虛擬語(yǔ)氣三課件

ANewEnglishGrammarViceProfessorGanDaixia2010.3ANewEnglishGrammarViceProf

虛擬語(yǔ)氣三種語(yǔ)氣簡(jiǎn)介語(yǔ)氣是表示講話人對(duì)說(shuō)話內(nèi)容的看法的一種語(yǔ)法范疇。英語(yǔ)中有三種語(yǔ)氣：陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣、虛擬語(yǔ)氣。陳述語(yǔ)氣：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是符合客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的，也就是說(shuō)把動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)當(dāng)作事實(shí)表達(dá)出來(lái)，或提出一種看法。Flowersblossominspring.Theyellowleavesarefallingintheautumnwind.Themoonispeepingthroughthewindowatthesleeplessgirl.It’sprobablygoingtosnowtomorrow.

祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示號(hào)召、命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、警告禁止等。Dodropintoseeus.Keepoffthegrass.虛擬語(yǔ)氣：把動(dòng)作當(dāng)作一種只存在于講話人想象中的“假設(shè)”或“推斷”，而不是當(dāng)作客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)中的真實(shí)事件，它表達(dá)的是懷疑、憂慮、推測(cè)、假設(shè)、想象或祝福等。MothertoldmetoputonmysweaterlestIshouldcatchcold.IwishIwereawhitecloud.Ajudiciousmanwouldn’tdolikethat.

祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示號(hào)召、命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句子中的運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)中的條件句有2種：真實(shí)和非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句包括：虛擬條件句、推測(cè)條件句、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句。1．虛擬條件句有2種：一是敘述與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況；另一是敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況。另外，還有一類(lèi)用于推測(cè)將來(lái)的情況，也稱(chēng)推測(cè)條件句。would有時(shí)可以換成should,could，might。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句子中的運(yùn)用

條件從句結(jié)果主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（were）would+動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+過(guò)去分詞would+have+V.ed與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反1．一般過(guò)去式2．were+不定式3．should+V.

would/should+V.條件從句結(jié)果主句與現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞過(guò)Hewouldn’tfeelsocoldifhewereindoors.IamsorryIamverybusyjustnow,ifIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyou.IfIknewtheanswerstoallyourquestions,Iwouldbeagenius.Ifwishesweehorses,beggarsmightride.

Hewouldn’tfeelsocoldifh

Ifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn’thavebeensosuccessful.Thefloodmighthavecausedgreatdamagetothepeopleifwehadn’tbuiltsomanyreservoirs.Jackwouldhavediedifthedoctorshadn’toperatedonhimtimely..Ifwehadn’tmadeadequateprIfhewereherethisevening,wewouldplaycards.IfsheweretomarryJack,shewouldbehappy.IfIweretodothework,Ishoulddoitinadifferentway.Ifitshouldrainagain,whatelsecouldIdo?shewouldtellmeifsheshouldknowit.Ifsheshouldhaveenoughmoney,hewouldbuyit.Ifhewereherethisevening,比較：Ifitsnowedtomorrow,Ifitweretosnow,Ifitshouldsnow,Ishould/wouldstayathome.比較：

注意：（1）條件句中有were,had,should,could時(shí)，可以省略if，而把were,had,should,could放在主句前，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，這種用法多用語(yǔ)書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。Wereitnecessary,Imightresign.Hadyouinformedmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavesignedthecontract.ShouldIhavetime,Iwouldcallonher.CouldyoumeetMary,youshouldnotbeabletorecognizeher.Weretheytogetmarried,theywouldbehappy.Werehelivinghappily,Iwouldbeverymuchastonished.注意：（2）虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的主句也可以是疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句、祈使句：Ifshehadeverything,wouldshebehappy?IfhehadmarriedAlice,howhappyhewouldhavebeen!Ifyouweremanenough,don’tgiveup.Ifyoushouldneedhelp,pleasetellme.（2）虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的主句也可以是疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句、祈使句：(3)過(guò)去分詞也可用于虛擬條件句中，這時(shí)的could是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示“能夠”，相當(dāng)于“hadbeenableto”IfIcouldhaveearnedenoughmoney,Ishouldhavetraveledovertheworld.Ifyoucouldhavepreventedmistakes,youmighthavebeenmoresuccessful.(4)條件從句中不可用would,Ifhewouldhavecomeyesterday,Ishouldhavetoldhim.Ifhehadcomeyesterday,Ishouldhavetoldhim.(3)過(guò)去分詞也可用于虛擬條件句中，這時(shí)的could是情態(tài)2.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句/混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣HadItakenmyumbrellawithmewhenIcameoutthismorning,Ishouldnotbewetnow.Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifthecriminalwerehonest,hewouldhavemadeacleanbreastofthewholethinglongago.2.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句/混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣Iftheyhadlefthomeinearlymorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.Ifyouhesitatedthismoment,youmightsufferinfuture.IfIwererich,Iwouldhaveboughtthevillalastyear.如果條件句做賓語(yǔ)從句，其動(dòng)詞形式不受主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的影響。Ioftentellherthatifshehadmadeanothertry,shemighthavebeensuccessful.(過(guò)去)Iwilltellherthatifshewould/weretomakeanothertry,shemightbesuccessful.（將來(lái)）Ihavetoldherthatifshemadeanothertry,shemightbesuccessful.（現(xiàn)在）Iftheyhadlefthomeinearly3無(wú)條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示“無(wú)條件”的詞有：with,without,butfor,or,but,otherwise,even,incaseof,whatif…Butfor(=ifitwerenotfor…)yourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceeded.Theywouldn’thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithout(ifitwerenotfor.)thatcommonground.Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.Givenmoretime,wewoulddoitbetter.

3無(wú)條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣4.含蓄條件句有時(shí)，句子中沒(méi)有表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的詞，短語(yǔ)或從句，但依然要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這時(shí)，要么是省略了表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的部分，要么隱含在上下文中，稱(chēng)之。Iwoulddoanythingforher.(ifIcould)Youmighthavefailed.(ifyoumadelessefforts)Sheshouldhavedied.(ifshehadtakenthatbus)Evenstoneswouldshedtears.(tohearthesadnews.)4.含蓄條件句Itwoulddoyounogood.(ifyoushouldgiveupthejob.)Heavenwouldcryattheirsufferings.(ifitwereabletoseetheirsufferings)Shemighthaverefusedtoanswer.(ifyouhadaskedher.)Wecouldhavewonthebattle,(butwewereimpatient)Wewouldhavemadealotofmoney.(butwegaveuphalfway)Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.(ifonehadbeenmorecareful)Itwoulddoyounogood.(ify虛擬語(yǔ)氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用（1）wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：were/動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反：had+過(guò)去分詞/would/could+have+過(guò)去分詞表示將來(lái)沒(méi)有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望：would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形Iwishshewere/washere.Iwishthemoonwereshiningatthemoment.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.Sophiawishedshehadn’tdoneit.IwishthatIhadneverseenher.Iwishyouwouldn’tbesonervous.Hewishedshemightdobetternexttime.Iwishshehadtakenmyadviceifonly和(I)wouldthat后用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（一般過(guò)去式）表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望：謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成式（had+V.ed）翻譯為：“要是…就好了”,“但愿”Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou.IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages!WouldthatIhadseenherbeforeshedied.Ifonlyheweremorecautious.WouldthatIwereyoungagain.ifonly和(I)wouldthat后虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在suggest,order,demand等后的賓語(yǔ)從句中如：propose,command,request,desire,insist,require,decide,promise,arrange,ask,recommend,advise,maintain,persist,permit,providedirect,persuadedictateagreepraylegislatesentenceobject后用動(dòng)詞原形或should+動(dòng)詞原形Hedeterminedthatshewouldgoatonce.Theyintendedthatnewsshouldbesuppressed.Ipreferthatyounoteatthemeat.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在suggest,order,demand等后Sheinsistedthattheseatsshouldbebookedinadvance.Theworkersdemandedthattheirwagesshouldberaisedby10percent.Theyrequestedthatheshouldsingasong.Headvisedthatthedoctorshouldbesentfor.Thecommitteedecidedthatnooneshouldbeadmittedwithoutaticket.SometimesshewouldsuggestthatIshouldbesavingsomeofthemoney.Theexaminationinstructionsaskthatthestudentsshouldnotusearedpen.Itwasarrangedthatsheleavethenextweek.Sheinsistedthattheseats虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在advice,demand,order等名詞后的主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)，常用的詞有：advice,demand,order,necessity,resolution,pay,decision,proposal,requirement,suggestion,idea,recommendation,preference,request,plan,motion,desire,sentence…后用動(dòng)詞原形或should+動(dòng)詞原形虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在advice,demand,order等名Thedemandisthatmanuscriptsshouldbewrittenononesideonly.Heissuedtheorderthatthetroopsshouldwithdrawatonce.Itismydesirethatallthemembersofthefamilyshouldgatheronceayear.Theirdesirewasthatatreatyshouldbesigned.Thesentenceisthatthemurderershouldbeshot.Thedemandisthatmanuscripts虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在important,necessary等后的從句中urgent,essential,appropriate,desirable,insistent,obligatory,vital,advisable,better,keen,preferable,fitting,rightgoodpropercompulsorycarefulfunnypitifulimperativeresolvedeageranxious,concerned,ridiculous,unthinkable可以構(gòu)成句型“itis+adj./n.+that”,有些詞要用“Iam+adj.+that”,用should+be句型虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在important,necessary等后的從Itisnecessarythatsomeimmediateeffortshouldbemade.Itisessentialthattheprogramshouldbeloadedintocomputer.Heiscarefulthatnobodyshouldknowaboutthesecret.Shewasanxiousthatherdaughtershouldbetakengoodcareof.虛擬語(yǔ)氣三課件itis(high/about)time…句型這時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況，表示“早該干某事而已經(jīng)有些晚了”。Itishightimethatwewereoff.Itistimethatwewenttobed.Itistimethatsomebodytaughtyoutobehaveyourself.這種句型中的過(guò)去式也可以改為should(不能省略)+動(dòng)詞原形，但過(guò)去式要更普通一些。Itisabouttimeweshouldgotobed.Itisquitetimesheshouldwashherclothes.itis(high/about)time…句型7.在forfearthat,inorderthat,sothat,lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形,在以lest引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。Heremindedhertwiceofitlestsheshouldforget.Hekeptquietlesthe(should)disturbher.7.在forfearthat,inorderthShealwaysstudieshardlestshe(should)lagbehind.Iwillnotmakeanoiseforfear(that)Ishould/mightdisturbyou.IdidthissothatImighthaveacoupleofweekstopreparemypaper.Ihavecomeallthewayhereinorderthatyoushouldunderstandme.虛擬語(yǔ)氣三課件

imagine后的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)非現(xiàn)實(shí)情況的意想用were型結(jié)構(gòu)，表示對(duì)過(guò)去非實(shí)際情況的意想用had+過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。Imaginethatwewereonadesolateislandnow.Imaginethatyouwerelaughedatbythoseshallowpeople.Imaginethathehadnothadtakenthosemeasures,whatwouldhavehappened?imagine后的虛擬語(yǔ)氣以asif/asthough引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，用had+過(guò)去分詞表示將來(lái)的可能性不大，用would/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.Shelooksasthoughsheweresick.Hetalksaboutpyramidsasthoughhehasseenthemhimself.Ifeel/feltasifwehadknowneachotherforyears.Itlooksasifitmightrain.以asif/asthough引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)比較：HewalksasifheisdrunkHewalksasifheweredrunk.比較：10.wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadbetter,wouldassoon,justassoon后的句子用虛擬語(yǔ)氣(1)接動(dòng)詞原形，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)間，表示一種主觀愿望或選擇Iwouldratherdoittoday.Hewouldsoonerdiethansurrender.He’drathernotgodancingtonight.10.wouldrather,wouldsoone(2)接不定式完成式，表示過(guò)去的某種選擇不恰當(dāng)I‘drathernothavetoldherthenews.Sheissuchagossip.I’dratherhavestayedathomethanwenttothedullfilm.(2)接不定式完成式，表示過(guò)去的某種選擇不恰當(dāng)(3)接從句，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望時(shí)，用一般過(guò)去式，表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的愿望時(shí)，用過(guò)去完成式。I’dratheryoupaidthemoneyyourself.I’dsoonyoudidn’tdoanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.Iwouldsoonershepaintedthewallgreennexttime.I’drathershehadn’tdonethat.(3)接從句，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望時(shí)，用一般過(guò)11.

wouldrather…than/would…ratherthan后的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”than后的that可以省略。Iwouldratherdiethan(that)heshouldknowthesecret.Hewoulddoanythingratherthan(that)heshouldlivewithsuchashamelesswoman.11.wouldrather…than/wou(四)條件句的其他表示法1.As(so)longas真實(shí)性條件從句Youmayborrowthebooksolongasyoureturnitinoneweek.2.onconditionthat“在…條件下”，陳述語(yǔ)氣或虛擬語(yǔ)氣均可。Theguardsallowthetouriststogointothewoodsonconditionthattheydo/shoulddonoharmtotheanimals.3.giventhat真實(shí)條件，用陳述語(yǔ)氣Giventhathedoesn’tagreetodoit,weshallgoitalone.(四)條件句的其他表示法4.ifitwerenotfor…“如果沒(méi)有…”,表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句用should型虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropsshould/wouldbecomewithered.Ifithadnotbeenfor…“如果當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有…”,表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。Ifithadnotbeenforyourtimelyhelp,Iwouldhavegonebankrupt.5.assumingthat真實(shí)條件，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用陳述語(yǔ)氣。Assuming(that)wecan’tgetloan,whatshallwedo?6.intheeventthat同上IntheeventthatHarryrejectstheproposal,whatwillshedo?.4.ifitwerenotfor…“如果沒(méi)有…”,7.supposethat既可以表示真實(shí)條件，用陳述語(yǔ)氣，也可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的假設(shè)。Suppose/supposingthatitrains,wewon’tgoout.Suppose/supposingthatitrained,weshouldn’tgoout.Suppose/supposingthattherewerenogravitationalforce,objectswouldnotfalltothegroundwhendropped7.supposethat既可以表示真實(shí)條件，用陳述語(yǔ)8．Providethat/providingthat表示真實(shí)條件Shewaspreparedtocome,provided/providingthatshemightbringherchildren.HewaswillingtogivethejobtomeprovidedthatIcouldassurehimIcoulddoitwell.比較：Youwillbecriticizedprovidedthat(×)/ifyouareascarelessasbefore.Childrenwerepermittedintothehallforthefilmprovided(that)/=iftheydidnotmakeanytrouble.8．Providethat/providingthat9．Unless既可以做真實(shí)性條件，=if…not.也可以做非真實(shí)性條件句，=but…if或exceptonconditionthat…Icouldn’tgetagrantunlessIhadfiveyears’teachingexperience.Unlessyouhaddoneitearlier,youwouldhavefailed.Icouldn’thaveboughtitunlessIhadhadenoughmoney.9．Unless既可以做真實(shí)性條件，=if…not.10.incase引導(dǎo)的句子既可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣，又可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，由should構(gòu)成，should可以省略。Thegameswillbepostponedincaseitsnows.(可能性更大)Thegameswillbepostponedincaseit(should)snow.（可能性小）10.incase引導(dǎo)的句子既可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣，又可以用11.and表示條件的三種結(jié)構(gòu)形式(1)祈使句(相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句)+and+陳述句（既可以用表示真實(shí)條件，也可以表示非真實(shí)條件）如：Careforothersandotherswillloveyou.Onemorestepforwardandyouwilltouchit.Onemorestepforwardandyouwouldhavetouchedit.11.and表示條件的三種結(jié)構(gòu)形式

(2)祈使句(相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句)+and（可以省略）+祈使句Lightcome,lightgo.來(lái)得容易去得快。Marryinhaste,repentatleisure.草率結(jié)婚，事后后悔。Sparetherodandspoilthechild.孩子不打不成器。Loveme,lovemydog.愛(ài)屋及烏。(2)祈使句(相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句)+and（可以省（3）名詞詞組+and+陳述句（表示真實(shí)條件或虛擬語(yǔ)氣）Onemoreeffort,andyouwillgainyourgoal.Afewhoursearlier,andyouwouldhaveseenthefamousnovelist.（3）名詞詞組+and+陳述句（表示真實(shí)條件或虛擬12.or表示條件的結(jié)構(gòu)形式：祈使句+or+祈使句,or表示一個(gè)否定概念，即第一個(gè)祈使句相當(dāng)于If…not…Makemoreeffort,oryouwillfail.用orelse,otherwise,orotherwise,else來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)or.Hecan’tbesoirresponsible,ortheywouldn’thaveallowedhimtodothat.Ididn’tknowthathewasaliar,orelseIwouldn’thavebelievedhim.12.or表示條件的結(jié)構(gòu)形式：祈使句+or+祈使句13.獨(dú)立條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣有時(shí)候，主句可以省略，條件句可以獨(dú)立存在，表示“但愿…”，“…怎么辦”等意。IfIwereyoungagain!IfIsucceeded.Oh,ifIcouldseeyou.Oh,ifIhadanotherchance!Oh,hadInotgivenup!.13.獨(dú)立條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

3.never…but…

意為:when…always

Itneverrainsbutitpours.

IneverseethepicturebutIthinkofmycollegeyears.

3.never…but…

意為:when…

notsuch…but…,so…but…或否定主語(yǔ)+be+so+but句型中but相當(dāng)于that…not…

Heisnotsuchafoolbutheknowsit.Notaskissohardbut(/butthat)hecanaccomplishit.notsuch…but…,Idonotdoubtbut(/butthat)…Idonotdenybut(/butthat)…Itisnotimpossiblebut(butthat)句型

Hedidn’tdoubtbutthatsnowwouldshortlyfall.Idonotdenybutthatitisawisedecision.Thereisnodoubtbutthatheisguilty.Idonotdoubtbut(/butthatandyet和butyet是yet的變體：indeed…but…,itistrue…but…，Tobesure…but…,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand….Sheisvain,andyetpeoplelikeher.Ihavegivenhimallheaskedfor,butyetheisstillnotsatisfied.It’struesheisbeautiful,butsheisratherselfish.andyet和butyet是yet的變體：indeeTobesurehe’saniceperson,butheisnotveryclever.Indeedshetriedhard,butshedidnotsucceed.Helovesherindeed,buthedarenotproposemarriagetoher.Tobesurehe’saniceperson

while,whereasHelikessports,whileI’drathercollectstamps.Wisemenseekaftertruthwhile/whereasfoolsdespiseknowledge.Youcanwearoutironshoesinfruitlesssearch,whereasyoumayhitonwhatyouneedwithoutevenlookingforit.while,whereas

orWearyourcoatoryou’llcatchcold.Doityourselforasksomebodyelsetodoit.She’sastudentorsomething.Heleftthekeyintheclassroomorsomewhere.Itcostsahundreddollarsorso.Moneyornomoney,shehasmadeuphermindtodotheexperiment.

aswellas做并列連詞

=notonly…butalso…,noless…than…

比較:

Heisastatesmanaswellasascholar.

Heisnolessastatesmanthanascholar.

Heisnotonlyascholarbutalsoastatesman.

Hehasexperienceaswellasskill.

Hehasnolessexperiencethanskill.

Hehasnotonlyskillbutalsoexperience.

Aswellas=and…aswell(側(cè)重后項(xiàng))aswellas做并列連詞

=noto比較：Heneedstodevelophisreading,andhiswritingaswell.Heneedstodevelophiswritingaswellashisreading.Heneedstodevelopnotonlyhisreadingbutalsohiswriting.比較：在否定句中，aswellas的位置不同，句子的意義往往有很大的差異。He,aswellasshe,willnotcome.Hewillnotcomeaswellasshe.Henry,aswellashisbrother,doesn’tworkhard.Henrydoesn’tworkhardaswellashisbrother.在否定句中，aswellas的位置不同，句子的意義往往ratherthan也可以起并列連詞的作用，連接兩個(gè)完全對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)連接形容詞：Heismodestratherthanshy.Behonestratherthanclever.連接名詞：Janeprefersmathsratherthanphysics.連接謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:Theoldmanhobbledratherthanran.Helayratherthansatinhisarmchair.ratherthan也可以起并列連詞的作用，連接兩個(gè)完連接不定式：Helendecidedtoquitthejobratherthantoaccepttheterm.Ratherthanwork,shewouldplay.Ratherthandisappointthem,hetoldthechildrenamusingstories.Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieofhunger.Hehadwanderedawayratherthanbewithhisfriends.連接不定式：Helendecidedtoquitt有些并列連詞也可以連接并列分句：either…or…neither…nor…notonly…butalso…,NeitherIwouldconsulthimnorhewouldasdkmeforadvice.Notonlywastheroomwelldecorated,butalsomealwasready.有些并列連詞也可以連接并列分句：either…or…asitis/asitwereIthoughtthatthingswouldgetbetter;butasitis,theyaregettingworse.Asitwas,shewasaveryvaingirl.

Asitis可放在句子尾部，緊跟在名詞或代詞后面，意為：“照現(xiàn)在的樣子，按目前的情況”，Itisimpossibletofinishtheworkasitis.Taketheworldasitis.Don’tworryaboutit,leaveitasitis.asitis/asitwereANewEnglishGrammarViceProfessorGanDaixia2010.3ANewEnglishGrammarViceProf

虛擬語(yǔ)氣三種語(yǔ)氣簡(jiǎn)介語(yǔ)氣是表示講話人對(duì)說(shuō)話內(nèi)容的看法的一種語(yǔ)法范疇。英語(yǔ)中有三種語(yǔ)氣：陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣、虛擬語(yǔ)氣。陳述語(yǔ)氣：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是符合客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的，也就是說(shuō)把動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)當(dāng)作事實(shí)表達(dá)出來(lái)，或提出一種看法。Flowersblossominspring.Theyellowleavesarefallingintheautumnwind.Themoonispeepingthroughthewindowatthesleeplessgirl.It’sprobablygoingtosnowtomorrow.

祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示號(hào)召、命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、警告禁止等。Dodropintoseeus.Keepoffthegrass.虛擬語(yǔ)氣：把動(dòng)作當(dāng)作一種只存在于講話人想象中的“假設(shè)”或“推斷”，而不是當(dāng)作客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)中的真實(shí)事件，它表達(dá)的是懷疑、憂慮、推測(cè)、假設(shè)、想象或祝福等。MothertoldmetoputonmysweaterlestIshouldcatchcold.IwishIwereawhitecloud.Ajudiciousmanwouldn’tdolikethat.

祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示號(hào)召、命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句子中的運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)中的條件句有2種：真實(shí)和非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句包括：虛擬條件句、推測(cè)條件句、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句。1．虛擬條件句有2種：一是敘述與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況；另一是敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況。另外，還有一類(lèi)用于推測(cè)將來(lái)的情況，也稱(chēng)推測(cè)條件句。would有時(shí)可以換成should,could，might。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句子中的運(yùn)用

條件從句結(jié)果主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（were）would+動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+過(guò)去分詞would+have+V.ed與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反1．一般過(guò)去式2．were+不定式3．should+V.

would/should+V.條件從句結(jié)果主句與現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞過(guò)Hewouldn’tfeelsocoldifhewereindoors.IamsorryIamverybusyjustnow,ifIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyou.IfIknewtheanswerstoallyourquestions,Iwouldbeagenius.Ifwishesweehorses,beggarsmightride.

Hewouldn’tfeelsocoldifh

Ifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn’thavebeensosuccessful.Thefloodmighthavecausedgreatdamagetothepeopleifwehadn’tbuiltsomanyreservoirs.Jackwouldhavediedifthedoctorshadn’toperatedonhimtimely..Ifwehadn’tmadeadequateprIfhewereherethisevening,wewouldplaycards.IfsheweretomarryJack,shewouldbehappy.IfIweretodothework,Ishoulddoitinadifferentway.Ifitshouldrainagain,whatelsecouldIdo?shewouldtellmeifsheshouldknowit.Ifsheshouldhaveenoughmoney,hewouldbuyit.Ifhewereherethisevening,比較：Ifitsnowedtomorrow,Ifitweretosnow,Ifitshouldsnow,Ishould/wouldstayathome.比較：

注意：（1）條件句中有were,had,should,could時(shí)，可以省略if，而把were,had,should,could放在主句前，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，這種用法多用語(yǔ)書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。Wereitnecessary,Imightresign.Hadyouinformedmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavesignedthecontract.ShouldIhavetime,Iwouldcallonher.CouldyoumeetMary,youshouldnotbeabletorecognizeher.Weretheytogetmarried,theywouldbehappy.Werehelivinghappily,Iwouldbeverymuchastonished.注意：（2）虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的主句也可以是疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句、祈使句：Ifshehadeverything,wouldshebehappy?IfhehadmarriedAlice,howhappyhewouldhavebeen!Ifyouweremanenough,don’tgiveup.Ifyoushouldneedhelp,pleasetellme.（2）虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的主句也可以是疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句、祈使句：(3)過(guò)去分詞也可用于虛擬條件句中，這時(shí)的could是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示“能夠”，相當(dāng)于“hadbeenableto”IfIcouldhaveearnedenoughmoney,Ishouldhavetraveledovertheworld.Ifyoucouldhavepreventedmistakes,youmighthavebeenmoresuccessful.(4)條件從句中不可用would,Ifhewouldhavecomeyesterday,Ishouldhavetoldhim.Ifhehadcomeyesterday,Ishouldhavetoldhim.(3)過(guò)去分詞也可用于虛擬條件句中，這時(shí)的could是情態(tài)2.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句/混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣HadItakenmyumbrellawithmewhenIcameoutthismorning,Ishouldnotbewetnow.Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifthecriminalwerehonest,hewouldhavemadeacleanbreastofthewholethinglongago.2.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句/混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣Iftheyhadlefthomeinearlymorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.Ifyouhesitatedthismoment,youmightsufferinfuture.IfIwererich,Iwouldhaveboughtthevillalastyear.如果條件句做賓語(yǔ)從句，其動(dòng)詞形式不受主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的影響。Ioftentellherthatifshehadmadeanothertry,shemighthavebeensuccessful.(過(guò)去)Iwilltellherthatifshewould/weretomakeanothertry,shemightbesuccessful.（將來(lái)）Ihavetoldherthatifshemadeanothertry,shemightbesuccessful.（現(xiàn)在）Iftheyhadlefthomeinearly3無(wú)條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示“無(wú)條件”的詞有：with,without,butfor,or,but,otherwise,even,incaseof,whatif…Butfor(=ifitwerenotfor…)yourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceeded.Theywouldn’thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithout(ifitwerenotfor.)thatcommonground.Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.Givenmoretime,wewoulddoitbetter.

3無(wú)條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣4.含蓄條件句有時(shí)，句子中沒(méi)有表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的詞，短語(yǔ)或從句，但依然要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這時(shí)，要么是省略了表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的部分，要么隱含在上下文中，稱(chēng)之。Iwoulddoanythingforher.(ifIcould)Youmighthavefailed.(ifyoumadelessefforts)Sheshouldhavedied.(ifshehadtakenthatbus)Evenstoneswouldshedtears.(tohearthesadnews.)4.含蓄條件句Itwoulddoyounogood.(ifyoushouldgiveupthejob.)Heavenwouldcryattheirsufferings.(ifitwereabletoseetheirsufferings)Shemighthaverefusedtoanswer.(ifyouhadaskedher.)Wecouldhavewonthebattle,(butwewereimpatient)Wewouldhavemadealotofmoney.(butwegaveuphalfway)Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.(ifonehadbeenmorecareful)Itwoulddoyounogood.(ify虛擬語(yǔ)氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用（1）wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：were/動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反：had+過(guò)去分詞/would/could+have+過(guò)去分詞表示將來(lái)沒(méi)有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望：would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形Iwishshewere/washere.Iwishthemoonwereshiningatthemoment.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.Sophiawishedshehadn’tdoneit.IwishthatIhadneverseenher.Iwishyouwouldn’tbesonervous.Hewishedshemightdobetternexttime.Iwishshehadtakenmyadviceifonly和(I)wouldthat后用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（一般過(guò)去式）表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望：謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成式（had+V.ed）翻譯為：“要是…就好了”,“但愿”Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou.IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages!WouldthatIhadseenherbeforeshedied.Ifonlyheweremorecautious.WouldthatIwereyoungagain.ifonly和(I)wouldthat后虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在suggest,order,demand等后的賓語(yǔ)從句中如：propose,command,request,desire,insist,require,decide,promise,arrange,ask,recommend,advise,maintain,persist,permit,providedirect,persuadedictateagreepraylegislatesentenceobject后用動(dòng)詞原形或should+動(dòng)詞原形Hedeterminedthatshewouldgoatonce.Theyintendedthatnewsshouldbesuppressed.Ipreferthatyounoteatthemeat.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在suggest,order,demand等后Sheinsistedthattheseatsshouldbebookedinadvance.Theworkersdemandedthattheirwagesshouldberaisedby10percent.Theyrequestedthatheshouldsingasong.Headvisedthatthedoctorshouldbesentfor.Thecommitteedecidedthatnooneshouldbeadmittedwithoutaticket.SometimesshewouldsuggestthatIshouldbesavingsomeofthemoney.Theexaminationinstructionsaskthatthestudentsshouldnotusearedpen.Itwasarrangedthatsheleavethenextweek.Sheinsistedthattheseats虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在advice,demand,order等名詞后的主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)，常用的詞有：advice,demand,order,necessity,resolution,pay,decision,proposal,requirement,suggestion,idea,recommendation,preference,request,plan,motion,desire,sentence…后用動(dòng)詞原形或should+動(dòng)詞原形虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在advice,demand,order等名Thedemandisthatmanuscriptsshouldbewrittenononesideonly.Heissuedtheorderthatthetroopsshouldwithdrawatonce.Itismydesirethatallthemembersofthefamilyshouldgatheronceayear.Theirdesirewasthatatreatyshouldbesigned.Thesentenceisthatthemurderershouldbeshot.Thedemandisthatmanuscripts虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在important,necessary等后的從句中urgent,essential,appropriate,desirable,insistent,obligatory,vital,advisable,better,keen,preferable,fitting,rightgoodpropercompulsorycarefulfunnypitifulimperativeresolvedeageranxious,concerned,ridiculous,unthinkable可以構(gòu)成句型“itis+adj./n.+that”,有些詞要用“Iam+adj.+that”,用should+be句型虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在important,necessary等后的從Itisnecessarythatsomeimmediateeffortshouldbemade.Itisessentialthattheprogramshouldbeloadedintocomputer.Heiscarefulthatnobodyshouldknowaboutthesecret.Shewasanxiousthatherdaughtershouldbetakengoodcareof.虛擬語(yǔ)氣三課件itis(high/about)time…句型這時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況，表示“早該干某事而已經(jīng)有些晚了”。Itishightimethatwewereoff.Itistimethatwewenttobed.Itistimethatsomebodytaughtyoutobehaveyourself.這種句型中的過(guò)去式也可以改為should(不能省略)+動(dòng)詞原形，但過(guò)去式要更普通一些。Itisabouttimeweshouldgotobed.Itisquitetime