考研考博-英語-寧波工程學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-寧波工程學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Oncethequestionisput,weknow（

）trytoobtaintheanswer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.toproceedindirectionto

B.wheredirectionproceedto

C.inwhichdirectiontoproceedto

D.whichdirectionproceedtoward

【答案】C

【解析】考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，know后面的成分為它的賓語，填空處缺少的是方式狀語。選項(xiàng)A不定式做主語或目的狀語；選項(xiàng)B中where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語；選項(xiàng)D缺少先行詞。所以只有選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.單選題

WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesinWorldWarⅡandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage—spyingasa“profession”.ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.

Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespooks(間諜)callit“open-sourceintelligence”,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.

AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.S.

StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”O(jiān)pen-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.

FriedmanreliesonaleanStaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

1.TheemergenceoftheNethas______.

2.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto______.

3.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans______.

4.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that______.

5.Straitfordismostproudofits______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan

B.remoldedtheintelligenceservices

C.restoredmanycommonpastimes

D.revivedspyingasaprofession

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.introducethetopicofonlinespying

B.showhowhefoughtfortheUS

C.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar

D.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.causingthebiggesttrouble

B.exertingthegreatesteffort

C.achievingthegreatestsuccess

D.enjoyingthewidestpopularity

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Straitford’spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue

B.Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation

C.Straitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability

D.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.officialstatus

B.nonconformistimage

C.efficientstaff

D.militarybackground

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)已經(jīng)……”。第一段最后一句ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.（如今，網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)改變了購書和寄信等日常娛樂活動(dòng)，也正在重塑Donovan的情報(bào)員職業(yè)）可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)是改造了情報(bào)部門的工作。A項(xiàng)“得到了Donovan等粉絲的支持”，文中第一句WildbillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.（Donovan會(huì)愛上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的），這里用的虛擬語氣，且從后面的內(nèi)容也可以得知，在Donovan做情報(bào)員期間互聯(lián)網(wǎng)還沒有出現(xiàn)，所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“恢復(fù)/還原許多普遍的消遣活動(dòng)”，文中說的是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)改變了人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹姆绞?，如買書、發(fā)郵件等，這里是改變而不是恢復(fù)，因此C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“復(fù)興了間諜這個(gè)職業(yè)”，原文沒有提到間諜行業(yè)消失的信息，所以復(fù)興一詞不正確。該題B項(xiàng)“重塑了情報(bào)行業(yè)”正確。

2.【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“文中提到Donovan的故事是用來……”。A項(xiàng)“介紹網(wǎng)絡(luò)間諜的主題”，B項(xiàng)“展示他是如何為美國而戰(zhàn)”，C項(xiàng)“信息戰(zhàn)爭的一段插曲”，D項(xiàng)“向他對(duì)中情局的貢獻(xiàn)致敬”。文章開篇引用Donovan的例子來證明互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展重塑了間諜行業(yè)，從而來引出接下來對(duì)間諜行業(yè)的論述，因此該題A項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題解析】語義推測(cè)題。題干意思是“第三段第一行makingthebiggestsplash這個(gè)短語的意思最有可能是……”。A項(xiàng)“制造最大的麻煩”，B項(xiàng)“盡最大的努力”，C項(xiàng)“取得最大的成功”，D項(xiàng)“有最廣泛的名氣”。第三段講的內(nèi)容是作為一家私人情報(bào)分析公司，Straitford通過將間諜活動(dòng)的成果（覆蓋從智利到俄羅斯的國家）賣給其他公司來賺錢；它的許多預(yù)測(cè)都可以在網(wǎng)站上看到；由此可以推斷Straitford公司是這個(gè)間諜行業(yè)的佼佼者，因此A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)都不符合題意；另外，文中對(duì)Straitford公司的名氣并沒有特別提到，所以該題C項(xiàng)最符合題意。

4.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“從第四段可以知道……”。第四段主要講的是Friedman將互聯(lián)網(wǎng)作為一個(gè)雙向的工具，既用來收集信息，又用來發(fā)布信息；A項(xiàng)“關(guān)于烏克蘭的語言被證實(shí)是真的”，文中只說了Straitford公司做出了關(guān)于烏克蘭局勢(shì)的預(yù)測(cè)，原文并沒有說明預(yù)言是否成真，所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“Straitford公司保證信息的真實(shí)性”，第四段倒數(shù)第二句提到Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad（當(dāng)然公開來源的間諜活動(dòng)的確有它的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)楹茈y區(qū)分正確與錯(cuò)誤的信息），最后一句提到這正是Straitford公司賺錢的原因，所以由此可以推斷出Straitford公司就是靠辨別真?zhèn)吻閳?bào)賺錢的，它能提供相當(dāng)可靠的信息，但是沒有保證情報(bào)百分百的準(zhǔn)確，B項(xiàng)太絕對(duì)；C項(xiàng)“Straitford公司商業(yè)的特點(diǎn)是不可預(yù)測(cè)性”在文中找不到依據(jù)；因此該題D項(xiàng)“Straitford公司能提供相當(dāng)可靠的信息”最符合題意。

5.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“Straitford公司對(duì)自己的什么最自豪？”。A項(xiàng)“官員地位”，B項(xiàng)“不墨守成規(guī)的形象”，C項(xiàng)“有效率的員工”，D項(xiàng)“軍事背景”。文章最后一句提到Friedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.（弗萊德曼說，Straitford公司為其獨(dú)立的聲音而感到自豪）可知，Straitford公司引以為豪的是其獨(dú)立的立場(chǎng)，A項(xiàng)沒有依據(jù)，C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)都不是Straitford公司引以為豪之處。因此B項(xiàng)最符合題意。

3.單選題

WecanrelyonWilliamtocarryoutthismission,forhisjudgmentisalways______enough.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inexplicable

B.healthy

C.sound

D.straight

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)inexplicable“費(fèi)解的；無法說明的；不能解釋的”；B選項(xiàng)healthy“健康的，健全的；有益于健康的”；C選項(xiàng)sound“合理的；無損的；有能力的；充足的；徹底的；熟睡的；資金充實(shí)的；嚴(yán)厲的；健全的”；D選項(xiàng)straight“直的；連續(xù)的；筆直的；正直的；整齊的；異性戀的”。句意：我們可以靠威廉去完成這個(gè)任務(wù)，因?yàn)樗臎Q策總是合理的。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Thegovernmentgavemoneytopeopletohelpbuyhomesoutsideofthecities.Thissystemof（）housingcausedmanypeopletoleaveurbanareas.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.invested

B.provided

C.sustained

D.subsidized

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。本題考查動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式作修飾詞時(shí)的詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)investe“投資的”；B選項(xiàng)provide“給予”；C選項(xiàng)sustained“持續(xù)的”；D選項(xiàng)subsidized“補(bǔ)貼的；補(bǔ)助的”。句意：政府向人們提供資金，幫助他們?cè)诔鞘幸酝赓I房子。這種……住房制度使得許多人離開城市。前句明確說明是政府提供資金，屬于補(bǔ)貼政策，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Bulliedbytwoclassmates,theboybegantocryandtearslowly（）downhisface.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.oozed

B.trickled

C.dribbled

D.leaked

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)ooze“滲出；泄漏”；B選項(xiàng)trickle“使……滴；一滴滴地流”；C選項(xiàng)dribble“連擊；使滴下；運(yùn)球”；D選項(xiàng)leak“使?jié)B漏，泄露”。句意：受到兩位同班同學(xué)的欺負(fù)后，這位男孩開始哭，然后眼淚順著他的臉頰一滴滴地流下。結(jié)合此處句意眼淚應(yīng)該是順著他的臉頰一滴滴地流，判斷出B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

TheAmericanRevolution1775-1783,wasastrugglebywhichthethirteencoloniesthatweretobecometheUnitedStateswonindependencefromBritain.Bythemiddleofthe18thcentury,differencesinlife,thought,andespeciallyeconomicinterestshadformedbetweenthecoloniesandthemothercountry.TheBritishGovernmenttriedtoregulatecolonialcommerceintheBritishinterest,andprovokedcolonialopposition.ThecolonistsconvenedtheContinentalCongressandpetitionedthekingforredressoftheirgrievances.In1774BritainrespondedwiththecoerciveIntolerableActs.FightingeruptedonApril9,1775atLexingtonandConcord.TheContinentalCongressappointedGeorgeWashingtontocommandtheContinentalArmyandonJuly4,1776.adoptedtheDeclarationofIndependence.ThecolonialvictoryintheSaratogaCampaignhelpedforgeaFrench-Americanalliance,whichbroughtvitalaidtothecolonists.Thesurrender.October1781,ofGeneralCornwallisendedthefightingandtheTreatyofParis(1783)recognizedtheU.S.asanation.

TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaradicalortotalchange.Itwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.

America'sWarofIndependenceheraldedthebirthofthreemodernnations.OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.AnotherwasAustralia,whichbecameapenalcolonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailableforprisonersanddebtors.Thethirdnewcomer-theUnitedStates-baseditselfsquarelyonrepublicanprinciples.

Yeteventhepoliticaloverturnwasnotsorevolutionaryasonemightsuppose.Insomestates,notablyConnecticutandRhodeIsland,thewarlargelyratifiedacolonialself-rulealreadyexisting.Britishofficials,everywhereousted,werereplacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptlysoughtalocalsubstituteforkingandparliament.

1.TheAmericanRevolutionbrokeoutmainlyasaresultofconflictsbetweenthethirteencoloniesandBritainin（

）.

2.Theword"coercive"inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingelementsdirectlycontributedtothevictoriousconclusionoftheAmericanRevolution?

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheloyalistswhoescapedtoCanadawere（

）.?

5.Whatwilltheparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscuss?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ideologicaltrends

B.lifestyles

C.culturaldifferences

D.economicinterests

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.compellingbyforce

B.compensatingtheloss

C.comingtotermsbynegotiation

D.reconcilingbyacompromise

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.TheLexingtonCampaign.

B.TheContinentalCongress.

C.TheDeclarationofIndependence.

D.TheFrenchAmericanalliance.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Russian

B.French

C.British

D.Australian

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ThetransportofprisonerstoAustralia.

B.Thecreationofnewstategovernments.

C.EventsleadinguptotheAmericanRevolution.

D.HowCanadaandtheUnitedStatesbecamefriends.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段第二句提到到了18世紀(jì)中葉，殖民地和母國之間在生活、思想，尤其是經(jīng)濟(jì)利益方面形成了差異（Bythemiddleofthe18thcentury,differencesinlife,thought,andespeciallyeconomicinterestshadformedbetweenthecoloniesandthemothercountry），由此可知，殖民地與母國發(fā)生沖突最大的原因是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)利益。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.詞義題。根據(jù)FightingeruptedonApril9,1775atLexingtonConcord，戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)是由于母國的武力強(qiáng)制，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段倒數(shù)第二句話提到薩拉托大捷幫助建立了法美聯(lián)盟，為殖民地人民帶來了至關(guān)重要的援助（ThecolonialvictoryintheSaratogaCampaignhelpedforgeaFrench-Americanalliance,whichbroughtvitalaidtothecolonists），因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。文章第三段提到加拿大的第一大批講英語的流入人口來自于成千上萬英王的效忠者，這些人從美國逃到了加拿大（OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates），可知這些逃到加拿大的人是英國王室的效忠者，所以選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。題目問的是“接下來的一段最可能討論什么問題？”最后講述了政治的顛覆并不像人們想象的那樣具有革命性。以一些州為例，戰(zhàn)爭在很大程度上認(rèn)可了已經(jīng)存在的殖民自治，英國官員被地方統(tǒng)治階級(jí)代替。選項(xiàng)B“新的州政府的建立”與最后一段關(guān)系密切，符合題意。

7.單選題

Allanimals,especiallythesmallkind,appeartofeelanxiety.Humanshavefeltitsincethedaystheysharedtheplanetwithsaber-toothedtigers.Butweliveinaparticularlyanxiousage.TheinitialshockofSept.11haswornoff,andthefearhaslifted,butmillionsofAmericanscontinuetoshareakindofgeneralizedmassanxiety.ArecentTIME/CNNpollfoundthateightmonthsaftertheevent,nearlytwo-thirdsofAmericansthinkabouttheterrorattacksatleastseveraltimesaweek.Anditdoesn’ttakemuchforalltheoldfearstocomerushingback.Whatwassurprisingabouttherecentdrumbeatofterrorwarningswashowquicklyittriggeredtheanxietysomanyofusthoughtwehadputbehindus.

Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere’sadeadlinelooming―anxietybecomesaproblemwhenitpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediatethreat.Sometimesthere’sanobviouscause,aswiththeshell-shockedsoldiersofWorldWarIortheterror-scarredciviliansoftheWorldTradeCentercollapse.Othertimes,wedon’tknowwhywecan’tstopworrying.

Anxietydisorder—whichiswhathealthexpertscallanyanxietythatpersiststothepointthatitinterfereswithone’slife—isthemostcommonmentalillnessintheU.S.Initsvariousforms,rangingfromveryspecificphobiastogeneralizedanxietydisorder,itafflicts19millionAmericans(see“AreYouTooAnxious?”).

Inrecentyears,however,researchershavemadesignificantprogressinnailingdowntheunderlyingscienceofanxiety.Injustthepastdecade,theyhavecometoappreciatethatwhateverthefactorsthattriggeranxiety,itgrowsoutofaresponsethatishardwiredinourbrains.Theyhavelearned,amongotherthings:

—Thereisageneticcomponenttoanxiety;somepeopleseemtobebornworriers.

—Brainscanscanrevealdifferencesinthewaypatientswhosufferfromanxietydisordersrespondtodangersignals.

—Duetoashortcutinourbrain’sinformation-processingsystem,wecanrespondtothreatsbeforewebecomeawareofthem.

—Therootofananxietydisordermaynotbethethreatthattriggersitbutabreakdowninthemechanismthatkeepstheanxietyresponsefromcareeringoutofcontrol.

Beforewedelveintothelatestresearch,let’sdefineafewterms.Thoughweallhaveourownintuitivesenseofwhatthewordsstressandfearmean,scientistsusethesewordsinveryspecificways.Forthem,stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear,butit’safeelingthatlingerslongafterthestresshasliftedandthethreathaspassed.

Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.Evenmostpeopleareascluelessaboutwhytheyhavecertainfeelingsastheyareabouthowtheirlungswork.Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat’seasytorecognize.Ratsfreezeinplace.Humansbreakoutinacoldsweat.Heartbeatsrace,andbloodpressurerises.Thatgivesscientistssomethingtheycancontrolandmeasure.

Indeed,alotofwhatresearchershavelearnedaboutthebiologyofanxietycomesfromscaringratsandthencuttingthemopen.Theresearchersdestroysmallportionsoftherats’brainstoseewhateffectthathasontheirreactions(anexperimentthatwouldbeimpossibletoconductinhumans).Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat’sbrain.

Thejourneybeginswhenarat(we’llgettohumanslater)feelsthestress,inthiscaseanelectricshock.Therat’ssensesimmediatelysendamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain,wherethestimulusactivatestwoneuralpathways.Oneofthesepathwaysisarelativelylong,circuitousroute(迂回路徑)throughthecortex(腦皮層)wherethebraindoesitsmostelaborateandaccurateprocessingofinformation.Theotherrouteisakindofemergencyshortcutthatquicklyreachesanalmond-shapedclusterofcellscalledtheamygdala(扁桃體).

What’sspecialabouttheamygdalaisthatitcanquicklyactivatejustabouteverysysteminthebodytofightlikethedevilorrunlikecrazy.It’snotdesignedtobeaccurate,justfast.Ifyouhaveevergonehikingandbeenstartledbyasnakethatturnedouttobeastick,youcanthankyouramygdala.

Butwhiletheamygdalaisbusytellingthebodywhattodo,italsofiresupanearbycurvedclusterofneuronscalledthehippocampus(大腦側(cè)面室腦壁上的隆起物).(A16thcenturyanatomistnameditaftertheGreekwordforseahorse.)Thejobofthehippocampusistohelpthebrainlearnandformnewmemories.Andnotjustanymemories.Thehippocampusallowsarattorememberwhereitwaswhenitgotshockedandwhatwasgoingonarounditatthetime.Suchcontextuallearninghelpsthepoorrodentavoiddangerousplacesinthefuture.Itprobablyalsohelpsitrecognizewhatsituationsarelikelytoberelativelysafe.Thismakessense,intermsofsurvival.Afterall,it’sbettertopanicunnecessarilythantobetoorelaxedinthefaceoflife-threateningdanger.

Discoveringthisbasicneuralcircuitryturnedouttobeakeybreakthroughinunderstandinganxiety.Itshowedthattheanxietyresponseisn’tnecessarilycausedbyanexternalthreat;rather,itmaybetracedtoabreakdowninthemechanismthatsignalsthebraintostopresponding.Justasacarcangooutofcontrolduetoeitherastuckacceleratororfailedbrakes,it’snotalwaysclearwhichpartofthebrainisatfault.Itmayturnoutthatsomeanxietydisordersarecausedbyanoveractiveamygdala(theaccelerator)whileothersarecausedbyanunderactiveprefrontalcortex(callitthebrake).

Ofcourse,whatyouwouldreallyliketoknowiswhetheranyoftheworkdoneinratsappliestohumans.Clearlyresearcherscan’tgoaroundperformingbrainsurgeryontheamygdalasoflivingpatientstoseeifitaffectstheiranxietylevels.Butthefascinatingcaseofawomanknownonlybyherresearchnumber,SM046,suggeststhatwhenitcomestofear,rodentsandhominidsreallyaren’tsodifferent.

Owingtoanunusualbraindisorder,SM046hasadefectiveamygdala.Asaresult,herbehaviorisabnormalinaveryparticularway.WhenscientistsattheUniversityofIowashowSM046picturesofaseriesoffaces,shehasnotroublepickingoutthosethatarehappy,sadorangry.Butifthefaceisdisplayingfear,shecannotrecognizethefeeling.Sheidentifiesitasafaceexpressing,someintenseemotion,butthatisall.HerunusualconditionstronglysuggeststhateveninHomosapiens,feartakesholdintheamygdala.

Eventually,researcherswouldliketolearnwhatroleourgenes,asopposedtoourenvironment,playinthedevelopmentofanxiety.“Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatthesedisordersruninfamilies.”saysKennethKendler,apsychiatricgeneticistatVirginiaCommonwealthUniversityinRichmond,Va.“Sothenextlogicalquestionisthenature-nurtureissue.”Inotherwords,areanxiouspeoplebornthatway,ordotheybecomeanxiousasaresultoftheirlifeexperiences?

Kendlerandhiscolleaguesapproachedthequestionbystudyinggroupsofidenticaltwins,whosharevirtuallyalltheirgenes,andfraternaltwins,who,likeanyothersiblings,shareonlysomeofthem.WhatKendler’sgroupfoundwasthatbothidenticaltwinsweresomewhatmorelikelythanbothfraternaltwinstosufferfromgeneralizedanxietydisorder,phobiasorpanicattacks.(Theresearchershavenotyetstudiedtwinswithpost-traumaticstressdisorderorobsessive-compulsivedisorder.)

Thecorrelationisn’t100%,however.“Mostoftheheritabilityisintherangeof30%to40%,”Kendlersays.That’safairlymoderategeneticimpact,henotes,“Yourgenessetyourgeneralvulnerability,”heconcludes.“Youcanbealow-vulnerable,intermediate-vulnerableorahigh-vulnerableperson.”Butyourupbringingandyourexperiencesstillhaveamajorroletoplay.Someonewithalowgeneticvulnerability,forexample,couldeasilydevelopafearofflyingaftersurvivingahorrificplanecrash.

Therearenoguidebookstotellyouwhenit’ssafetoventureoutagain.Inmanyways,thewholecountrywasmadepartofanunwittingexperimentinmassanxiety.Ourbrainsareevennowintheprocessofrewiringthemselves.Howsuccessfullywenavigatethisdelicatetransitionwilldependalotonourgenes,ourenvironmentandanyfutureattacks.

1.Anxietycanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhen（

）.

2.NowintheUnitedStates,about19millionpeoplearesufferingfrom

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutfearisNOTtrue?

4.Generally,scientistsfindithardtostudyemotionsbecause

（

）.

5.Asfeartravelsthroughtherat'sbrain,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearby（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thereisanobviouscauseofanxiety.

B.weknowwhywecanstopworrying

C.itpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediate

D.thereisadeadlinelooming.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.terrorwarning

B.mentalillness

C.anxietydisorder

D.physicaldanger

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fearistheexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger.

B.Fearistheshort-termresponsestressesproduceinmen.

C.Fearhasalotofthesamesymptomsasanxiety.

D.Fearistheaspectofanxietythatiseasytorecognize.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyarethenatureofhumanbeings

B.onlyfeariseasytorecognize

C.mostpeopleareasclueless

D.theyareslipperyandsubjective

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.studyingitsreactionafterbeingcutoffsomeportionsofbrain

B.sendingamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain

C.measuringitsbloodpressure

D.matchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger—andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere'sadeadlinelooming（這是焦慮的奧秘之一。雖然這是對(duì)身體危險(xiǎn)的正常反應(yīng)，但在最后期限即將來臨的時(shí)候，它可以成為集中注意力的有用工具）可知選D。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第三段中的itafflicts19millionAmericans（它折磨著1,900萬美國人）可知句中的“it”指代前面提及的“Anxietydisorder”，因此選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第五段中的stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear（壓力是一種外部刺激，通常通過引起疼痛來發(fā)出危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)?？謶质嵌唐诜磻?yīng)，這種壓力會(huì)在男性、女性或?qū)嶒?yàn)室老鼠身上產(chǎn)生。焦慮和恐懼有很多相同的癥狀。）和第六段中的Butfearistheonceaspectofanxietythat'seasytorecognize（但恐懼是焦慮的一方面，很容易識(shí)別）可知A表示不正確，根據(jù)題干中的“NOTtrue”，因此選A。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第六段中的Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.（一般來說，科學(xué)很難壓制情緒，因?yàn)樗鼈兲焐秃芑椭饔^）可知選D。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第七段中的Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat'sbrain.（通過努力將受損的區(qū)域與行為的變化相匹配，科學(xué)家們一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地創(chuàng)造了一張?jiān)诶鲜蟠竽X中傳播的恐懼路線圖）可知D選項(xiàng)“將受損區(qū)域與行為變化相匹配”符合題意。

8.單選題

ThechangesingloballyaveragedtemperaturethathaveoccurredattheEarth’ssurfaceoverthepastcenturyaresimilarinsizeandtimingtothose（1）bymodelsthattakeintoaccountthecombinedinfluencesofhumanfactorsandsolarvariability.

To（2）thequestionofattributionrequiresthe（3）ofmorepowerfulandcomplexmethodsbeyondtheuseofglobalaveragesalone.Newstudieshavefocusedon（4）mapsorpatternsoftemperaturechangein（5）andinmodels.Patternanalysisistheclimatologicallyequivalentofthemorecomprehensivetestsinthemedicalanalogymentioned（6）,andmakesitpossibletoachievemoredefinitive（7）oftheobservedclimatechangestoaparticularcauseorcauses.

TheexpectedinfluenceofhumanactivitiesisthoughttobemuchmorecomplexthanuniformwarmingovertheentiresurfaceoftheEarthandoverthewhole（8）cycle.Patternsofchangeoverspaceandtimethereforeprovideamorepowerful（9）technique.Thebasicidea（10）pattern-basedapproachesisthatdifferent（11）causesofclimatechangehavedifferentcharacteristicpatternsofclimateresponseorfingerprints.Attributionstudiesseekto（12）afingerprintmatchbetweenthepatternsofclimatechange（13）bymodelsandthoseactuallyobserved.

Themostrecentassessmentofthesciencesuggeststhathumanactivitieshaveledtoadiscernible（14）onglobalclimateandthattheseactivitieswillhaveanincreasinginfluenceonfutureclimate.Theburningofcoal,oilandnaturalgas,aswellasvariousagriculturalandindustrialpractices,are（15）thecompositionoftheatmosphereandcontributingtoclimatechange.Thesehumanactivitieshaveledtoincreasedatmospheric（16）ofanumberofgreenhousegases,includingcarbondioxide,methaneandsoonintheloweratmosphere.

Humanactivities,suchastheburningoffossil,havealsoincreasedthe（17）ofsmallparticlesintheatmosphere.Theseparticlescanchangethe（18）ofenergythatisabsorbedandreflectedbytheatmosphere.Theyarealsobelievedtomodifythe（19）ofairandclouds,changingtheamountofenergythattheyabsorbandreflect.Intensivestudiesoftheclimaticeffectsoftheseparticlesbeganonlyrecentlyandtheoverall（20）isuncertain.Itislikelythattheneteffectofthesesmallparticlesistocooltheclimateandtopartiallyoffsetthewarmingofincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.incensed

B.personify

C.interact

D.predicted

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.array

B.ascertain

C.probe

D.perturb

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.application

B.integration

C.avenge

D.intervene

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.conforming

B.comparing

C.biding

D.budgeting

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.junctions

B.junctures

C.obligations

D.observations

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.optionally

B.ornamentally

C.previously

D.predicatively

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.attribution

B.autonomy

C.indication

D.induction

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.immune

B.seasonal

C.formidable

D.perceptible

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.analysis

B.disposal

C.antigen

D.disincentive

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.avenging

B.underestimating

C.ascending

D.underlying

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.potential

B.respectable

C.secretive

D.sturdy

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.weary

B.obtain

C.wink

D.retard

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.oriented

B.kenned

C.predicted

D.lapsed

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.modification

B.nomination

C.penetration

D.influence

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.paving

B.altering

C.retreating

D.saluting

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.stabilities

B.popularities

C.concentrations

D.hierarchies

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.abundance

B.hemisphere

C.fixture

D.distress

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.burial

B.argumentation

C.legislation

D.amount

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.disposals

B.properties

C.certainties

D.blends

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.calculation

B.assignment

C.budget

D.effect

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:D

第11題:A

第12題:B

第13題:C

第14題:D

第15題:B

第16題:C

第17題:A

第18題:D

第19題:B

第20題:D

【解析】（1）語法分析?？崭裉帒?yīng)填入those的后置定語,空后by提示此處為被動(dòng)。因此D項(xiàng)predicted（預(yù)言，預(yù)測(cè)）與models搭配合理，意為“通過模型來預(yù)測(cè)”。

（2）動(dòng)詞辨析。array排列，整隊(duì)；ascertain弄清，確定，查明；probe調(diào)查；探索；perturb使人煩惱，不安。根據(jù)句意和句子后面的methods,C項(xiàng)probe與thequestionofattribution搭配符合邏輯，意為“調(diào)查問題的原因”。

（3）名詞辨析。空格處應(yīng)填入名詞,作require的賓語。以下兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)是名詞:application運(yùn)用，應(yīng)用；integration結(jié)合，整合，一體化。根據(jù)句意，需要運(yùn)用更復(fù)雜的方法，A項(xiàng)application符合邏輯。

（4）動(dòng)詞辨析。conform遵守，符合；compare比較，對(duì)照；bide滯留，忍受；budget編制預(yù)算，安排開支。B項(xiàng)與mapsorpatterns搭配compare，意為“比較天氣變化圖和模式”。

（5）名詞辨析。空格后為and，所以空格處應(yīng)填與models并列的詞。只有D項(xiàng)observation（注意，觀察）與models為同類型。

（6）副詞辨析。optionally隨意地；ornamentally裝飾地；previously先前，以前；predicatively斷然地，肯定地。根據(jù)句意，此處指的是之前提到過的。

（7）名詞辨析。attribution歸因；autonomy自治，自治區(qū)；indication指示，跡象；induction歸納法，就職。選項(xiàng)中，A項(xiàng)attribution與ach