英語指代題推斷題詞匯題測(cè)試題

Tpo24obvious.河水的來源和去向個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途leavesbyeachroute?Discoveringtheinputsandoutputsofriversisamatterofmeasuringthedischargesofeverysurfaceinputsandoutputsortoitsundergroundinputsandoutputs.Iftheformeraregreater,thelakeisacircleinabackwaterforanindefinitelylongtime.引入“水源停留時(shí)間”的概念個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途shallow-lessthan20metersonaverage.每條河流的水源停留時(shí)間是不同的個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途directlyonthelakesurface.Waterleavesalakeviaoutflowingrivers,bysoakingintothebedofthelake,andbyevaporation.Somuchisobvious.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途1. ThephraseSomuchinthepassagerefersto○thenegativeeffectsofoverlandflow,rain,andevaporationonriverwaterlevels個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○waterthatalakelosestooutflowingrivers,tothelakebed,andtoevaporation個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○theimportanceofriverstothemaintenanceoflakewaterlevels個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○theinformationgivenaboutwaysthatwatercanenterorexitalake個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途指代題解析：指代題按照前指原則，答案必定在somuch的前面一句話，而段落的首句就是在詢問湖水的來源和去向，接著后面兩句就分別講到湖水的來源：河流流入，地下水，地面徑流和雨水；以及去向：河流流出，滲透到河床和蒸發(fā)；所以somuchisobvious指的是前面關(guān)于湖水的來源和去向的信息，選4個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯:overlandflow地面水流，outflowingriver外流河2. Thewordgainsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○results個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○increases○resources○savings詞匯題解析：此題運(yùn)用的是詞匯題中的并列關(guān)系法，看到原句：個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途3. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph2aboutthemovementofwaterintoalake?

○Heavyrainaccountsformostofthewaterthatentersintolakes.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Rainfallreplacesapproximatelytheamountofwaterlostthroughevaporation.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Overlandflowintolakesisreducedbythepresenceofforests.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Seepagehasasmallereffectonwaterlevelthananyotherinput.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途推斷題：infer定位詞：Themovementofwaterintolake解析：既然是推斷題，那么肯定要從原文的某句話推出來，而并非直接指出的，通讀全文定位到Themovementofwaterintolake；原文說：核心詞匯：Seepage滲流4. WhydoestheauthorusethephraseNotetheword"net"inthepassage?個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Toemphasizetheimpactofseepageonwaterlevels個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Topointoutthatseepageiscalculateddifferentlyfromriverflowsandatmosphericexchanges個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Tocomparethedifferentmethodsofcalculatingseepage個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Toemphasizethedifficultyofobtainingspecificvaluesforseepageinputsandoutputs個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途修辭目的題定位詞：net解析：對(duì)于修辭目的題，一般答案常出現(xiàn)在定位詞的前一句話，當(dāng)前一句話找不到信息時(shí)，可以看看后一句話是否出現(xiàn)答題點(diǎn)；前一句話：核心詞匯：specificvalue特定量5. ThewordConverselymeaningto

○ontheotherhand個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○inthesameway○inotherwords○onaverage詞匯題解析：該段提出了兩種河流，一種是地面水源湖，一個(gè)是地下水源湖；將誒這舉出連個(gè)例子來說明這兩種不同水源湖的特性，既然前面是解釋地面水源湖，后面是解釋地下水源湖的例子，肯定兩者之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折，因?yàn)槭莵碜圆煌吹暮赃x項(xiàng)一定是具有“轉(zhuǎn)折”意義的詞匯，選1個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：conversely相反地；6. Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingbestdescribesaseedominatedlake?

○Alakethatisfedbystreamsbutstillhasfluctuatingwaterlevels個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Alakewithaconstantwaterlevelthathasnostreamsorriversasinputs個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Alakewithastreamflowingintoitandastreamflowingoutofit個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Alakethathassurfaceandundergroundinputsbutloseswaterduringdryseasons個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途細(xì)節(jié)題定位詞：aseedominatedlake解析：找到原文對(duì)應(yīng)定位詞：aseedominatedlake”指的是它的水源來自于地下的補(bǔ)給，那么選項(xiàng)一定要和地下水源有關(guān)跟地面溪流無關(guān)，只能選2個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：constant不變的，恒定的；fluctuating變動(dòng)的；oritmightcircleinabackwaterforanindefinitelylongtime.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途7. Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph4thatthelengthoftimeagivenmoleculeofwaterremainsinalake

○dependsentirelyupontheaveragespeedofalake'scurrents個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○canbemeasuredbythevolumeofthelakealone○canbegreaterorlesserthantheresidencetime○issimilartothelengthoftimeallothermoleculesremaininthatlake個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途推斷題定位詞：lengthoftime解析：原文沒有直說湖水中的流入水的滯留時(shí)間，但是說到了“”的定義：“”是湖水中流入水的滯留時(shí)間的平均值，也就是說一半的滯留時(shí)間可能比“”長(zhǎng)也可能比它短，選3個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：residencetime滯留時(shí)間；molecule分子；volume體積，量；becauseitissoshallow-lessthan20metersonaverage.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途 8. Accordingtoparagraph5,LakeErie'sresidencetimeislowerthanLakeOntario'sforwhichofthefollowingreasons?個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○LakeEriehasalargerareathanLakeOntario.○LakeOntarioisshallowerthanLakeErie.○LakeOntariohasagreatervolumethanLakeErie.○LakeEriereceiveslessrainfallthanLakeOntario.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途細(xì)節(jié)題定位詞：LakeErie解析：用定位詞定位到原文：LakeErie’sisthelowest:althoughitsareaislargerthanLakeOntario’s,itsvolumeislessthanone-thirdasgreatbecauseitissoshallow-lessthan20metersonaverage.伊利湖比安大略湖的滯留時(shí)間要短，因?yàn)樗乃恐挥邪泊舐院?/3，平均淺度不超過20米。有的同學(xué)看到伊犁湖很淺，就選2，其實(shí)仔細(xì)看2選項(xiàng)把順序說反了，所以只能選3選項(xiàng)個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途9. WhydoestheauthordiscusstheGreatLakesinparagraph5?個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Todemonstratetheextenttowhichresidencetimesvaryfromlaketolake個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Toillustratehowresidencetimesarecalculatedforspecificlakes個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Toarguethattheresidencetimeofalakeincreaseswitharea個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○ToemphasizethatLakeTahoe'sresidencetimeisunusuallylong個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途修辭目的題定位詞：GreatLakes解析：用定位詞定位到原句，之前說到修辭目的題答案常出現(xiàn)在定位詞的前一句話，如果前一句話找不到答案就看段落的首句，如果首句也沒有信息就看段落的末句。原句我們可以看出有很多的數(shù)字表示滯留的時(shí)間，數(shù)字表明是舉例子，也就是通篇都是例子，那么我們只能去找段落的首句提出的觀點(diǎn)：個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途paragraph6:個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途10.theword“further”inthepassageistheclosestinmeaningto個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○expected○additional○serious○unfortunate詞匯題解析：further本身表達(dá)的是“更深一層”的意思，也就是不止本身，選2表達(dá)“此外，額外”的意思11. Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingexplainstheincreaseinresidencenorthwesternOntario?個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Theamountofwaterflowingintothelakeshasincreased.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Therateofevaporationhasdecreasedmoresharplythantheamountofrainfall.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Therenewalofthelakes'waterhasslowedduetochangesinclimate.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Plantshaverequiredlesswaterfromthelakes.細(xì)節(jié)題定位詞：increaseinresidencenorthwesternOntario解析：找到定位詞所在的原句：個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：renewal更新；sharply急劇地；個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途12. Accordingtoparagraph6,residencetimeisaffectedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT

○amountofrainfall

○rateofevaporation

○temperatureofsurroundingair個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○concentrationofchemicalsinlakewater排除題定位詞：residencetimeisaffectedby解析：找到原文中跟affect相關(guān)的詞匯：核心詞匯：dissolved無法溶解的，marked顯著的Paragraphy3:Onceallthisinformationhasbeengathered,itbecomespossibletojudgewhetheralake’sflowismainlyduetoitssurfaceinputsandoutputsortoitsundergroundinputsandoutputs.[■]Iftheformeraregreater,thelakeisasurface-water-dominatedlake;ifthelatter,itisaseedominatedlake.[■]Occasionally,commonsensetellsyouwhichofthesetwopossibilitiesapplies.[■]Forexample,apondinhillycountrythatmaintainsasteadywaterlevelallthroughadrysummerinspiteofhavingnostreamsflowingintoitmustobviouslybeseepagedominated.Conversely,apondwithastreamflowinginoneendandouttheother,whichdriesupwhenthestreamdriesup,isclearlysurfacewaterdominated.[■]個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途13. LookatthefoursquaresIIIthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途Ofcourse,alakemaybeneithersurface-water-norseedominatedif,forexample,itsinputsarepredominantlysurfaceanditsoutputsarepredominantlyseepage.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途W(wǎng)herewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途插入題定位詞：Neithersurface-water-norseedominated解析：這里說到forexample，說明插入句是舉例子，而插入句中出現(xiàn)了neithersurface-water-norseedominated，也就是要去原句中找到surface-water-dominated和seedominated對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，并且放到它們之后，因?yàn)榘凑招形牡慕Y(jié)構(gòu)：先說“有”才會(huì)再說“沒有”；原文第二句話就提到了“surface-water-dominated和seedominated”，但是還沒完，后面緊跟著兩句是舉例子說明什么是surface-water-dominatedlake和seedominatedlake，所以應(yīng)該放在句末，選4個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：predominantly主要地；14. Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途Thisquestionisworth2points.Waterenters,remains,andeventuallyleavesalakeinavarietyofways.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途AnswerChoices○B(yǎng)ymeasuringthewaterquantitiesateachofalake'sinputsandoutputs,itcanbedeterminedwhetherwaterentersthelakemainlyfromsurfaceorgroundwatersources.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Changesinlakelevelandvolumearecausedprincipallybytheamountofevaporationofwaterintotheatmosphere.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Itissometimespossibletodecidewhetheralakeissurfacewaterdominatedorseepagedominatedbysimpleobservationatdifferentseasons.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Theaverageperiodoftimethatmoleculesofwaterspendinalake—theresidencetime—variesfromlaketolakeandovertimewithinaparticularlake.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Theresidencetimesofsurface-water-dominatedlakesareusuallylongerthanthoseofseedominatedlakes.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Theresidencetimeofalakefrequentlydependsonthekindsoforganismstobefoundinthelake.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途總結(jié)題 解析：第一段河水的來源和去向第二段如何定義流入和流出河流的水量第三段區(qū)分“地面水源河”和“地下水源河”第四段引入“水源停留時(shí)間”的概念第五段每條河流的水源停留時(shí)間是不同的第六段水源停留時(shí)間取決于河流入水率，也就是降水和蒸發(fā)的比率選項(xiàng)1對(duì)應(yīng)提到第三段的內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)2對(duì)應(yīng)第六段內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)4對(duì)應(yīng)第五段內(nèi)容，而選項(xiàng)3說在不同的季節(jié)通過簡(jiǎn)單的觀察可以判斷是“地面水源河”還是“地下水源河“，與原文不符合，原文說到的是通過水的來源，地面水源還是地下水源；選項(xiàng)5在原文中根本沒有提到誰比誰時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，而是說長(zhǎng)短各異；選項(xiàng)6，云紋周哦那個(gè)沒有說到依賴于有機(jī)生物；選1,2,4個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途 核心詞匯：principally主要地DBCDABCCABCDDBymeasuringthe...Changesinlakelevel...Theaverageperiodoftime...參考譯文：湖中的水湖里的水從哪里來,又流向哪里去呢?湖中的水來自于河流的水,地下水的滲透以及溫泉,還有從四周地面流進(jìn)來的水,另外還有直接降到湖面的雨水.湖中的水通過向外流的河流,滲透進(jìn)河床以及蒸發(fā)離開湖泊.這些都是顯而易見的.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途當(dāng)考慮到水的含量的時(shí)候問題就會(huì)變得更加復(fù)雜:水通過上述方式流進(jìn)和流出的具體含量是多少?發(fā)現(xiàn)河流水量的流進(jìn)和流出量是測(cè)量河水進(jìn)出容量的一種方法.和大氣水分的交流是通過發(fā)現(xiàn)雨水中得到的水(按雨量的測(cè)量規(guī)格計(jì)算)和那些通過其他方式測(cè)得水損失量的蒸發(fā)的水的差別來計(jì)算的.對(duì)于大多數(shù)的湖來說,特別是那些被森林環(huán)繞的湖,從四周流進(jìn)湖中的水的含量很少以至于可以忽略不計(jì).湖中水平面的變化不能被河水和大氣水量變化的凈差量所解釋是因?yàn)榈叵滤臐B入和滲出.注意一下”凈”這個(gè)詞:測(cè)量真正的地下水滲入和滲出量比僅僅推斷它們的差量要復(fù)雜的多.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途一旦所有的這些信息都收集到了,那么判斷一個(gè)湖的水流量是由表面蒸發(fā)決定的還是由地下水進(jìn)出量決定的就變得可能了.如果前者大,那么湖泊就是一個(gè)表面水決定的湖,如果是后者,那么它就是一個(gè)滲透水決定的湖.有時(shí)候常識(shí)會(huì)告訴你這兩種可能性哪一種是對(duì)的.比如說一個(gè)多山地區(qū)的池塘在整個(gè)干燥的夏天都保持著穩(wěn)固的水含量,而并沒有河流流進(jìn)這個(gè)湖泊,那么顯然它是一個(gè)滲透水決定的池塘.相反,一個(gè)池塘有河流流進(jìn)和流出,河水干枯的時(shí)候池塘就干枯,那么這就是一個(gè)表面水決定的池塘.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途不管怎么說，湖泊是在不停地流進(jìn)和流出水，它的水不會(huì)停留在湖里，或者說不會(huì)長(zhǎng)久的停留。這個(gè)會(huì)提升湖泊的停留時(shí)間。停留時(shí)間指的是特定水分子在湖中停留的平均時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度，通過計(jì)算湖水流量流出湖泊的速度來計(jì)算。停留時(shí)間是一個(gè)平均數(shù)，這個(gè)時(shí)間是特定分子沿著特定路線走過所花的時(shí)間，它可能是最快最直接的那一部分，或者在某個(gè)回流中花上很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途停留時(shí)間變化非常的大，從小湖的幾天到大型湖泊的幾百年。加利福利亞州的Tahoe湖的停留時(shí)間就長(zhǎng)達(dá)700年，北美大型湖泊的停留時(shí)間如Superior,Michigan,Huron,Erie,和Ontario湖分別是190,100,22,2.5和6年。Erie湖是最低的，盡管它的湖面比Ontario湖要大，它的容量少于后者的三分之一因?yàn)樗钠骄疃冗€不到20米。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途一個(gè)給定的湖泊的停留時(shí)間是一個(gè)確定的值。它取決于水流進(jìn)湖的速率，而水流進(jìn)湖的速率取決于降雨量和蒸發(fā)速率。氣候變化(全球變暖的結(jié)果？)戲劇性的影響著加拿大西北部的Ontario湖群中的一些湖泊的停留時(shí)間。在1970到1986這段時(shí)間里，這個(gè)地區(qū)的降雨量由1000毫升降到了650毫升，而同時(shí)平均溫度的上升提升了蒸發(fā)的速率（這個(gè)速率指的是水蒸發(fā)到大氣的速率以及植物的這一過程的速率）。在這段研究時(shí)間內(nèi)停留時(shí)間的研究結(jié)果已經(jīng)從5年提升到了18年。湖水的緩慢更新導(dǎo)致了一系列后果，它導(dǎo)致了溶解的化學(xué)物質(zhì)更加集中，反過來會(huì)對(duì)湖中的生物造成顯著的影響。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途aremanyotherchangesthataffectrespirationwhenasleep.對(duì)比人類蘇醒狀態(tài)和睡眠狀態(tài)時(shí)生理上的不同，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)差異最大個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途breathing.人們醒著的時(shí)候，兩種互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)控制呼吸過程，一是有腦干控制的自動(dòng)的新陳代謝系統(tǒng)，二是自發(fā)的行為系統(tǒng)個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途carbondioxideandadecreaseofoxygeninthebloodthatpersistsduringNREM.當(dāng)人們睡眠進(jìn)入非快速眼動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)時(shí)，呼吸變得更加深沉和規(guī)律，同事也伴隨著呼吸頻率的減少，導(dǎo)致空氣交換的減少個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途theairway,thenresumebreathingandlikelyreturntosleep.在睡眠時(shí)，其他的呼吸調(diào)控機(jī)制會(huì)停止運(yùn)行個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途REMdependsmuchmoreontheactionofthediaphragmandmuchlessonribcageaction.快速眼動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)比飛快速眼動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)生的呼吸改變要多個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途Paragraphy1:Ofallthephysiologicaldifferencesinhumansleepcomparedwithwakefulnessthathavebeenthefunctioningofrespiratorysystems,thereareevenchangesinhowtheyfunction.MovementsoftheribcageforHowever,therearemanyotherchangesthataffectrespirationwhenasleep.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途1. Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthediaphragmduringsleep?

○Duringsleepthediaphragmrequiresincreasedmovementoftheribcage.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Thediaphragmhelpswithbreathingasmovementsoftheribcagedecreaseduringsleep.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Thediaphragmrequiresagreatamountofpressuretofunctionproperly.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Thediaphragmcontributestotheeffectivefunctioningoftheribcage.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途推斷題定位詞：diaphragm解析：找到定位詞所在的原句：Movementsoftheribcagefor個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：diaphragm隔膜；ribcage胸腔；contributeto造成；respiratorysystem呼吸系統(tǒng)；個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途ofbreathing.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途2. Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingaretrueofthevoluntarybreathingsystemEXCEPT:

○Ithasitscontrolcenterinthebrainstem.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Itcontrolsbreathingforanumberofactivitiesduringwakefulness.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Itisabletobypasstheautomaticsystem.○Itproducesanirregularbreathingpattern.排除題定位詞：voluntarybreathingsystem解析：ofbreathing.提到了2,3,4；而且1是在原文中描述voluntarybreathingsystem，所以排除1個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：override踐踏；metabolicsystem新陳代謝系統(tǒng)；bypass繞開；個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途3. Thewordexclusiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○consistent個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○perfect○partial○sole詞匯題解析：用詞根詞綴法，include表示“包含”，ex-“除，外”前綴，exclude表達(dá)“排除，排斥”，exclusive表示形容詞“獨(dú)有的，排外的，專一的”，選4個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：consistent始終如一的；partial局部的，偏愛的，不公平的；sole唯一的，僅有的；個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途4. Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingmayoccurjustbeforeNREMsleepbegins?

○Theautomatic,metabolicsystemmayincreaseitsdependenceonairexchanges.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○B(yǎng)reathingcanstopforashorttimeasapersonfallsasleep.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Anincreaseintheoxygenlevelinthebloodcanoccurassleepbecomesfullyobtained.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Thelevelofcarbondioxideinthebloodmaydropsuddenly.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途細(xì)節(jié)題定位詞：beforeNREMsleepbegins解析:找到原文對(duì)應(yīng)定位詞：核心詞匯：cessation停止；Paragraphy4:Butthatisnotallthatchanges.Duringallphasesofsleep,severalchangesintheairpassageshavebeenobserved.Ittakestwiceasmuchefforttobreatheduringsleepbecauseofgreaterresistancetoairflowintheairwaysandchangesintheefficiencyofthemusclesusedforbreathing.Someofthemusclesthathelpkeeptheupperairwayopenwhenbreathingtendtobecomemorerelaxedduringsleep,especiallyduringREM(thephaseofsleepinwhichthereisrapideyemovement).Withoutthismuscularaction,inhalingislikesuckingairoutofaballoon—thenarrowpassagestendtocollapse.Alsothereisaregularcycleofchangeinresistancebetweenthetwosidesofthenose.Ifsomethingblocksthe"good"side,suchascongestionfromallergiesoracold,thenresistanceincreasesdramatically.Coupledwiththesefactorsisthelossofthecomplexinteractionsamongthemusclesthatcanchangetherouteofairflowfromnosetomouth.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途5. Whatistheauthor'spurposeinstatingthatinhalingislikesuckingairoutofaballoon?

○Torefutetheargumentthatadditionaleffortisnecessaryforbreathingduringsleep個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○ToarguethatREMsleepismoreimportantthanNREMsleep個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Toillustratethedifficultyofbreathingduringsleep個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Toillustratehowblockageofnarrowpassagescanbepreventedduringsleep個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途修辭目的題定位詞：inhalingislikesuckingairoutofaballoon解析：定位到原文：Withoutthismuscularaction,inhalingislikesuckingairoutofaballoon—thenarrowpassagestendtocollapse.也就是說inhalingislikesuckingairoutofaballoon吸入空氣就像從氣球里吸出空氣一樣，這里是做比喻，如果沒有肌肉的運(yùn)動(dòng)，由于呼吸通道狹窄，很容易就會(huì)破裂，目的是說明睡覺時(shí)呼吸十分的困難，選3個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：inhale吸氣，suckout吸出，collapse崩潰，blockage阻塞，個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途6. Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph4asbeingcharacteristicofbreathingduringsleepEXCEPT

○relaxationofthemusclesinvolvedintherespiratorysystem個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○changesinresistancebetweenthetwosidesofthenose個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○easierairflowinthepassagesoftheupperairway個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○absenceofcertaincomplexmuscleinteractions排除題定位詞：characteristicofbreathingduringsleep解析：原文中分別說到“greaterresistancetoairflowintheairways”對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)3，但是相矛盾，是說“阻礙”而不是“有助于”，是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)；“Someofthemusclesthathelpkeeptheupperairwayopenwhenbreathingtendtobecomemorerelaxedduringsleep”對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)1；“thereisaregularcycleofchangeinresistancebetweenthetwosidesofthenose.”對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)2；“thelossofthecomplexinteractionsamongthemuscles”對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)4；選擇3個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：upperairway上氣管，airflow氣流，interaction相互作用；Paragraphy5:Otherrespiratoryregulatingmechanismsapparentlyceasefunctioningduringsleep.Forexample,duringwakefulnessthereisanimmediate,automatic,adaptiveincreaseinbreathingeffortwheninhalingismademoredifficult(suchasbreathingthrougharestrictivefacemask).ThisreflexiveadjustmentistotallyabsentduringNREMsleep.Onlyafterseveralinadequatebreathsundersuchconditions,resultingintheconsiderableelevationofcarbondioxideandreductionofoxygenintheblood,isbreathingeffortadjusted.Finally,thecoughingreflexinreactiontoirritantsintheairwayproducesnotacoughduringsleepbutacessationofbreathing.Iftheirritationissevereenough,asleepingpersonwillarouse,cleartheairway,thenresumebreathingandlikelyreturntosleep.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途7. Accordingtoparagraph5,whathappensduringNREMsleepwheninhalingisdifficult?

○Thereisanimmediate,automatic,adaptiveincreaseinbreathingeffort.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Thesleepingpersontakesseveralinadequatebreathsbeforethebreathingeffortisadjusted.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Thecoughingreflexcausesthebreathingefforttoadjust.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Theairwaysbecomeclearedasthebloodremovesirritants.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途細(xì)節(jié)題定位詞：duringNREMsleep；Wheninhalingisdifficult解析:找到原文定位詞，有的同學(xué)找到“duringwakefulnessthereisanimmediate,automatic,adaptiveincreaseinbreathingeffortwheninhalingismademoredifficult”就選擇1，沒有看到這里是duringwakefulness；所以要找NREM時(shí)期，對(duì)應(yīng)“ThisreflexiveadjustmentistotallyabsentduringNREMsleep.Onlyafterseveralinadequatebreathsundersuchconditions,resultingintheconsiderableelevationofcarbondioxideandreductionofoxygenintheblood,isbreathingeffortadjusted.”選擇2個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯:adaptive適應(yīng)的，reflexive反射的，elevation提高，8. Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thataverymildirritationduringsleepwilllikelycausethesleepingpersonto個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○increasethebreathingeffort○wakeupandremovethesourceofirritation○coughwhilestillsleeping○stopbreathingtemporarilywhilestillsleeping推斷題定位詞：irritation解析：找到定位詞原文：Finally,thecoughingreflexinreactiontoirritantsintheairwayproducesnotacoughduringsleepbutacessationofbreathing.當(dāng)呼吸道遇到刺激物會(huì)發(fā)生咳嗽反射，并不是睡覺中導(dǎo)致咳嗽而是暫時(shí)停止呼吸，選4個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：irritant刺激物，coughreflex咳嗽反射9. Thewordconsiderablemeaningto○significant○Steady○Usual○necessary詞匯題解析：這里用上下文分析法，原文“Onlyafterseveralinadequatebreathsundersuchconditions,resultingintheconsiderableelevationofcarbondioxideandreductionofoxygenintheblood,isbreathingeffortadjusted.”在這種情況下，呼吸不充分會(huì)導(dǎo)致二氧化碳量的___提升，顯而易見，選擇“大量的，相當(dāng)重要的”，選1個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途10.Thewordresumeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○○reduce○stop○Readjust○restart 詞匯題 解析：上下文分析法，原文：Iftheirritationissevereenough,asleepingpersonwillarouse,cleartheairway,thenresumebreathingandlikelyreturntosleep.如果刺激太嚴(yán)重，人會(huì)從睡眠狀態(tài)中蘇醒，清理呼吸道，然后___呼吸，再進(jìn)入睡眠，顯而易見，填“恢復(fù)”，選4個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途 核心詞匯：Readjust再調(diào)整.Paragraphy6:AdditionalbreathingchangesoccurduringREMsleepthatareevenmoredramaticthanthechangesthatoccurduringNREM.TheamountofairexchangedisevenlowerinREMthanNREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.Inaddition,breathingduringREMdependsmuchmoreontheactionofthediaphragmandmuchlessonribcageaction.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途分析句子：Theamountofairexchanged后置定語修飾airisevenlowerinREMthanNREMbecause原因狀語,although原因狀語里的讓步狀從breathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,with伴隨狀語briefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途后置定語修飾air原因狀語原因狀語里的讓步狀從伴隨狀語翻譯：REM的空氣交換量要比NREM低，盡管REM中呼吸更加急促，但也更加沒有規(guī)律，包括一些間斷的呼吸暫停。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途11.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○B(yǎng)ecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessairisexchangedinREM.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○B(yǎng)reathinginNREMislesseffectivethanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregularepisodesofrapidbreathingduringNREM.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○B(yǎng)ecausebreathingismorerapidinNREMsleepthaninREMsleep,breathingoftenbecomesshallow.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途句子簡(jiǎn)化題解析：選項(xiàng)2，原文中沒有出現(xiàn)effective；選項(xiàng)3，與原文相矛盾，原文說的REMmorerapid；選項(xiàng)4，與原文不符，原文的重點(diǎn)不是REMismorerapidthanNREM.選1個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：episode間斷事件，Paragraphy1:Ofallthephysiologicaldifferencesinhumansleepcomparedwithwakefulnessthathavebeendiscoveredinthelastdecade,changesinrespiratorycontrolaremostdramatic.Notonlyaretheredifferencesinthelevelofthefunctioningofrespiratorysystems,thereareevenchangesinhowtheyfunction.Movementsoftheribcageforbreathingarereducedduringsleep,makingthecontractionsofthediaphragmmoreimportant.[■]Yetbecauseofthephysicsoflyingdown,thestomachappliesweightagainstthediaphragmandmakesitmoredifficultforthediaphragmtodoitsjob.[■]However,therearemanyotherchangesthataffectrespirationwhenasleep.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途ofbreathing.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途 個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途ingeneral.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途插入題解析：“however”表示關(guān)系上的轉(zhuǎn)折，重點(diǎn)詞匯是“respiration”，找到原文中出現(xiàn)“respiration”的句子，第一段句末提到“respiration”，插入句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是理解“respiration”是如何運(yùn)作的，說明之后會(huì)細(xì)說“respiration”的運(yùn)作過程，而第二段全都是在細(xì)說，所以選3，起到承上啟下的作用個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途W(wǎng)akefulness○1○7Sleep○2○4○6○Theroleoftheribcageincreasesandtheroleofthediaphragmdecreases.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Carbondioxideinbloodrisesandoxygendrops.○Thecoughingreflexisextremelycomplex.○Agreatdealofeffortisusedforbreathing.○Upperairwaysareresistanttocoldsandallergies.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Thereisadropinthevolumeofairthatisexchanged.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Automaticandvoluntaryrespiratorysystemsarebothinvolved.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途表格填寫題解析：第一段對(duì)比人類蘇醒狀態(tài)和睡眠狀態(tài)時(shí)生理上的不同，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)差異最大第二段人們醒著的時(shí)候，兩種互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)控制呼吸過程，一是有腦干控制的自動(dòng)的新陳代謝系統(tǒng)，二是自發(fā)的行為系統(tǒng)第三段當(dāng)人們睡眠進(jìn)入非快速眼動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)時(shí)，呼吸變得更加深沉和規(guī)律，同事也伴隨著呼吸頻率的減少，導(dǎo)致空氣交換的減少第四段此外，在睡眠的整個(gè)過程中，吸入的空氣量發(fā)生了幾種改變第五段在睡眠時(shí)，其他的呼吸調(diào)控機(jī)制會(huì)停止運(yùn)行第六段快速眼動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)比飛快速眼動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)生的呼吸改變要多核心詞匯：beresistantto對(duì)..有抵抗作用，allergy過敏，BADBCCBDADAC參考譯文：睡眠中的呼吸在過去的十年里人睡覺是和清醒時(shí)生理狀態(tài)的不同已經(jīng)被探索出來了，呼吸系統(tǒng)控制方面的變化尤其引人注目。不光是呼吸系統(tǒng)的功能層次方面有所不同，它們發(fā)揮作用的方式也出現(xiàn)了變化。胸腔所做的呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途在睡覺時(shí)會(huì)減少，使得橫膈膜的收縮變得更為重要。盡管由于躺下來的物理作用，胃部壓迫橫膈膜使得橫膈膜難以工作。無論如何，睡眠時(shí)有很多其他的變化影響呼吸。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途清醒的時(shí)候，呼吸受到兩個(gè)互相影響的系統(tǒng)的控制。第一個(gè)是自動(dòng)更新的系統(tǒng)主要負(fù)責(zé)控制腦干。它會(huì)潛意識(shí)的調(diào)整呼吸速率和深度來控制二氧化碳和氧氣的濃度以及血液中的酸濃度。第二套系統(tǒng)是自發(fā)行為系統(tǒng)。它的控制中心在前腦，管理說話，嘆氣，唱歌等行為時(shí)的呼吸。它能忽略或者凌駕于第一套系統(tǒng)使得呼吸形式變得不規(guī)則。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途在NMER（睡覺時(shí)沒有快速的眼部活動(dòng)的階段）這個(gè)階段中呼吸會(huì)變得更深更有規(guī)律，但是呼吸頻率會(huì)降低，導(dǎo)致整個(gè)空氣交流減少。發(fā)生這個(gè)是因?yàn)樵贜REM睡眠階段中自動(dòng)更新系統(tǒng)會(huì)獨(dú)自控制呼吸以及身體，以便更少的利用氧氣更少的產(chǎn)生二氧化碳。并且，自動(dòng)更新系統(tǒng)對(duì)血液中二氧化碳和氧氣的濃度并不敏感。在睡眠中呼吸控制的變化會(huì)導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)結(jié)果。第一，睡著時(shí)呼吸會(huì)有短暫的停止或減少因?yàn)樗哒咴谒吆颓逍褧r(shí)及他們不同的控制系統(tǒng)呼吸會(huì)有增加或減少。第二，一旦得到了充足的睡眠，在NREM中就會(huì)使得血液中二氧化碳增加而氧氣濃度減少。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途但這并不是全部的變化。在睡眠的所有階段中，氣道一些變化已經(jīng)被觀察到了。睡眠時(shí)它會(huì)用兩倍的力度去呼吸因?yàn)楹粑赖淖枇?huì)比較強(qiáng)并且用來呼吸的肌肉的效率會(huì)有變化。在呼吸變得更輕松時(shí)有一些肌肉會(huì)幫助保持上部空氣道的暢通，特別是在REM階段（就是眼部運(yùn)動(dòng)非常劇烈的階段）。沒有這些肌肉運(yùn)動(dòng)，呼吸空氣就像從氣球里吸氣一樣，狹窄的通道會(huì)面臨崩潰。盡管呼吸阻礙在鼻子兩側(cè)會(huì)有一個(gè)規(guī)則的循環(huán)。如果有時(shí)候堵塞了好的一邊，比如過敏和感冒引起的堵塞，呼吸阻礙就會(huì)顯著的提高。加上這些因素就是復(fù)雜的互相影響的肌肉系統(tǒng)對(duì)呼吸造成損失的原因，這些影響改變了空氣從鼻子到嘴巴的流動(dòng)路線。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途其他的呼吸管理系統(tǒng)在睡覺時(shí)會(huì)明顯的停止工作。比如說，在清醒時(shí)如果呼吸變得困難的話就會(huì)有一個(gè)立即自動(dòng)適應(yīng)性的呼吸增強(qiáng)（比如戴上面具呼吸時(shí)）。但在NREM狀態(tài)時(shí)這種適應(yīng)性的反應(yīng)就會(huì)完全消失。只有在這種幾次不足的呼吸之后，，才會(huì)使得血液中二氧化碳含量的顯著提升以及氧氣含量的降低，這種呼吸調(diào)整才會(huì)起作用。最后，咳嗽對(duì)氣道的刺激不會(huì)在睡眠中而是造成呼吸的暫停。如果刺激足夠嚴(yán)厲，一個(gè)睡著的人會(huì)驚醒，清理氣道，然后繼續(xù)呼吸并睡覺。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途發(fā)生在REM時(shí)期的多余的呼吸變化要比發(fā)生在NREM時(shí)期的呼吸變化要顯著。REM的空氣交換量要比NREM低，盡管REM中呼吸更加急促，但也更加沒有規(guī)律，包括一些間斷的呼吸暫停。另外，REM時(shí)期的呼吸更多取決于橫膈膜而不是胸腔的作用。個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途particularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.介紹普韋布洛人在13世紀(jì)的形成和發(fā)展個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途explanationsdominate.解釋13世紀(jì)形成人口密集部落的原因個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途southandwesttowardMesaVerdeandawayfromhigherelevations.另外一個(gè)因素是冰河世紀(jì)的形成，導(dǎo)致北半球溫度降低個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途possible,andthusaggregatedtownswereasensiblearrangement.第三個(gè)原因是人們相互合作的需要增強(qiáng)個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途1. Thewordtraumaticmeaningto○Essential○highlystressful○highlyunusual○unwise詞匯題解析：通過上下文分析法可以推出“traumatic”在上下文中指的是貶義，表示不好的影響；核心詞匯：2. Thewordintenseinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○strong○questionable○obvious○deliberate詞匯題解析：上下文分析法：Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmthwasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.不斷增加的人口會(huì)使得對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)刭Y源，特別是日常煮飯和保暖所必須得柴火的需求量____，而且人口密集的普韋布洛人的生活環(huán)境不是很衛(wèi)生。選出“加強(qiáng)”“加大”選1個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：deliberate故意的，hygienic衛(wèi)生的，aggregated聚合的3. Accordingtoparagraph1,beforethethirteenthcenturythepeopleofsouthwesternNorthAmericaliveinhouseholdsthat個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○sharingdailychoreswithneighboringhouseholds○occupieddwellingsthatwerebuiltintothesidesofcliffs個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○werelargelyfreetoconducttheirlivesastheypleased個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○enforcedcommonstandardsofbehaviorandcooperativeconductwithintheircommunities個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途細(xì)節(jié)題定位詞：beforethethirteenthcentury；southwesternNorthAmerica個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途解析：定位到原文：個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：conduct實(shí)施，Whichofthefollowingbestindicatestheorganizationofparagraph1?個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Itpresentstheconditionsthatcausedachangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenexplainswhythoseconditionsgotworse.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Itidentifiescertainpresent-dayculturaltraditionsandrulesandthentracesthemtotheirrootsinthethirteenthcentury.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Itcastsdoubtononeexplanationofthemovetopueblosandthenintroducesanalternativeexplanationthatthepassagewilldefend.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Itdescribesamajorchangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenpresentsanumberofproblemsthatresultedfromthatchange.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途修辭目的題：段落結(jié)構(gòu)解析：考段落結(jié)構(gòu)的題目，必須通讀全段，理出結(jié)構(gòu)，然后選出答案，該段開篇提到人們由小家庭形式轉(zhuǎn)化為人口密集形式，然后提出了由此帶來的問題，這些可以從原文的某些詞匯中看出：所以選4個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途核心詞匯：castdoubton質(zhì)疑，fields.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途5.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingwasoneoftheconsequencesofincreasingpopulationdensities?個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Peoplewereincreasinglycrowdedintocollectionsoflargehousingunits.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Peoplestoppedplantingcropsthathaverelativelylowyields.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Domesticbuildingswerepushedbeyondthecanyonlimits.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途○Thenaturallandscapewasdestroyed.細(xì)節(jié)題定位詞：consequencesofincreasingpopulationdensities個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途解析：對(duì)應(yīng)到原文：個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途分析句子：SomescholarsexpandonthisideaThisidea在這里指代的是前文中的“”by方式狀語emphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandto目的狀語feedgrowingnumbersofpeople:舉例子解釋constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffort這里的efforts指的是tofeedgrowingnumbersofpeoplesduringthe1200s.個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途T