09 浙江卷概要寫作

題號押題09浙江卷大作文（概要寫作）〖真題回顧〗1.2019年6月，浙江卷概要寫作真題閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,“We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem.Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate稱的）totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.【答案】Parentstendtogotoextremeswhenitcomestopraisingtheirkids.（要點一）Yet,bothtoomuchandtoolittlepraisecanbeequallydamaging.（要點二）Whengivingpraise,parentsshouldbesincereandconcentrateontheprocessinsteadoftheresult.（要點三）Similarly,theyoughttogivepraiseforhowmuchefforttheirkidshaveinvestedintheworkthey’reinvolvedin.（要點四）【解析】本次浙江高考書面表達采用了概要寫作題型。概要寫作是閱讀理解和書面表達的溝通橋梁，考查的是學生在實現(xiàn)自由的思維表達之前，對他人的信息在理解的基礎上進行概括表達的能力。選材上，提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，題材不限，要求考生寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要?！驹斀狻客瓿梢黄乓獙懽鳎枰?jīng)過三個步驟，讀懂原文，抓住段落主題句。在閱讀過程中，需要準確把握文章的段落大意，學會剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同體裁的文章的內(nèi)部邏輯關系以及文章的篇章結構。組織語言，轉換表達。在找到主題句明確全文中心的基礎上，組織好語言，注重語言表達的獨立性和準確性以及高級性，不全盤照抄原文句子，盡量用自己的語言轉換表達，同時要注意篇幅的比例安排，用較多的文字去表達重要的內(nèi)容。通讀全文，邏輯連貫。要牢記各段落要點之間的邏輯關系和自然銜接，用恰當?shù)年P聯(lián)詞去連貫全文。2.2018年11月，浙江卷概要寫作真題閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。It’sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus校園）likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon’tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon’tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn’tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.Ifsachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors（顧問），anditwon’tcostyouapenny!Y.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan’ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou’dliketoattend.【答案】It’sreallyworthwhiletopayavisittotheirdesiredcollegespersonallybeforeapplying.Undoubtedly,studentsshouldvisittheirlocalcolleges,whichmaybeincludedinapplications.Atleast,theyshouldvisittheschoolandfigureoutitsrealconditionsinadvance.Forstudentswhoareshortofmoneyandtime,registeringfortheonlinecollegefairisagoodalternativetohelpthembetterunderstandschools.【解析】本文要求閱讀短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要，即用盡可能少的詞匯集中展現(xiàn)原材料的主要思想和觀點。這主要是考查學生把握文章主旨大意和段落大意的能力以及總結概括能力，熟練掌握從句、非謂語動詞等語法知識和遣詞造句的能力?！驹斀狻恳茸x懂、讀透原作。這是準確再現(xiàn)原文、寫好概要的前提。動筆前多讀兩遍原文，直至弄懂讀透。抓住文中的關鍵句，確定寫作主題。開頭It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapply點明了本文主題；Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.說明了去大學看看的必要性和可行性；Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.在時間上提供了更多選擇；iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.為不能親自去大學看的學生提供了另外一種方法。擬好提綱。有了提綱，寫概要時就會有章法，也不會遺漏原作中的要點?？焖俪晌模磸屯魄?。按照文章要求和擬好的提綱一氣呵成，寫完初稿。對照修改潤色，再讀原文，查看是否漏掉了重要信息或主要內(nèi)容。用詞是否恰當，可有可無的刪掉。注意詞類、時態(tài)、語態(tài)的適當調(diào)整?！军c睛】范文觀點明確，重點突出，語言簡練，詞數(shù)適當。作者在范文中使用了較多高級表達方式，如定語從句whichmaybeincludedinapplications和whoareshortofmoneyandtime動名詞registeringonline作主語，顯示了彳艮高的駕馭英語的能力?！济}探究〗概要寫作，即對所讀過的文章簡要概括，寫出文章的中心大意，也稱之為摘要。寫概要吐要把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句進行表述，而不是抄襲文章的原句，更不能把細節(jié)性信息作為中心，即要對文章中的單詞、詞組和句子進行合理轉換，對文章的具體信息進行概括，再用適合的語言表達。這一題型主要考查學生對文章主旨大意的概括和準確獲取關鍵詞的能力，同時考查學生用簡潔的語言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對文章整體結構把握的能力。因此，概要寫作是基于對閱讀理解和書面表達兩者考查的有機結合體。概要寫作的目的不僅是要重述原文的主旨要義，還要在不改變原文意思的前提下變換詞匯和句子結構，也就是要使用自己的語言寫概要。一、概要寫作的考綱說明和題型介紹考綱說明根據(jù)教育部考試中心的相關說明，概要寫作中，提供給考生一篇350以內(nèi)的短文，要求其基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。試題選材特點提供給考生閱讀的短文詞數(shù)在350以內(nèi)；所選材料體裁雖然沒有限制，但多以說明文、議論文為主，偶爾也會有記敘文或夾敘夾議的閱讀材料?？荚囌f明所給的樣題是一篇科普知識類的文章，句子結構復雜,難度較大。熟知概要寫作的評分標準（一）概要寫作考查要求：（1）對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應用語法結構和詞匯的準確性；（3）上下文的連貫性；（4）對各要點表達的獨立性情況?？傊?概要應具有獨立性和自明性,擁有與文章等量的主要信息，即不閱讀全文，就能獲得必要的信息；其次概要不容贅言，故需逐字推敲；最后概要內(nèi)容必須完整、一目了然?！冀忸}秘籍〗一、答題步驟確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句，一般在段首。沒有主題句的需要自己組合。尋找關鍵詞。分析主題句意義，確定關鍵詞，關鍵詞一般體現(xiàn)為名詞、形容詞，關鍵詞的數(shù)目決定了概括的信息濃度。前2點為重中之重：看完每個段落，問自己：這一段講了什么呢？傳遞了什么主要信息，統(tǒng)領的信息是什么，支撐信息是哪些？然后暫定主題句，在之后的閱讀中不斷理解與修正確定時態(tài)和人稱。如果閱讀材料是過去時，那么基本時態(tài)用過去時；如果是現(xiàn)在的，那么基本時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時。但模板的開頭語一般為現(xiàn)在時，如：Thepassagetellsusthat...一般情況下采用第三人稱來寫作。重構主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統(tǒng)攝后面所有的支撐句?？梢詮淖髡叩膶懽髂康哪嫱品从硨懽髂康闹黝}句是高度抽象的，它基本決定了概括的質(zhì)量。重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補充過程或者提供證據(jù)。3、4兩個步驟其實就是改寫閱讀材料的主題句和支撐句?？谠E：簡單概括，縮長間短，省卻細膩。（見：間接引語。短：短的連詞。細膩：細節(jié)和例子）檢查潤色草稿。需要確保初稿準確完整，再考慮譽抄?？梢詮囊韵聨讉€方面來進行檢查和潤色：主次是否分明，主題句和支撐句比例、順序是否安排得當；邏輯關系是否清晰，前后觀點是否一致；人稱時態(tài)和概要字數(shù)是否符合要求；查語法是否正確，特別是時態(tài)、主謂一致等，確?！罢Z言規(guī)范”；是否使用一些較為豐富、高級的句型和恰當?shù)倪B接過渡詞句等。二、具體的方法技巧（一）打磨重組、改寫句子的能力考生重組、改寫句子的能力直接影響著概要寫作的好壞，所以考生在平時訓練時就要下意識提高自這些能力。由于本專題前幾章學案已經(jīng)具體闡述了造句改寫的能力，這里就不再贅述，具體請詳見前幾期學案。這里只簡單列舉幾個技巧。同義替換法Tomthoughtofanidea.—AnideaoccurredtoTom.正話反說法Ithinkwealthislessimportantthanhealth.—Idon’tthinkwealthismoreimportantthanhealth.Youwillfail.—Youwon’tsucceed.詞性轉換法Yoursuggestionsareveryvaluable.—Yoursuggestionsareofgreatvalue.介詞短語法Wearesuretofinishitintimebecausesomanypeoplearehelpingus.—Withsomanypeoplehelpingus,wearesuretofinishitintime.句式變化法語態(tài)變換Itiswidelyacceptedthatmorepeopleusecomputersintheworldtoday.—Computersarewidelyusedintheworldtoday.簡單句變復合句Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood.Thiswasmorethanwecouldexpect.—Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.連詞銜接法注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but,and,so,while,however,then,yet,for,therefore,thus,including,insteadof等。Heinsistedonstaying.Hewasnotwillingtogo.—Heinsistedonstayingratherthan/insteadofgoing.詞序改變法ProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguestswerepresentatthemeeting.—PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.特殊句式法Jimwantstogoboatingandhisparentswanttogoboating,too.一Jimwantstogoboating,andsodohisparents.〖押題沖關〗押題12021.3學軍中學閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.AccordingtoanewsurveybytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest:mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal.ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV.“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunitiestostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone,”saysDr.MaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers7bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schoolsinEdina,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7:25amto8:30am.Students,parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.【范文】Nowadays,thetrendforAmericankidstosleeplesshasbeentowardlarge.AccordingtothesurveyconductedbyNationalSleepFoundation,school-agechildrensufferthelackofsleeptime.Dr.CarskadonarguesthatTVs,homework,theinternetandthephoneexertnegativeinfluenceonchildren'ssleepinghabits,whilesimultaneously,otherexpertsimply/suggest/argue/holdthisphenomenonstemspartlyfromchanginglevelsofbodychemicals.Torelievethesituation,decisionshavebeenmadeaccordinglyinsomedistrictstostarthighschoolclasseslater.押題2閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Surfingthenetwhenyoushouldbefinishingaworkreportchangingclotheswhenyouhaveatraintocatchorperhapsevenlyinginbedwhenyou’vepromisedyourselfyou’llworkout.Soundfamiliar?Youaren’talone.Weallprocrastinate（拖延）sometimes，especiallywhenitcomestothingswearen’treallyfondof.Astudyshowedthatwespendabout218minutesprocrastinatingeverydaywhichamountsto55daysoflosttimeeachyear.Wemightnotthinkthesefiguresparticularlyworthyofworry，butwhenwelookattheoverallimpactofprocrastinationonourlives，it’sadifferentstory.Notonlydoesthiscostfinancialloss，italsoaffectspeaceofmind.Ingeneral，peoplewhocontinuallyputthingsoffareunhappier，aswellasbeinglesswealthyandhealthy.Sowhydowedoit?“Whenweavoidtakingactionwe’rereallyavoidingpain,”explainspsychiatrist（精彳申病學家）PhilStutz.Formostofus,painavoidanceisn’tlimitedtoonesituation.Itappliestoalmostanythingthafspainful.Mostofustryourbestnevertoleaveacomfortzone.Thafswhywesacrificesomethingmuchmorevaluable:time."Ourtimeonearthislimited，”Stutzadds."Everymomentisanopportunitywe’llneverhaveagain.Procrastinatorsactasiftheyhaveallthetimeintheworld.Butdeepdown，theyknowthey’rewastingpartsoftheirlives.Thetroubleis，mostofthemdon’tknowhowtofreethemselves.”O(jiān)newayhesaysweridprocrastinationisbyovercomingthepainofavoidanceusingdailyvisualization（想象）.“Picturethepainyou’reavoidingasablackcloudinfrontofyou，"Stutzsays."Noticehowyou’retiredofthewaysthispainhasheldyoubackinlife，andtellyourselfthatyou’redeterminedtoconquerit.Thenit’stimetogetthroughthecloudandtotheotherside—whereyou’refree."Expertsinsist:procrastinatorscanchangetheirbehavior，ittakesalotofself-workbutintheend，it’sworththeeffort.Andstarttoday，nottomorrow.參考范文Inourdailylife,almosteveryonehasexperiencedprocrastinationwhichhasagreatinfluenceonourwealthandhealth.Thereasonwhyweprocrastinateisthatwerefusetoleaveacomfortzone.Onewaytogetridofprocrastinationistoovercomethepainofavoidancewithdailyvisualization.押題3閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Therearemanybenefitsofpublictransportation.Forexamplepublictransportationmakesiteasierforpeopletogetwheretheywantandneedtogo.Italsohelpspeoplesavemoney，asthecostofmaintaining（維修保養(yǎng)）aworkingvehicleisoftenmuchmorethanthecostassociatedwithpublictransportation.Thefrequencyoftrafficjamsandaccidentsmayalsobereducedwhenapersonusespublictransportation.Oneofthemainbenefitsofpublictransportationisthefactthatitmakesiteasierforpeopletogetaround.Withoutpublictransportation，manypeople—especiallythosewithoutcars—wouldbelimitedinwheretheycouldgoandwhattheycoulddo.Withpublictransportation,however，peoplecangettoschoolandwork，gettothegrocerystoreandtodoctors7offices，andvisitrelatives，eveniftheydonotownvehicles.Publictransportationservespeopleofallagesandfromallwalksofliferangingfromfamiliesincludingtheirchildren,tobusinesspeopleontheirwaytotheoffice，totheelderly.Often，peoplecomplainaboutthecostofpublictransportationwhentheratesareraised.Whencomparedwiththecostofbuyingacar，manypeoplefindthatchoosingtoridepublictransportationisamuchcheaperoption.Whenpublictransportationisavailable，manypeoplechoosetouseitinsteadofdrivingtoworkandschool.Thisistrueevenofmanypeoplewhoowncars，astheymayprefertoridetoworkonabusortrainratherthandealwithtrafficjamsandparkingfrustrationseachday.Whenpeoplemakethischoicetheresultislesstrafficontheroadways,whichmeansfewertrafficjamsandlesspollution.Infact,thechoicemanypeoplemaketoridepublictransportationmayeventranslateintofewercaraccidentsandvehiclerelateddeathsandinjuries.Additionallytheuseofpublictransportationalsomeanslessgasisconsumedeachyear.參考范文Peoplecanbenefitagreatdealfrompublictransportation.Firstly,itenablespeopletogowherevertheywantorneedtogo.Secondly,bytakingpublictransportation,peoplemaysavealargeamountofmoney.Moreoveritmayhelpreducemanytrafficjamsandaccidents.Finally,theuseofpublictransportationisalsoanefficientwaytodecreasetheconsumptionofgas.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Anew，firstofitskindstudyexaminestheconnectionbetweenteacherburnoutandstudents7stresslevels.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofBritishColumbiacollectedsaliva（唾液）samplesfromover400elementaryschoolchildren,gradesfourtoseven,at17publicschools.Cortisol（皮質(zhì)醇）levelswerethenassessedfromthesamplesasthehormoneiscommonlyusedasabiologicalindicatorofstress.Correspondingly，teacherburnoutwasdeterminedthroughsurveyresults.Investigatorsfoundthatinclassroomsinwhichteachersexperiencedmoreburnout,orfeelingsofemotionalexhaustion,students7cortisollevelswereelevated提升）.Highercortisollevelsinelementaryschoolchildrenhavebeenlinkedtolearningdifficultiesaswellasmentalhealthproblems.ThestudyappearsinthejournSocialScience&Medicine.^Thissuggeststhatstresscontagion（蔓延）mightbetakingplaceintheclassroomamongstudentsandtheirteachers,”saidEvaOberle,Ph.D.,thestudy’sleadauthor.Indee