考研考博-英語-天津科技大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津科技大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Onmanyoccasions,wetendtointerprettheactionsofchildren（）ourownexperienceasanadult.

問題1選項

A.forthesakeof

B.onbehalfof

C.intermsof

D.inaccordancewith

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞短語。A選項forthesakeof“為了”；B選項onbehalfof“代表”；C選項intermsof“依據(jù)，在……方面”；D選項inaccordancewith“與……一致”。句意：在很多時候，我們傾向于依據(jù)自己作為一個成年人的經(jīng)驗來解釋孩子的行為。根據(jù)空格前后的句意關(guān)系，只有C選項intermsof“依據(jù)，在……方面”符合句意，其他選項意思不對。因此C選項正確。

2.單選題

AluxuryexpresstrainjumpedthetracksonabridgeineasternIndia,killingatleast50onthespot.AccordingtotheNorthernRailwayspokesman,thedeath（）isexpectedtorise.

問題1選項

A.toll

B.figure

C.span

D.yield

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。toll“傷亡人數(shù)，代價”；figure“數(shù)字，圖形”；span“跨度，范圍”；yield“產(chǎn)量，收益”。句意：一輛豪華特快列車在印度東部一座橋上脫軌，造成至少50人當(dāng)場死亡。據(jù)北方鐵路發(fā)言人表示，死亡人數(shù)預(yù)計還會上升。deathtoll表示“死亡人數(shù)”，符合句意。所以選項A正確。

3.單選題

Whenbreadpricesrose,Vladkhleb,abakery,askedthekraiandcityforhelpinholdingdownprices.Hereisaletteritwrote,publishedintheVladivostokTimesSept.9,2007

DearResidentsofVladivostok:

ThestaffandBoardofDirectorsofVladkhlebcan’tkeepsilentinthecurrentwildsituationwhenpricesforallexistingproductsareskyrocketingunbelievably.Andwhilewesomewhatindifferentlywatchenormousfiguresonpricetagsfordelicacyproducts,everykopeckofextrachargeforthestaplescausesarealpanic.Weperfectlyrealizethat,andthat’swhywehavekeptbreadpricesaffordableforallthistime.Evenaftertheriseofpriceswehavetriedtokeepthepastpricesforaslongaspossible.

Atthemomentallourreservesareexhausted.Stocksofbread-bakingingredientssuchasflour,sugar,butterandthelikearerunningout.Tobuywhatweneedatreasonablepricesisvirtuallyimpossibletoday.

However,wecannottemporize.Weallneedbreadeveryday,whichmeanswewillbeforcedtobuyeverythingweneedatmuchhigherprices.Whatthismeansperhapsdoesn’tneedtobeexplained.

Thecostofbreadcloselydependsoningredients.Anotherfinancialcrisishasledtoa50%－300%increaseofpricesforbutler,vegetableoil,alltypesofmargarine,yeastandotherasofSeptember1.Allthesepricescontinuetogroweveryhour.

Becauseofthis,Vladkhlebcametothecriticalpointwhereitisnecessarytoraisepricesofitsproducts.Otherwise,wewilljustdestroyamostpowerfulbreadenterprise.ShouldVladkhlebshutdown,thebreadpricewillgetoutofhand.

Oureconomistsprojectedthesituationforthenearfutureconsideringthegrowingflourcost.Withthecostofflourat2.18rublesperkilogramatthestartofSeptember,theretailbreadpricewastobe4.36rubles.Withanincreaseofflourcostto4rublesperkilogram,breadpricewillgrowto6.17rubles.Furthergrowthwillbepossible.

Soitturnsoutthatbreadmayrankwithdelicacyproducts.Isthereanotherwayout?Yes.Itisalreadyputintopracticebyleadersofothercitiesandregions.Forexample,MoscowMayorYuryLuzhkovusedthepressintheveryfirstdaysofthecrisistotelltheresidentsthathehaddecidedtosubsidizethebreadindustrysothatnottoallowpricesforthistypeoffoodtorise.Therewerenoobjections.SodidKhabarovsk―theretheypaysubsidiesforbreadbakingingredients.

Incidentally,thecityandkraiadministrationsalreadyhavetheexperienceofsupportingourplants.Ratherthanartificiallyholdingbackprices,theyemployedloansandwaiversandthelike.Atthispointallthecityandkraiofficesofauthorityaswellasdeputiesatalllevelscouldconsiderourpropositionssuchas:

Grantingwaiversontaxestokraiandcitybudgets;

Establishinglowerpricesforelectricandthermalenergyforaprogramofbreadproduction;

Facilitatinginreceptionofcustomsdutyandtaxwaiversfromthefederalgovernmentforimportedgrain;

RecoveryofPacificFleet’sdebtsintheamountof6millionrubles(calculatedasofAugust2007)forsuppliedproducts;

Loweringrentforpremisesandplots.

AnyofthesepossiblemeasureswillhelpVladkhlebcontainthegrowthofpricesforitsproducts.DespiteofourSOSsignal,nomeasureshavebeentakenasyet.Wehavefoundourselvesinthesamesituationasanyofyou.Weseethesituationchangingsteadilyfortheworse.Wewillnotcopewiththatalone.

Weseeonerecourse:Raisethebreadpriceminimallyandcancelourfreeplasticbagservice.Butwhatisnext?Thisistheconcernofallthe700employeesandtheboardofVladkhleb.

Everyextrakopeckinthecostofbreadupsetsyouandusverymuch.Makingoursincereapologiesforaforcedincreaseofthebreadprice,wehopeforyourunderstandingandsupport.Todayandtomorrowwearewithyou,asusual.

TheStaffandBoardofVladkhleb

1.InthisopenletterVladkhlebexplainstothepeopleofVladivostokthat（）.

2.Apossiblesolutiontothecrisis,Vladkhlebsuggestsis（）.

3.“Soitturnsoutthatbreadmayrankwithdelicacyproducts,”means（）.

4.Vladkhlebhasdecidednottoshutdownbecause,theysay,（）.

5.OneofVladkhlebpropositionstothelocalauthorities“RecoveryofPacificFleet’sdebtsintheamountof6millionrubles(calculatedasofAugust2007)forsuppliedproducts.”Means（）.

問題1選項

A.theycannolongersupplybread

B.thepriceofbreadwilltreble

C.allreservesofbread-makingingredientshavebeendepleted

D.itwillhavetoclosedown

問題2選項

A.touseingredientsofalowerquality

B.tocuttheworkers’wages

C.tourgepeopletoeatlessbread

D.tohavethebreadpricesubsidizedbytheauthorities

問題3選項

A.thatbreadhasbecomemuchtastierinrecentmonths

B.thatbreadhasbecomeasexpensiveascaviar

C.thatbreadhasbecomeanarticlemanypeoplecannolongerafford

D.thatbreadhasbecomemorecrispyinrecentmonths

問題4選項

A.theorganizationstillhasalotofoutstandingdebts

B.otherwisethepriceofbreadmaygetoutofhand

C.otherwisethedistributionofbreadmayendupinthehandsofthemafia

D.theiremployeesareloyalandhard-working

問題5選項

A.thatthearmystillowesthebakeryalotofmoneyforbreaddeliveredinthepast

B.thatVladkhlebstillowesalotofmoneytothearmyforingredientsthatitsuppliedinthepast

C.thatthelocalauthoritiesshouldaskformorefundsfromMoscowwhichwouldotherwiseendupwiththePacificFleet

D.thatthelocalauthoritiesshouldpaybackthedebtimmediately

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到原文第四段“Atthemomentallourreservesareexhausted.Stocksofbread-bakingingredientssuchasflour,sugar,butterandthelikearerunningout.”中文翻譯為：此刻，我們所有的儲備已用完。諸如面粉、糖、黃油和類似的面包烘焙原料正在耗盡。因此C選項“所有面包制作的原料已經(jīng)被耗盡”符合題意。

2.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第九段“Forexample,MoscowMayorYuryLuzhkovusedthepressintheveryfirstdaysofthecrisistotelltheresidentsthathehaddecidedtosubsidizethebreadindustrysothatnottoallowpricesforthistypeoffoodtorise.”中文翻譯為：例如，莫斯科市長YuryLuzhkov在危機出現(xiàn)的頭幾天里通過新聞界告訴居民，他已決定補助面包行業(yè)，以便不讓這類食品的價格上漲。對應(yīng)D選項“讓面包價格受到政府補助”。因此D項符合題意。

3.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第八段“Withanincreaseofflourcostto4rublesperkilogram,breadpricewillgrowto6.17rubles.Furthergrowthwillbepossible.”中文翻譯為：隨著面粉價格上漲至每公斤4盧布，面包的價格將上漲至6.17盧布。進(jìn)一步的價格上漲將是可能的?？芍鸢笧镃項“面包已變成一種很多人不再能負(fù)擔(dān)得起的商品”。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文第七段“ShouldVladkhlebshutdown,thebreadpricewillgetoutofhand.”中文翻譯為：如果Vladkhleb面包店停業(yè)，那么面包價格將失去控制。因此B項“否則，面包價格可能失去控制”正確。

5.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文倒數(shù)第五段“RecoveryofPacificFleet’sdebtsintheamountof6millionrubles(calculatedasofAugust2007)forsuppliedproducts.”中文翻譯為：收回太平洋艦隊因產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)欠的六百萬盧布債務(wù)（計算截止時間為2007年8月）。因此可知答案為C“當(dāng)?shù)卣畱?yīng)該向莫斯科要求更多資金，否則，最終要求莫斯科支付太平洋艦隊所欠當(dāng)?shù)卣膫鶆?wù)”。

4.單選題

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologistMarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewhealitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,not'theexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree,JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicinehasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisOneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned（便形成條件反射）micetoavoidsaccharin（糖精）bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweeterandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthe'highestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.

1.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhoturnofftheelectricity（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto（

）.

3.ThereasonwhythemiceinAcer'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat

（

）.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablyreasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperimentwasthat

（

）.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals（

）.

問題1選項

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

問題2選項

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

問題3選項

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itledstomachpains

C.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

問題4選項

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybysaccharin

B.thesweetenedwaspoisontothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

問題5選項

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginjections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.（Laudenslager發(fā)現(xiàn)，無助的老鼠的免疫反應(yīng)低于正常水平，而那些能關(guān)掉電源的老鼠去沒有受到影響）可知選B。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.（但是，如果這些動物遇到了它們無法控制的情況，那么當(dāng)它們面對他們能夠控制的經(jīng)驗時，它們會表現(xiàn)出被動的行為）可知選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章第三段中的Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.（把糖精和胃痛聯(lián)系起來，老鼠很快就學(xué)會了避免吃甜味劑）可知選D。

4.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的第一句Oneofthemoststartingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.（人們偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了大腦如何改變免疫反應(yīng)的最開始的例子之一）和最后一句Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.（他只能推測，他已經(jīng)成功地對老鼠進(jìn)行了調(diào)節(jié)，現(xiàn)在單用糖精就足以削弱它們的免疫系統(tǒng)，足以殺死它們）可推測Ader’s的實驗中老鼠死亡的最可能原因是大腦改變了它們的免疫系統(tǒng)，因此選C

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段中提出了本文的主題stressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimals（壓力似乎會影響低等動物的免疫防御能力），然后舉例證明其觀點。第一段中Laudenslager的實驗證明：對事物缺乏控制力造成了免疫系統(tǒng)的弱化，而不是由實驗本身造成的；第二段中JayWeiss認(rèn)為：被允許控制不愉快刺激的動物不會產(chǎn)生睡眠障礙或典型的應(yīng)激大鼠的大腦化學(xué)變化；最后一段中Ader’s的實驗表明：他已經(jīng)成功地對老鼠進(jìn)行了調(diào)節(jié)，現(xiàn)在單用糖精就足以削弱它們的免疫系統(tǒng)。這些實驗是在一些特定條件下進(jìn)行的，因此可推斷動物的免疫系統(tǒng)能被條件反射所削弱，因此選A。

5.填空題

ParachutistTomDickens(1)asimple,fatalerrorwhenhejumpedfroma350-feet-hightower.Hefailedinhave(2)heighttousehisreserveparachute.Inaddition,severalsafety(3)hadnotbeenobservedinthejump.Alegaldecision(4)accidentaldeathwasrecordedonMr.Dickens,whohadbeenakeenparachutist(5)1976andhadmadeabout400jumps(6)fromaircraft.

Hewasamemberofanorganizationwhichpracticed(7)frombuildings,bridges,cliffsandmountains.Theparachute(8)tobepackeddifferently(9)ithadtoopenmorequickly.Mr.Dickensalwayspackedhisownparachuteandhadmadeaboutsixorsevenjumpsofthis(10).Theorganizationhasaminimum(11)of2,000feet,butthisjumpwasdonefromsomething(12)350feet.Thereasontheyhavethe2,000feetisthatinthe(13)ofsomethinggoingwrongwiththemainparachute,thereistimeto(14)areserveparachute.Mr.Dickens’sparachutehadbeen(15)sothepull-upcordhadbeenleftinside,causingtheparachuteflapstojam.On6AprilMr.Dickensandsomeotherjumperswenttothetopofthe25-storeytowerbytheliftandwalkeduptotherooftopwithout(16)anylocksordoors.Theyhadnotaskedpermission.Mr.Stone,oneofthejumpers,jumpedfirstand(17)safely,thenheardhisfriends’bodyhittheground.He(18)atMr.Dickens’sparachuteafterwardsandwas(19)thathisfriendheldmadea(20)mistakebynottakingouttheextraloopwhichclosedtheflap.

【答案】1.made

2.enough

3.also

4.that

5.since

6.which

7.jumps

8.had

9.and

10.time

11.height

12.on

13.reason

14.use

15.packed

16.setting

17.landed

18.checked

19.shocked

20.fatal

【解析】1.根據(jù)空后的error，可知這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個動詞，根據(jù)語境，應(yīng)該填入動詞過去式，犯了一個錯誤“madeasimple,fatalerror”。句意：跳傘運動員湯姆?狄更斯從350英尺高的高塔上跳下時犯了一個簡單而致命的錯誤。

2.根據(jù)空后的height，可以推測這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個形容詞，結(jié)合下文，使用降落傘，也就可以推測他是因為沒有足夠的高度來使用降落傘。句意：他沒有足夠的高度使用備用降落傘。

3.根據(jù)Inaddition，可以推測還有另外的因素，空中不缺少成分，因此可以填入一個表示“也；同樣”的詞。句意：此外，在跳下過程中也沒有注意到幾個安全隱患。

4.考查同位語從句，一項法律決定，什么樣的法律決定呢？意外死亡記錄在狄更斯先生身上的法律決定。因此空中應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個連接詞that使結(jié)構(gòu)完整。句意：一項關(guān)于意外死亡記錄在狄更斯先生身上的法律裁決。

5.考查連詞。根據(jù)前面使用的現(xiàn)在完成時，可推測空中應(yīng)填入“自從”，因此空中應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個連詞since。句意：自1976年以來，狄更斯先生一直熱衷于跳傘。

6.根據(jù)上下文，句中不缺少成分，可填入一個連接詞“which”。句意：從飛機上跳了大約400次。

7.根據(jù)上下文語境，可知這個組織從各種地方練習(xí)跳傘，這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入跳傘的名詞復(fù)數(shù)jumps。句意：他是一個組織的成員，該組織練習(xí)從建筑物、橋梁、懸崖和山上跳傘。

8.根據(jù)后文ithadtoopen可以推測前文應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個had，保持一致，“hadto”（不得不）。句意：降落傘的包裝必須有所不同。

9.根據(jù)上下文語境，兩個句型表示并列，可知空中應(yīng)填入一個連接詞，連接兩個句型，使結(jié)構(gòu)完整，因此可知這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入“and”表示并列。句意：并且它必須更快地打開。

10.根據(jù)上文可知，狄更斯先生為了這次跳傘已經(jīng)做了充分的準(zhǔn)備，因此可填入一個關(guān)于次數(shù)的詞“time”。句意：狄更斯總是自己打包降落傘，這一次他跳了六、七次。

11.根據(jù)上下文，空中應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個名詞，空后2000feet可推測前文應(yīng)填入一個表示高度的單詞“height”。句意：該組織的最低高度為2000英尺。

12.根據(jù)語境，可知這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個介詞，并與from進(jìn)行搭配，表示“從……”，因此空中填入一個“on”。句意：但這次是從350英尺高的地方跳下的。

13.根據(jù)語境，應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個表示“原因”的單詞“reason”，后文是具體的理由。句意：有2000英尺的高度是因為主降落傘出了問題。

14.根據(jù)上下文，空中應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個動詞，后文“areserveparachute”（備用降落傘），這里填入“use”，使句型完整。句意：還有時間使用備用降落傘。

15.根據(jù)上下文，空中應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個動詞的過去分詞，根據(jù)前文所說降落傘被打包，因此這里的降落傘依然是被打包，填入“packed”。句意：狄更斯先生的降落傘被打包好了，所以拉繩留在里面，導(dǎo)致降落傘的襟翼卡住。

16.根據(jù)上下文，可知這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個動名詞，并與后文“l(fā)ocksordoors”相搭配，由此可推測，填入“setting”。句意：狄更斯先生和其他一些跳躍者乘電梯到達(dá)25層樓的塔頂，在沒有設(shè)置任何鎖或門的情況下走到屋頂。

17.根據(jù)前文“jumped”以及后文“safely”，可推測斯通先生跳傘并安全著陸，因此填入“l(fā)anded”。句意：其中一名跳傘者斯通先生先跳，并安全著陸。

18.根據(jù)上下文，空中應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個動詞過去時，斯通先生后來檢查了他朋友的降落傘，因此空中填入一個“checked”。句意：后來他檢查了狄更斯先生的降落傘。

19.根據(jù)上下文，應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個表示“震驚”的單詞，表達(dá)斯通先生的感受，因此填入“shocked”，句意：他對朋友的做法感到震驚。

20.根據(jù)上下文，這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個形容詞，形容這個錯誤是致命的，因此填入“fatal”。句意：他的朋友犯了一個致命的錯誤，沒有拿出額外的環(huán)關(guān)閉襟翼。

6.單選題

TeresaEstes,alicensedmental-healthcounselor,watchedasbusinessatherprivatepracticedecreasedlastyear.Thenthesinglemotherturnedtoherkeyboardtoboostherincome.

Ms.Estesappliedtobecomean“expert”onLivePersonInC.aWebsitewhereclientspayforonlinechattimewithprofessionalsandadvisersofallfields.For$1.89aminute—aratesheset—the39-year-oldfromMarianna,FlA.dispensesadvicetoclientsaroundtheglobe.Shespendsaboutfourhoursadayonline,oftenatnight,whenherdaughterhasgonetobed.

“Itwastheeconomy,”shesaysofhermovetotakeherskillsonline.“LivePersonismoreprofitablethanmyprivatepractice.”Ms.Esteshadchargedherprivateclientsupto$75anhour.

Astherecessiondeepens,asmallbutgrowingnumberofpeoplearetakingtheirskillsonline,offeringexpertiseorperformingspecifiedtasksforafee.Labor-at-the-keyboardsitesaregainingpopularityaspeopleincreasinglyturntotheWebinsearchofwork.Internetjob-searchsitessawa51%riseintrafficfromJanuary2008toJanuary2009,accordingtocomScoreMediaMetrix,to26.7millionuniquevisitors.

Amongthemanyfee-for-serviceWebsitesoutthere,atleastthreeareattractingasignificantnumberofusers—thoughconsumersshouldexerciseahealthydegreeofskepticismwhenconsultinganyofthesesites.LivePersonseeksoutexpertsonaslewoftopics,includingmentalhealth,financialservices,shoppingandfashion,aswellaspsychicsandspiritualadvisers.MechanicalTurk,aWebservicerunbyAInC.paysworkerstoperformtasks,suchascatalogingproductsonline.AssociatedContentpayscontributorstowritearticlesonawiderangeofsubjects,fromorganicflowergardeningtohowtoapplyforfinancialaid.

LivePersonwentpublicin2001,andthecurrentversionofthesitewaslaunchedinlate2007.Today,thesitehas30,000registeredexperts,attractinganaverageof100,000peopleayearwhopayfortheofferedservices,saysChiefExecutiveOfficerRobertLoCascio.Roughly3,500peoplehavemadecontributingtothesitetheirfull-timejob,hesays.

LivePersonsaysitvetscontributors’qualifications,suchasmedicallicensesorfinancialcertification,throughathirdparty,andreliesheavilyonitscommunityreviews.Some200peopleadayapplytobeLivePersonexperts,upfrom120ayearago,saysMr.LoCascio.Oncecleared,advisersworkwithclientsonacost-per-minutebasissetbytheadviser.Thesitetakesacommissionofbetween30%and35%.

AssociatedContent,bycontrast,reviewssubmissionsinhouseandthendecideshowmuchtopayforthem.Thesite,whichspecializesinhow-topiecesandfeaturestoriesonnewstopics,had237,000registeredcontributorsandmorethanonemillioncontentpiecesasofFebruary,bothaboutdoublefromthesamemonthayearago.

Afterpostingthecontent,thesitesellsadvertisementsagainstitanddistributesittoothercompanies,suchasonlineshoeretailerZappos,whichusethecontentontheirownWebsites.IfAssociatedContentacceptsasubmission(itsaysitrejectsabout25%ofthem),theauthorgetsbetween$5and$30,plus$1,50foreach1,000pageviews.Anabilitytowrite“search-engine-optimized"content,anindustrytermforgeneratinggoodGoogleresults,helps,sayssitefounderLukeBeatty.

Peoplearenotonlylookingforpaymentbutalsoestablishingtheircredentials“assomebodywithexperience”,hesays.Writingaboutaspecificprofession,suchaslaworrealestate,helpsraiseaperson’sprofileonline,enhancinghisjobsearches,saysMr.Beatty.

SabahKarimi,a26-year-oldfromOrlando,FlA.leftacareerinmarketingtobecomeafull-timefreelancewriterandnowspendsbetween8and10hoursaweekwritingforAssociatedContent.Shehasbeenatitforaboutthreeyearsandsayssheearnsroughly$1,000amonthfromherpastandcurrentsubmissions.

Ms.KarimicautionsnewcomerstoAssociatedContentthatittakestimetobuildupearnings.Shesaysshelearnedhowtowritearticlesthatwouldbringtrafficandoftenlooksfornewsyideasthatwillattractreaders.

MechanicalTurk,bycontrast,isbasedon“crowdsourcing”,orbreakingataskintolotsoftinypiecesandgivingittoabiggroupofpeopletocompletequickly.Mostofthesejobs—whichthesitecallsHITs,forhumanintelligencetasks―payjustafewcents.EfficientMTurkers,astheycallthemselves,canmakemorethan$100aweekdoingthingssuchasfindingsomeone’semailaddressorlabelingimagesofaparticularanimalinaphotograph.

AmazonsaysthatMTurknowhas200,000workersfrom100differentcountries,butitdoesn’tkeeptrackofpastfigures.

Thesite—namedforan18th-centurystuntinvolvingaturbanedchess-playing“machine”withanactualchessmasterhiddenwithin—beganasawaytohelpAmazonmanageitsproductdatabase,saysSharonChiarella,vicepresidentofAmazonMechanicalTurk.Amazonusesthesitetohelpsortimagesandcontent,payingpeopleafewcentsatask.MechanicalTurkalsoservesavarietyofcompanieswhoneedWebtasksperformed,especiallythosethatrequireahumanelement.Test-prepstartupKnewtonInC.forexample,usesitextensivelyforfocus-group-typetasks,aswellasenlistingpeopletotakeitspracticetests.

KeriKnutson,amotheroffivefromIndependence,LA.discoveredMechanicalTurkwhenhereldestsonwasheadedforcollege.Ms.Knutson,now45,neededmoneyforhistuitionandfees.Shetookonallkindsoflow-payingbuteasytasksatthebeginning,fromfindingaplacetopurchaseaspecificitemtoidentifyingthenameofastreetinaphotograph.

Peoplelookingtomakemoneyonlineasfee-for-serviceexpertsshouldreadthefineprint.LivePersonhasoneofthemoreformalpaymentsystems,requiringuserstosignupforanaccountbeforetalkingwithanexpert.Somesites,includingAssociatedContentandMechanicalTurk,reservetherighttorefusepaymentifataskisnotcompletedsatisfactorily.

Mostsiteshavearobustcommunityofworkerswhoregularlyofferoneanothertipsonwhichtaskspaythebest.MechanicalTurkusershaveanindependentsitecalledTurkerNation(),whichreviewsthecompaniesthatsolicit(索求)andpayfortaskssothatworkerscancheckacompany’srecordbeforetakingonatask.

Consumerswhousethesesitesalsoneedtoexercisecaution.Relyingonlegalormedicaladvicefromanunknownonlinesourcehasobviousdrawbacks,andtheWebsitesacknowledgethatsomeusershaveregisteredcomplaintsabouttheadviceofferedonthesites.LivePersonwarnsconsumerstooffertheirfinancialandpersonaldetailswithcare.

Fortheworkersonthesesites,evenincrementalsourcesofincomearehelpfulthesedays.Ms.KnutsonnowspendsthemajorityofhertimetranscribingWebaudioandvideoforclients,earningabout$250aweekfor30hoursofwork.Shesaysshehasseenmorecompetitionlatelybutisdeterminedtokeepupherweeklypace.

“IfIdidn’thavethismoney,”shesays,“we’dbestrugglingtofindwhattoeateveryweek.”

1.Whatisthepassagemainlytalkingabout?

2.LivePersonInc.isaWebsitewhere（）.

3.Whyarelabor-at-the-keyboardsitesgainingpopularity?

4.HowmuchwillanexpertgetthroughLivePersonifaclientpays$10?

5.MechanicalTurkoriginatedasamethodto（）.

6.WhatdoesTurkerNationdo?

7.WhatdoesMs.Knutsonspendthemajorityofhertimedoing?

8.Whatisprobablythetitleforthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Theeconomicrecessionwilllastafewyears.

B.Morepeoplearetakingtheirskillsonlinetomakemoney.

C.AskingforadvicethroughtheInternetisagoodwaytosolveyourproblems.

D.Peopleshouldn’treleasetheirfinancialandpersonaldetailsonline.

問題2選項

A.peoplechatwitheachotherandmakefriendsfreely

B.professionalsandadvisershelpothersforfree

C.peoplepaymoneyforapplyingtobecomeanexpert

D.clientspayforonlinechattimewithprofessionalsandadvisers

問題3選項

A.BecausepeoplelovetoworkontheInternet.

B.BecausemorepeoplearefindingjobsontheInternet.

C.BecausepeoplearebeingaskedtoworkontheInternet.

D.BecauseworkingontheInternetiseasierthanotherwaysofworking.

問題4選項

A.$3to$3.5.

B.$10.

C.$6.5to$7.

D.$5.

問題5選項

A.labelimagesofaparticularanimalinaphotograph

B.serveavarietyofcompanieswhoneedWebtasksperformed

C.helpAmazonmanageitsproductdatabase

D.findsomeone’semailaddress

問題6選項

A.Itreservestherighttorefusepaymentifataskisnotcompletedsatisfactorily.

B.Itreliesonlegalormedicaladvicefromanunknownonlinesource.

C.Itregisterscomplaintsabouttheadviceofferedonthesite.

D.Itreviewsthecompaniesthatsolicitandpayfortasks.

問題7選項

A.Findingaplacetopurchaseaspecificitem.

B.Identifyingthenameofastreetinaphotograph.

C.TranscribingWebaudioandvideoforclients.

D.Strugglingtofindwhattoeateveryweek.

問題8選項

A.ExpertsonLine

B.SellingExpertiseontheInternetforExtraCash

C.SuccessinRecessionTime

D.PromisingOnlineEconomy

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:C

第8題:A

【解析】1.【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章主要講的是各領(lǐng)域的收費服務(wù)網(wǎng)站興起，使得越來越多的專業(yè)人士通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)賺錢。故B項“越來越多的人利用他們的專業(yè)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上賺錢”比較符合文章大意。

2.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第二段指出：Ms.Estesappliedtobecomean“expert”onLivePersonInC.aWebsitewhereclientspayforonlinechattimewithprofessionalsandadvisersofallfields.（埃斯特斯申請成為LivePersonInc.的一名“專家”，這是一家客戶付費與各領(lǐng)域?qū)I(yè)人士和顧問在線聊天的網(wǎng)站）。因此D項“客戶為與專業(yè)人士的在線交流時間而付費”正確。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第四段指出：Labor-at-the-keyboardsitesaregainingpopularityaspeopleincreasinglyturntotheWebinsearchofwork.（隨著人們不斷轉(zhuǎn)向網(wǎng)絡(luò)找工作，鍵盤勞動力網(wǎng)站越來越受歡迎）。因此B項“因為更多的人在網(wǎng)上找工作”正確。

4.【試題解析】判斷推理題。第七段指出：Thesitetakesacommissionofbetween30%and35%（網(wǎng)站收取30%到35%的傭金）。由此可算出，如果客戶支付10美元，網(wǎng)站抽取傭金3—3.5美元，專家將獲得6.5—7美元，故選C。

5.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第十五段指出：Thesite—namedforan18th-centurystuntinvolvingaturbanedchess-playing“machine”withanactualchessmasterhiddenwithin—beganasawaytohelpAmazonmanageitsproductdatabase,saysSharonChiarella,vicepresidentofAmazonMechanicalTurk.（亞馬遜土耳其機器人的副總裁SharonChiarella說：這個網(wǎng)站——為一個18世紀(jì)的噱頭命名，涉及一個包著頭巾的會下國際象棋的“機器”，里而隱藏著一個真正的國際象棋大師——一開始是作為一種幫助亞馬遜管理其產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫的方法）。因此C項“幫助亞馬遜管理其產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫”正確。

6.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。倒數(shù)第四段指出：MechanicalTurkusershaveanindependentsitecalledTurkerNation(),whichreviewsthecompaniesthatsolicit(索求)andpayfortaskssothatworkerscancheckacompany’srecordbeforetakingonatask.（MechanicalTurk用戶有一個獨立的網(wǎng)站叫土耳其國家（），該網(wǎng)站評估索求的公司和支付任務(wù)，這樣員工可以在接受任務(wù)之前檢查公司的記錄）。因此，D項正確。

7.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。倒數(shù)第二段指出：Ms.KnutsonnowspendsthemajorityofhertimetranscribingWebaudioandvideoforclients,earningabout$250aweekfor30hoursofwork.（克努森女士現(xiàn)在花大部分的時間為客戶轉(zhuǎn)錄網(wǎng)絡(luò)音頻和視頻，一周工作30個小時賺取約250美元）。因此，C項“為客戶轉(zhuǎn)錄網(wǎng)絡(luò)音頻和視頻”正確。

8.【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章主要講的是各領(lǐng)域的收費服務(wù)網(wǎng)站興起，使得越來越多的專業(yè)人士通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)賺錢。因此，A項“在線專家”比較適合做文章標(biāo)題。

7.單選題

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