedinthefirsttwoparagraphstoshow（

）.

2.JohnMcWhorterattributesthedeclineofformalEnglishto

（

）.

3.JohnMcWhorter’sattitudetowardstheloss“whom”seemstobe

（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat

（

）.

5.By“wenowtakeourEnglish‘onpaperplate’insteadofchina”，thelinguistmostprobablymeansthat（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thegreatsocialchangesthathavetakenplaceinacentury

B.theobviousdeclineo