高考英語閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置規(guī)律獲獎(jiǎng)科研報(bào)告

高考英語閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置規(guī)律獲獎(jiǎng)科研報(bào)告閱讀理解是高考試卷中分值最大的題型。近年來隨著高考命題指導(dǎo)思想的發(fā)展，閱讀理解題的命制日趨穩(wěn)定、科學(xué)、合理和成熟。其干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置不僅能檢測出考生理解、概括、推理等邏輯思維的精準(zhǔn)性、深刻性，而且對(duì)考生個(gè)人心理素質(zhì)是一種檢驗(yàn)?？v觀近幾年的高考閱讀理解試題不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置具有很強(qiáng)的迷惑性。針對(duì)這一趨勢，要全面提高閱讀理解能力，除具備深厚的語言功底，一定的閱讀技巧和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)分析、意群分析能力外，做題時(shí)了解干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置規(guī)律也至關(guān)重要。以下結(jié)合例題對(duì)常見的干擾方法加以介紹和分析。

一、主題擴(kuò)大

干擾項(xiàng)歸納、概括的范圍過大，太空泛，太籠統(tǒng)，表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章實(shí)際所闡述的內(nèi)容，與主旨大意之間是包含關(guān)系。就像給一個(gè)頭很小的人戴上一頂大帽子，答題者需要認(rèn)清文中討論的主題和放大含義的選項(xiàng)之間的包含關(guān)系，然后進(jìn)行排除。同時(shí)，采用逆推法，假定自己要以選項(xiàng)作為標(biāo)題寫文章，自己會(huì)以什么內(nèi)容為主題。

HOUSTON——A10-year-oldboyfatallyshothisfatherFriday，ashesatinthefrontseatofaSUVtopickuptheboyfromhismothershomeforaweekendvisit.

Theincidenthappenedabout3p.monaculdesac（死胡同）inthe1700blockofCedarCoveCourt，saidWilliamsoftheHarrisCountySheriffsDepartment.

AninvestigationfoundthatRickJames，41，wasshotbyhisson，whowassittinginthebackseatofthemansToyota4-Runner，saidWilliams.TheshootingtookplaceoutsidethehomeofJamesex-wife，wheretheboyliveswithhismotheranda7-year-oldbrother.

“Werenotcertainofanythinguntilwefinishourinvestigation”：Williamssaid.“Theinformationwehaveatthistimeisthatthe10-year-olddidfiretheweapon.”

Themotherandthe7-year-oldwereinsidethehousewhentheshootingoccurred，saidWilliams.Williamssaidthegunbelongedtotheboysmother.Afterfiringshotsthroughthebackseat，theboyexitedthebackofthevehicleandcontinuedtofireatthecar.

ThemandiedonthewaytoMemorialHermanHospital.

JameswasadoctorattheUniversityofTexasMedicalBranch.

Themanandwomansharedcustody（監(jiān)護(hù)）ofthechildren.

WilliamssaidthemotherandtheboywerestillinthehometalkingtoinvestigatorsFridaynight.

Neighborsdescribedthefamilyasbeingquietandkeepingtothemselves

1.Thebesttitleforthenewsshouldbe？搖？搖？搖？搖

A.ABoyShotHisFather.

B.ShootingKillaFather.

C.AnUnbelievableTragedy.（主題擴(kuò)大）

D.ATen-Year-OldBoysCruelty.

二、以偏概全

干擾項(xiàng)概括不全面，只闡述了文章的部分內(nèi)容，覆蓋部分段落或幾句話，或干擾項(xiàng)以次要的事實(shí)或者細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。在選項(xiàng)中，就答案本身來看，在短文中均被提及，甚至個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)?？忌藭r(shí)要特別注意整體與部分及全面與片面的包容關(guān)系，防止主次不分，以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏概全。

Mostpeopleknowthatlighthouseshelpkeepshipssafe.Forhundredsofyears，theirshininglightshavewarnedpeopleofdangers.However，inmanyplaces，lighthousescouldnotbebuiltatthattime，solightshipswereusedinstead.

...Usually，alightshipcrewworkedontheshipforfourmonthsatatime.Theirjobwastotakecareofthelight.Theyworkedhardtokeepitgoinginbadweather.ThefirstlightshipintheUSwasputinChesapeakeBayinVirginia.Theyearwas1820.Threeyearslater，alightshipwasputatNewYorkHarbor...

lightshipsuseddifferentfuelsformorethan50years...

Atonetime，thereweremorethan100lightshipsinUSwaters.In1952，Thelastnewlightshipwasbuilt.in1985theuseoflightshipsendedintheUS...

today...thedaysofworkinglightshipswereover.

2.Whatisthetextmainlyabout？

A.Howtobuildalightship.

B.Theimportanceoflightships.（以偏概全）

C.Peoplewhoworkedonlightships.（以偏概全）

D.ThehistoryoflightshipsintheUS.

三、以假亂真

在各種干擾信息中，偽造信息用得最多，干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相似的句式，保留了原文中的大多數(shù)詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了一個(gè)詞匯，造成了句意的改變（通常在中心詞前面的修飾詞上做文章，名詞前的形容詞、動(dòng)詞，形容詞前的副詞，以及地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方式狀語的程度、范圍與原文不一致等），給考生一種錯(cuò)覺，選項(xiàng)與原文意思差不多，以假亂真，迷惑和干擾考生?？忌诒鎰e選項(xiàng)中的信息時(shí)，粗略一讀，只看到幾個(gè)表面文字與有關(guān)部分相同就妄下結(jié)論。

SafewayIncstartedamonth-longfund-raisingcampaignthatwillbringnewhopeandopportunitiestothousandsofpeoplelivingwithdisabilities.throughcooperationwithEasterSalesandSpecialOlympics，thecompanyannouncedthatitwouldraisemillionsofdollarsthisyeartofundtheregionalrecoveryserviceprogrammes，providemoneyforjobtraining，andtrainthedisabledathletessotheycantakepartinSpecialOlympicsthroughoutthecountry.

3.Accordingtothetextthisyear，SafewayIncwill？搖？搖？搖？搖

A.fundjobtrainingforthedisabled.

B.conductnationalrecoveryprogrammes.

C.raise$100milliontohelpthedisabled.

D.setupalocaldisabilitycenter.

四、常識(shí)臆斷

干擾項(xiàng)通常是基本常識(shí)或普遍存在的觀點(diǎn)，但在原文中并無相關(guān)的信息支撐。考生往往根據(jù)“潛意識(shí)”的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及常識(shí)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的見解。這類選項(xiàng)之所以能起干擾作用，就是因?yàn)榭此坪虾跚槔淼男畔⒉⒎俏恼滤峒?，是考生潛意識(shí)里的“想當(dāng)然”選項(xiàng)，即文中未提，主觀想象。因此，要謹(jǐn)防先入為主，誤導(dǎo)了判斷，忽略了要從原文中驗(yàn)證。

Thereisnoassociationbetweentheamountofhomeworkonedoesandtheamountofknowledgeonegathers.Infact，aresearchbyAustralianexpertsshowsthattheresultisexactlytheopposite：themorehoursstudentsspenddoinghomework，thelesseffectivetheywillbeingainingknowledge.

TheUnitedStatesisoneofthecountrieswherestudentsdolittlehomework，butthathasnotdamagedthecountrysacademicstatusintheworld.So，itstimeChineseschoolsunderstoodthisfactandfreedstudentsoftheunnecessaryburdenofhomework.

4.TheauthorcomparedChinawiththeUSAinorderto？搖？搖.

A.emphasizethatAmericaneducationismoreadvancedthanChina（常識(shí)臆斷）

B.statetheChinesestudentsaremorestupidthanthoseinAmerica（常識(shí)臆斷）C.attractmoreChinesestudentstogofurtherstudyabroad（常識(shí)臆斷）

D.implythathowmuchhomeworkhaslittletodowithlearning

五、時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換

干擾項(xiàng)針對(duì)文中某一細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)置選項(xiàng)，改變?cè)摷?xì)節(jié)的時(shí)態(tài)，已然未然有意混淆，即干擾項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容一致，只是改變了謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)?？忌谧鲱}時(shí)，只注意干擾項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的語意含義，未從時(shí)態(tài)所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念上理解選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。

NowhesexpectingonemillionpeopleworldwidetotakepartintheOneDayWithoutShoesevent——spendingadaywithoutshoestohaveabetterunderstandingofthosewhodonothaveachoice.

5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheOneDayWithoutShoesevent？

A.ItispartoftheOneforOnebusinessmodel.

B.ItisheldinSouthAmericaandAfricaeveryyear.

C.Itmakespeopleexperiencewhatitslikenotwearingshoes.

D.Onemillionpeoplearoundtheworldhavealreadytakenpartinit.（時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換）

六、語氣轉(zhuǎn)換

干擾項(xiàng)通常包含有表示程度、范圍等絕對(duì)語氣的表達(dá)，如：must，always，never，most，all，every，any，completely，only等。正確選項(xiàng)常含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達(dá)，如：sometimes，probably，possibly，may，usually，might，relatively，belikelyto，tendto，其語氣平和、委婉、留有余地。

Thecompanyprocessesanaverageof30millionduckseveryyear，andnearly60percentofthosepoultryproductsaresoldtomarketsintheYangtzeRiverDeltaregion，wherethecurrentbirdflucasesarefrom.Thecompanyisnowlosingnearly1millionyuanaday，hesaid.ofcourse，ZhaoscompanyisnotaloneinsufferingbecauseoftherecentH7N9outbreak.

“Itisacertaintythattheindustrywillshrinkthisyear.NowIamalsoquiteworriedthatmanyfarmersmaygiveuppoultryfarminginthefuture，sincetherearesomanyrisksinthepoultryfarming”：Zhaosaid.

6.Accordingtozhao，whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue？

A.Manyfarmersmaynotraisepoultryinthefuture.

B.Thecompanyissufferingnearly1milliondollarslosseveryday.

C.Thecompanyissufferingthebiggestlossbecauseofthebirdflu.

D.AllofthecompanysducksaresoldtomarketsintheYangtzeRiverDeltaregion.

七、強(qiáng)加因果關(guān)系

干擾項(xiàng)把并不存在因果關(guān)系的兩處內(nèi)容以事理邏輯連接在一起，形成一個(gè)看上去很像原文內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)，但原文當(dāng)中并沒有類似的因果關(guān)系。尤其是對(duì)于那些本身就靠“朦朧法”做題的考生來說，這種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)很隱蔽，具有很強(qiáng)的迷惑性。

NowthatHarriewasfree，shedidnotforgetthehundredsofotherslavesbackinMaryland.Harriettravelledbackandfortheighteentimes，helpingabout300slavesescapeintofreeterritory.Shebecameanexpertathidingfromslavehunters.ThepeopleshehelpedcalledherMoses...

Afterthefightingended，HarrietTubmanreturnedtoAuburn，NewYork.Shekeptworking.Shetrave