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高考英語閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置規(guī)律獲獎(jiǎng)科研報(bào)告閱讀理解是高考試卷中分值最大的題型。近年來隨著高考命題指導(dǎo)思想的發(fā)展,閱讀理解題的命制日趨穩(wěn)定、科學(xué)、合理和成熟。其干擾選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置不僅能檢測出考生理解、概括、推理等邏輯思維的精準(zhǔn)性、深刻性,而且對(duì)考生個(gè)人心理素質(zhì)是一種檢驗(yàn)??v觀近幾年的高考閱讀理解試題不難發(fā)現(xiàn),干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置具有很強(qiáng)的迷惑性。針對(duì)這一趨勢,要全面提高閱讀理解能力,除具備深厚的語言功底,一定的閱讀技巧和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)分析、意群分析能力外,做題時(shí)了解干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置規(guī)律也至關(guān)重要。以下結(jié)合例題對(duì)常見的干擾方法加以介紹和分析。
一、主題擴(kuò)大
干擾項(xiàng)歸納、概括的范圍過大,太空泛,太籠統(tǒng),表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章實(shí)際所闡述的內(nèi)容,與主旨大意之間是包含關(guān)系。就像給一個(gè)頭很小的人戴上一頂大帽子,答題者需要認(rèn)清文中討論的主題和放大含義的選項(xiàng)之間的包含關(guān)系,然后進(jìn)行排除。同時(shí),采用逆推法,假定自己要以選項(xiàng)作為標(biāo)題寫文章,自己會(huì)以什么內(nèi)容為主題。
HOUSTON——A10-year-oldboyfatallyshothisfatherFriday,ashesatinthefrontseatofaSUVtopickuptheboyfromhismothershomeforaweekendvisit.
Theincidenthappenedabout3p.monaculdesac(死胡同)inthe1700blockofCedarCoveCourt,saidWilliamsoftheHarrisCountySheriffsDepartment.
AninvestigationfoundthatRickJames,41,wasshotbyhisson,whowassittinginthebackseatofthemansToyota4-Runner,saidWilliams.TheshootingtookplaceoutsidethehomeofJamesex-wife,wheretheboyliveswithhismotheranda7-year-oldbrother.
“Werenotcertainofanythinguntilwefinishourinvestigation”:Williamssaid.“Theinformationwehaveatthistimeisthatthe10-year-olddidfiretheweapon.”
Themotherandthe7-year-oldwereinsidethehousewhentheshootingoccurred,saidWilliams.Williamssaidthegunbelongedtotheboysmother.Afterfiringshotsthroughthebackseat,theboyexitedthebackofthevehicleandcontinuedtofireatthecar.
ThemandiedonthewaytoMemorialHermanHospital.
JameswasadoctorattheUniversityofTexasMedicalBranch.
Themanandwomansharedcustody(監(jiān)護(hù))ofthechildren.
WilliamssaidthemotherandtheboywerestillinthehometalkingtoinvestigatorsFridaynight.
Neighborsdescribedthefamilyasbeingquietandkeepingtothemselves
1.Thebesttitleforthenewsshouldbe?搖?搖?搖?搖
A.ABoyShotHisFather.
B.ShootingKillaFather.
C.AnUnbelievableTragedy.(主題擴(kuò)大)
D.ATen-Year-OldBoysCruelty.
二、以偏概全
干擾項(xiàng)概括不全面,只闡述了文章的部分內(nèi)容,覆蓋部分段落或幾句話,或干擾項(xiàng)以次要的事實(shí)或者細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。在選項(xiàng)中,就答案本身來看,在短文中均被提及,甚至個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)??忌藭r(shí)要特別注意整體與部分及全面與片面的包容關(guān)系,防止主次不分,以點(diǎn)帶面,以偏概全。
Mostpeopleknowthatlighthouseshelpkeepshipssafe.Forhundredsofyears,theirshininglightshavewarnedpeopleofdangers.However,inmanyplaces,lighthousescouldnotbebuiltatthattime,solightshipswereusedinstead.
...Usually,alightshipcrewworkedontheshipforfourmonthsatatime.Theirjobwastotakecareofthelight.Theyworkedhardtokeepitgoinginbadweather.ThefirstlightshipintheUSwasputinChesapeakeBayinVirginia.Theyearwas1820.Threeyearslater,alightshipwasputatNewYorkHarbor...
lightshipsuseddifferentfuelsformorethan50years...
Atonetime,thereweremorethan100lightshipsinUSwaters.In1952,Thelastnewlightshipwasbuilt.in1985theuseoflightshipsendedintheUS...
today...thedaysofworkinglightshipswereover.
2.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.Howtobuildalightship.
B.Theimportanceoflightships.(以偏概全)
C.Peoplewhoworkedonlightships.(以偏概全)
D.ThehistoryoflightshipsintheUS.
三、以假亂真
在各種干擾信息中,偽造信息用得最多,干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相似的句式,保留了原文中的大多數(shù)詞匯,卻在不易引人注意的地方換了一個(gè)詞匯,造成了句意的改變(通常在中心詞前面的修飾詞上做文章,名詞前的形容詞、動(dòng)詞,形容詞前的副詞,以及地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方式狀語的程度、范圍與原文不一致等),給考生一種錯(cuò)覺,選項(xiàng)與原文意思差不多,以假亂真,迷惑和干擾考生??忌诒鎰e選項(xiàng)中的信息時(shí),粗略一讀,只看到幾個(gè)表面文字與有關(guān)部分相同就妄下結(jié)論。
SafewayIncstartedamonth-longfund-raisingcampaignthatwillbringnewhopeandopportunitiestothousandsofpeoplelivingwithdisabilities.throughcooperationwithEasterSalesandSpecialOlympics,thecompanyannouncedthatitwouldraisemillionsofdollarsthisyeartofundtheregionalrecoveryserviceprogrammes,providemoneyforjobtraining,andtrainthedisabledathletessotheycantakepartinSpecialOlympicsthroughoutthecountry.
3.Accordingtothetextthisyear,SafewayIncwill?搖?搖?搖?搖
A.fundjobtrainingforthedisabled.
B.conductnationalrecoveryprogrammes.
C.raise$100milliontohelpthedisabled.
D.setupalocaldisabilitycenter.
四、常識(shí)臆斷
干擾項(xiàng)通常是基本常識(shí)或普遍存在的觀點(diǎn),但在原文中并無相關(guān)的信息支撐。考生往往根據(jù)“潛意識(shí)”的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及常識(shí)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的見解。這類選項(xiàng)之所以能起干擾作用,就是因?yàn)榭此坪虾跚槔淼男畔⒉⒎俏恼滤峒?,是考生潛意識(shí)里的“想當(dāng)然”選項(xiàng),即文中未提,主觀想象。因此,要謹(jǐn)防先入為主,誤導(dǎo)了判斷,忽略了要從原文中驗(yàn)證。
Thereisnoassociationbetweentheamountofhomeworkonedoesandtheamountofknowledgeonegathers.Infact,aresearchbyAustralianexpertsshowsthattheresultisexactlytheopposite:themorehoursstudentsspenddoinghomework,thelesseffectivetheywillbeingainingknowledge.
TheUnitedStatesisoneofthecountrieswherestudentsdolittlehomework,butthathasnotdamagedthecountrysacademicstatusintheworld.So,itstimeChineseschoolsunderstoodthisfactandfreedstudentsoftheunnecessaryburdenofhomework.
4.TheauthorcomparedChinawiththeUSAinorderto?搖?搖.
A.emphasizethatAmericaneducationismoreadvancedthanChina(常識(shí)臆斷)
B.statetheChinesestudentsaremorestupidthanthoseinAmerica(常識(shí)臆斷)C.attractmoreChinesestudentstogofurtherstudyabroad(常識(shí)臆斷)
D.implythathowmuchhomeworkhaslittletodowithlearning
五、時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換
干擾項(xiàng)針對(duì)文中某一細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)置選項(xiàng),改變?cè)摷?xì)節(jié)的時(shí)態(tài),已然未然有意混淆,即干擾項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容一致,只是改變了謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)??忌谧鲱}時(shí),只注意干擾項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的語意含義,未從時(shí)態(tài)所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念上理解選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。
NowhesexpectingonemillionpeopleworldwidetotakepartintheOneDayWithoutShoesevent——spendingadaywithoutshoestohaveabetterunderstandingofthosewhodonothaveachoice.
5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheOneDayWithoutShoesevent?
A.ItispartoftheOneforOnebusinessmodel.
B.ItisheldinSouthAmericaandAfricaeveryyear.
C.Itmakespeopleexperiencewhatitslikenotwearingshoes.
D.Onemillionpeoplearoundtheworldhavealreadytakenpartinit.(時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換)
六、語氣轉(zhuǎn)換
干擾項(xiàng)通常包含有表示程度、范圍等絕對(duì)語氣的表達(dá),如:must,always,never,most,all,every,any,completely,only等。正確選項(xiàng)常含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達(dá),如:sometimes,probably,possibly,may,usually,might,relatively,belikelyto,tendto,其語氣平和、委婉、留有余地。
Thecompanyprocessesanaverageof30millionduckseveryyear,andnearly60percentofthosepoultryproductsaresoldtomarketsintheYangtzeRiverDeltaregion,wherethecurrentbirdflucasesarefrom.Thecompanyisnowlosingnearly1millionyuanaday,hesaid.ofcourse,ZhaoscompanyisnotaloneinsufferingbecauseoftherecentH7N9outbreak.
“Itisacertaintythattheindustrywillshrinkthisyear.NowIamalsoquiteworriedthatmanyfarmersmaygiveuppoultryfarminginthefuture,sincetherearesomanyrisksinthepoultryfarming”:Zhaosaid.
6.Accordingtozhao,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
A.Manyfarmersmaynotraisepoultryinthefuture.
B.Thecompanyissufferingnearly1milliondollarslosseveryday.
C.Thecompanyissufferingthebiggestlossbecauseofthebirdflu.
D.AllofthecompanysducksaresoldtomarketsintheYangtzeRiverDeltaregion.
七、強(qiáng)加因果關(guān)系
干擾項(xiàng)把并不存在因果關(guān)系的兩處內(nèi)容以事理邏輯連接在一起,形成一個(gè)看上去很像原文內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng),但原文當(dāng)中并沒有類似的因果關(guān)系。尤其是對(duì)于那些本身就靠“朦朧法”做題的考生來說,這種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)很隱蔽,具有很強(qiáng)的迷惑性。
NowthatHarriewasfree,shedidnotforgetthehundredsofotherslavesbackinMaryland.Harriettravelledbackandfortheighteentimes,helpingabout300slavesescapeintofreeterritory.Shebecameanexpertathidingfromslavehunters.ThepeopleshehelpedcalledherMoses...
Afterthefightingended,HarrietTubmanreturnedtoAuburn,NewYork.Shekeptworking.Shetrave
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