英語(yǔ)初高中銜接

80/81二、初高中英語(yǔ)銜接專題一：名詞考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練【名師點(diǎn)睛】一、名詞的數(shù)1．單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。復(fù)數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加詞尾“-s”構(gòu)成，其主要變法如下：（1）一般情況在詞尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors,boy→boys。（2）以s，x，ch，sh，結(jié)尾的詞加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classesbox→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。（3）以ce,se,ze,（d）ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，例如：orange—oranges。（4）以輔音母加y結(jié)尾的詞變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities,factory→factories,country→countries,family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如：boy→boys,day→days。（5）以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但詞末為兩個(gè)元音字母的詞只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，還有某些外來(lái)詞也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。（6）以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f為v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves,half→halves。復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法如下表所示。復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法情況讀法例詞在[p][t][k][f]等清輔音后[s]cups,hats,cakes在[s][z][t][d3][F]等音后[iz]glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在[b][d][g][v]等濁輔音后[z]beds,dogs,cities,knives（7）少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。【注意】與man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。例如：anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；man,woman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的單復(fù)數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定，如：menworkers，womenteachers。有個(gè)別名詞單復(fù)數(shù)一樣，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但當(dāng)fish表示不同種類的魚時(shí)，可以加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。（8）單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有：people,police等。（9）數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式，中間加連字符。例如an8-year-oldgirl,aten-milewalk。（10）還有些名詞僅有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。（11）只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞有：科學(xué)名詞：physics,mathematics/maths

游戲名稱：bowls

專有名詞：theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls

其他名詞：news,falls2．不可數(shù)名詞“量”的表示方法在英語(yǔ)中，不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示“量的概念”，可以用以下兩種方法：（1）用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少，例如：Therichmanhasalotofmoney．

Thereissomemilkinthebottle．

Isthereanywaterintheglass？

Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice．（2）用apieceof這類定語(yǔ)，例如：apieceofpaperapieceofwoodapieceofbreadabottleoforangeaglassofwater（milk）acupofteaacupofteaabagofricethreebagsofrice

如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時(shí)，在容器后加復(fù)數(shù)，例如：

twocupsoftea

fourpiecesofpaper

threeglassesofwater不可數(shù)名詞也可用alotof,lotsof,some,any,much等來(lái)修飾。二、名詞的所有格名詞所有格，用來(lái)表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。1.表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s'，例如：astudent'sroom,students'rooms,father'sshoes。2.如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加's，如：Children'sDay。3.在表示時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格、世界、國(guó)家等名詞的所有格要用's，例如：atwentyminutes'walk，tenmiles'journey，aboat'slength，twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth。4.無(wú)生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：amapofChina，theendofthisterm，thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflowers。5.雙重所有格，例如：afriendofmyfather's?！咀⒁狻咳绻麅蓚€(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示“分別有”，例如：John'sandMary'srooms（約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間）；Tom'sandMary'sbikes（兩人各自的自行車）。兩個(gè)名詞并列，只有一個(gè)'s，則表示“共有”，例如：JohnandMary'sroom（約翰和瑪麗共有一間）；TomandMary'smother（即Tom與Mary是兄妹）?！狙菥殹?．Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim?I’vebeento______.A.theHenryhouse

B.theHenryfamilyC.TheHenry’shome

D.Henry’s2．InEngland,if____isinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper.A.food

B.lunch

C.breakfast

D.dinner3．Youlookedforittwice,butyouhaven’tfoundit.Whynottry____.A.threetimes

B.athirdtime

C.thethirdtime

D.once4．Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______?Certainly.A.somebottlesofwaters

B.somebottlesofwaterC.somebottleofwater

D.somebottleofwaters5．Mikehurtoneofhis______intheaccidentyesterday.A.tooth

B.feet

C.hand

D.ear6．Thereissome_______ontheplate.A.cakes

B.meat

C.potato

D.pears7．InEngland,thelastnameisthe

_______.A.familyname

B.middle

C.givenname

D.fullname8．Theyaregoingtofly_______toBeijing.A.Germen

B.Germany

C.Germanys

D.Germans9．The______hastwo_______.A.boys;watches

B.boy;watch

C.boy;watches

D.boys;watch10．Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.A.tooth

B.tooths

C.teeth

D.teeths11．What’syour_______forbeinglateagain?A.idea

B.key

C.excuse

D.news12．It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly.ButIthinkweshouldlet_______gooutfirst.A.womanandchildren

B.womenandchildC.womanandchild

D.womenandchildren13．YoucanseeMr.Smithifthereisasign“_______”onthedoorofhisshop.Thanks.A.ENTRANCE

B.BUSINESSHOURSC.THISSIDEUP

D.NOSMOKING14．Aretheygoingtohaveapicnicon_______?A.Children’sDay

B.Childrens’sDayC.ChildrensDay

D.ChildrenDay15．Wherearethestudents?Aretheyin_______?A.theRoom406

B.Room406

C.the406Room

D.406Room【練習(xí)答案】1.D2.B3.B4.B5.B

6.B7.A8.D9.C10.C

11.C12.D13.B14.A15.B專題二：形容詞、副詞考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練【名師點(diǎn)睛】1.形容詞的用法(1)形容詞在句中作定語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：Ourcountryisabeautifulcountry.（作定語(yǔ)）Thefishwentbad.（作表語(yǔ)）Wekeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）(2)形容詞修飾something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代詞時(shí),形容詞放在名詞后面。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Isthereanythinginterestinginthefilm.(3)用and或or連接起來(lái)的兩個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面。起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用。Everybody,manandwoman,oldandyoung,shouldattendthemeeting.Youcantakeanyboxaway,bigorsmall.(4)the＋形容詞表示一類人或物Therichshouldhelpthepoor.2.副詞的用法(1)副詞在句中可作狀語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。Hestudiesveryhard.（作狀語(yǔ)）Lifehereisfullofjoy.（作定語(yǔ)）Whenwillyoubeback?（作表語(yǔ)）副詞按其用途和含義可分為下面五類：1)時(shí)間副詞時(shí)間副詞通常用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作的時(shí)間。常見(jiàn)的時(shí)間副詞有：nowtoday,tomorrow,yesterday,before,late,early,never,seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always等。例如：Heoftencomestoschoollate.Whatarewegoingtodotomorrow?HeisneverbeentoBeijing.2)地點(diǎn)副詞地點(diǎn)副詞通常用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。常見(jiàn)的地點(diǎn)副詞有：here,there,inside,outside,home,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere,down,up,off,on,in,out等。例如：Imetanoldfriendofmineonmywayhome.Hewentupstairs.Putdownyournamehere.3)方式副詞方式副詞一般都是回答“怎樣的？”這類問(wèn)題的，其中絕大部分都是由一個(gè)形容詞加詞尾-ly構(gòu)成的,有少數(shù)方式副詞不帶詞尾-ly,它們與形容詞同形。常見(jiàn)的方式副詞有：anxiously,badly,bravely,calmly,carefully,proudly,rapidly,suddenly,successfully,angrily,happily,slowly,warmly,well,fast,slow,quick,hard,alone,high,straight,wide等。例如：Theoldmanwalkedhomeslowly.Pleaselistentotheteachercarefully.Thebirdsareflyinghigh.Herunsveryfast.4)程度副詞程度副詞多數(shù)用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞，有少數(shù)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞或介詞短語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的程度副詞有：much,(a)little,abit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,pretty,greatly,completely,nearly,almost,deeply,hardly,partly等。例如：Herpronunciationisverygood.Shesingsquitewell.Icanhardlyagreewithyou.5)疑問(wèn)副詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句的副詞。常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)副詞有：how,when,where,why等。例如：Howareyougettingalongwithyourstudies?Wherewereyouyesterday?Whydidyoudothat?(2)副詞在句中的位置1)多數(shù)副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)放在動(dòng)詞之后。如果動(dòng)詞帶有賓語(yǔ)，則放在賓語(yǔ)之后。例如：MrSmithworksveryhard.ShespeaksEnglishwell.2)頻度副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在行為動(dòng)詞之前，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和be動(dòng)詞之后。例如：Heusuallygetsupearly.I’veneverheardhimsinging.Sheisseldomill.3)程度副詞一般放在所修飾的形容詞和副詞的前面,但enough作副詞用時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：Itisaratherdifficultjob.Herunsveryfast.Hedidn’tworkhardenough.4)副詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在被修飾的名詞之后。例如：Onmywayhome,Imetmyuncle.Thestudentstherehavealottimetodotheirownresearchwork.(3)部分常用副詞的用法1)very,much這兩個(gè)副詞都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)，而much用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)。例如：SheisaverynicegirlI’mfeelingmuchbetternow.Much可以修飾動(dòng)詞，而very則不能。例如：Idon’tliketheideamuch.Theydidnottalkmuch.2)too,either這兩個(gè)副詞都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：Shecandance,andIcandance,too.Ihaven’treadthebookandmybrotherhasn’teither.3)already,yetalready一般用于語(yǔ)肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：Hehasalreadyleft.Haveyouheardfromhimyet?Hehasn’tansweredyet.4)so,neitherso和neither都可用于倒裝句，但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。例如：MybrotherlikesfootballandsodoI.Mybrotherdoesn’tlikedancingandneitherdoI.3.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)(1)Ourteacheristallerthanweare.Theboysinherclassaretallerthantheboysinyourclass.(2)most同形容詞連用而不用the,表示"極,很,非常,十分"。It'smostdangeroustobehere.在這兒太危險(xiǎn)。(3)“The+形容詞比較級(jí)...,the+形容詞比較級(jí)...”表示“越...就越...”。Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.(4)“形容詞比較級(jí)+and+形容詞比較級(jí)”,表示“越來(lái)越...”。It'sgettinghotterandhotter.(5)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對(duì)比相同。Thisboxisasbigasmine.(6)the+形容詞，表示某種人。Healwayshelpsthepoor.(7)形容詞和副詞最高級(jí)用于三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人和物進(jìn)行比較。ShanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinChina.【演練】1．Therearemanyyoungtreeson

sidesoftheroad.A.every

B.each

C.both

D.all2．It’ssocoldtoday.Yes,it’s

thanitwasyesterday.A.morecold

B.morecolder

C.muchcolder

D.cold3．LittleTomhas

friends,soheoftenplaysalone.A.more

B.alittle

C.many

D.few4．Sheisn’tso

atmathsasyouare.A.well

B.good

C.better

D.best5．Peterwrites

ofthethree.A.better

B.best

C.good

D.well6．Heis

enoughtocarrytheheavybox.A.stronger

B.muchstronger

C.strong

D.thestrongest7．Ibought

exercise-bookswith

money.A.afew;afew

B.afew;alittle

C.alittle;afew

D.alittle;alittle8．Theboxis

heavyforthegirl

carry.A.too;to

B.to;too

C.so;that

D.no;to9．Theiceinthelakeisaboutonemeter

.It’sstrongenoughtoskateon.A.long

B.high

C.thick

D.wide10．WuLinran

fasterthantheotherboysinthesportsmeeting.A.so

B.much

C.very

D.too11.Jonelooksso_______todaybecauseshehasgotan“A”inhermathstest.A.happyB.happilyC.angryD.angrily12.Thesmileonmyfather’sfaceshowedthathewas______withme.A.sadB.pleasedC.angryD.sorry13.Mum,couldyoubuymeadresslikethis?Certainly,wecanbuy______onethanthis,but______this.A.abetter;betterthanB.aworse;asgoodasC.acheaper;asgoodasD.amoreimportant;goodas14.Thisdigitalcameraisreallycheap!The______thebetter.I’mshortofmoney,yousee.A.cheapB.cheaperC.expensiveD.moreexpensive15.IfyouwanttolearnEnglishwell,youmustuseitas_______aspossible.A.oftenB.longC.hardD.soon16.Paulhas______friendsexceptme,andsometimeshefeelslonely.A.manyB.someC.fewD.more17.Englishpeople_____useMr.Beforeaman’sfirstname.A.neverB.usuallyC.oftenD.sometimes18.OnemoresatellitewassentupintospaceinChinainMay.Right.Thegovernmentspoke______that.A.highlyforB.highofC.wellofD.highlyof19.Rememberthis,children.______carefulyouare,______mistakesyouwillmake.Weknow,MissGao.A.Themore;themoreB.Thefewer;themoreC.Themore;thefewerD.Theless;theless20.Ihave________todotoday.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantnothingD.importantsomething【練習(xí)答案】1.C2.C3.D4.B5.B

6.C7.B8.A9.C10.B11.A12.B13.C14.B15.A16.C17.A18.D19.C20.B專題三：動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)用共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)，其中常用的有8種，它們是：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本用法1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.2)客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.【注意】此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。Idon'twantsomuch.5)某些動(dòng)詞如come,go,move,stop,leave,arrive,be,finish,continue,start等，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句中可用來(lái)表示將來(lái)肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Thetraincomesat3o'clock.6)在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。I'llhelpyouassoonasyouhaveproblem.TellXiaoLiaboutitifyoumeethim.（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法：表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，通常一般過(guò)去式帶有表示動(dòng)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的詞，詞組或從句,如yesterday,thedaybeforelast,lastweek,twodaysago等,上下文清楚時(shí)可以不帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Iworkedinthatfactorylastyear.【注意】1)：IusedtogofishingonSundays.2)“usedto”也可用于表示過(guò)去曾經(jīng)存在過(guò)的狀態(tài)。例如：Thisriverusedtobeclean.（3）一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法1）表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：Ishallattendthemeetingtomorrow.2）表示將來(lái)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：HewillgotoseehismothereverySaturdays.3）表示將來(lái)的意愿，決心，許諾，命令等時(shí)常用will，征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí)，常用shall。Iwilldomybesttocatchupwiththem.ShallIopenthedoor?4）be+going+動(dòng)詞不定式。也是一種將來(lái)時(shí)句型，表示打算，計(jì)劃，最近或?qū)?lái)要作的某事。IamgoingtoBeijingnextweek.5）be+動(dòng)詞不定式。表示有職責(zé)，義務(wù)，可能，約定，意圖等。Thereistobeameetingthisafternoon.Wearetomeettheguestsatthestation.6）beabout+動(dòng)詞不定式，表示馬上，很快作某事。Theyareabouttoleave.（4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法1）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法表示說(shuō)話者說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生或者進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，它注重現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而不管動(dòng)作從什么時(shí)間開始，到什么時(shí)間結(jié)束。Whatareyoudoingnow?Iamlookingformykey.2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（但說(shuō)話時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)作不一定在進(jìn)行）。Thestudentsarepreparingfortheexamination.3）某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這些動(dòng)詞有arrive,come,leave,start等。TheyaregoingtoHongKongtomorrow.【注意】有些動(dòng)詞一般不可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)①表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，尤其是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如：be,have②表示認(rèn)識(shí)、知覺(jué)和情感的動(dòng)詞，如：know,think,hear,find,see,like,want,wish,prefer等。（5）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示在說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)完成或剛完成的動(dòng)作。Ihaveboughtaten-speedbicycle.Theyhavecleanedtheclassroom.2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或者還有可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與for和since引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。Wehavelivedheresince1976.Theyhavewaitedformorethantwohours.【注意】一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響；一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。試比較：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了，不涉及現(xiàn)在）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）（6）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。例如：IwaswatchingTVwhenshecametoseeme.【注意】過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，但過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)側(cè)重表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)進(jìn)行，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示單純的過(guò)去事實(shí)，例如：Theywerebuildingahouselastmonth.（上個(gè)月正在建造，建造好與否不知）Theybuiltanewhouselastmonth.（上個(gè)月建造好了，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成）（7）過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)常和by,before等詞組成的短語(yǔ)和從句連用。Wehadalreadylearnedtwothousandwordsbytheendoflastyear.Whenwearrivedatthestation,theyhadwaitedformorethantwentyminutes.（8）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在地狀態(tài)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)較多地被運(yùn)用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如：Theyweregoingtohaveameeting.ItoldhimthatIwouldseehimoffatthestation.2.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。（1）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)最基本的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是：be+及物動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞2)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一定要是及物動(dòng)詞因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，某些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如lookafter,thinkof,takecareof,workout,laughat等，也可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareofbyher.【注意】短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可遺漏。3)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要加“to”的情況若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加“to”。此類動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞，如：feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watch等。例如：Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).4)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義如wash,clean,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等動(dòng)詞雖然用做主動(dòng)形式卻表示被動(dòng)的意義。例如：Thefoodtastesgood.3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)是：感官動(dòng)詞后不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法；一些特殊動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)就要帶to；有些動(dòng)詞既可接不定式也可接動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，但表達(dá)的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點(diǎn)。（1）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式，而不是作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式。動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式分為動(dòng)名詞，分詞，動(dòng)詞不定式。（2）不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.（3）不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.（4）用不定式和分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)都可以的動(dòng)詞這樣的動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞如：see,hear,look,notice,observe,feel等，使役動(dòng)詞如：have,make,leave,keep,get等。接不定式表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性。Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見(jiàn)了”這個(gè)事實(shí))昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。（5）用不帶to不定式的情況使役動(dòng)詞如：let,have,make等和感官動(dòng)詞如：see,watch,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to不能省掉。（6）接動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同1)stoptodo停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事。2)forgettodo忘記要去做某事。(未做)forgetdoing忘記做過(guò)某事。(已做)3)remembertodo記得去做某事。(未做)rememberdoing記得做過(guò)某事。(已做)4)trytodo努力，企圖做某事。trydoing試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。5)goontodo做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。goondoing繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。6)meantodo打算、想meandoing意味著4.容易混淆的常用動(dòng)詞的辨析(1)say,speak,talk,tell的用法。1)say表示講話，作為及物動(dòng)詞使用，后跟賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)從句。Hesaidhewouldgothere.It'stimetoleave.Wehavetosaygoodbyetoyou.2)speak表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動(dòng)詞使用，而有時(shí)作為及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上各種語(yǔ)言作為賓語(yǔ)。DoyouspeakEnglish?MayIspeaktoMrPope,please?3)talk表示“談話”，是不及物動(dòng)詞，與to,about,with等連用，才可賓語(yǔ)。Whatareyoutalkingabout?MrJacksonistalkingwithmyfatherintheofficenow.4)tell表示“告訴，講述”是及物動(dòng)詞，可以帶雙賓語(yǔ)或復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。Shetoldusaninterestingstoryyesterday.MyteachertoldmethatwewouldhaveanEnglishexamthenextmonth.(2)look,see,watch和watch的用法。1)look強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”這個(gè)動(dòng)作，是不及物動(dòng)詞，常與at連用，然后接賓語(yǔ)。Look!Thegirlisswimminginthelake.Lookatthepicturecarefully.Canyoufindsomethingunusual?2)see指“看見(jiàn)”某物，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果。Theycan'tseethewordsontheblackboard.DoesLilyoftengotoseeafilmonSunday?3)watch指的是“觀看”，“注視”之意。ThetwinsarewatchingTVnow.Hewillgotowatchavolleyballmatch.4）read指“看書”、“看報(bào)”、“閱讀”之意。Don'treadinthesun.IliketoreadnewspaperswhenIamfree.(3)borrow,lend和keep的區(qū)別。1)borrow意思為“借入”，常常與from連用，是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示瞬間即能完成的動(dòng)作。Meimeiborrowedabookfromthelibraryjustnow.MayIborrowyourdictionary?2)lend是“借出”之意，常常與to連用，同borrow一樣，是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，只表示瞬間即能完成的動(dòng)作。UncleWanyhaslenthiscartoMrLi.Couldyoulendusyourradio,please?3)keep是“保存”的意思，動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)。Howlongcantherecorderbekept?Thefarmerkeptthepatfortwoweeks.(4)bring,take,carry和get的用法。1)bring意思為“拿來(lái)”、“帶來(lái)”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來(lái)”。Bringmethebook,please.MayIbringJimtoseeyounextSaturday?2)take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來(lái)”或“拿到”某處之意。Itlookslikerain.Takearaincoatwithyou.Mothertookthelittlegirltothenextroom.3)carry是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來(lái)去的方向。Doyoualwayscarryahandbag?Theboxisheavy.Canyoucarryit?4)get是去某處將某物拿回來(lái)。Pleasegotomyofficetogetsomechalk.Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Whynotgetsome?(5)wear,puton和dress的區(qū)別1)wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等，強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿著”的狀態(tài)。Tomalwayswearsblackshoes.Hewearsaraincoatevenwhenitisfine.Shedoesn'tliketoweararedflowersinherhair.2)puton是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動(dòng)作。It'scold.You'dbetterputonyourcoat.Heputonhishatandwentoutoftheroom.3)。Shealwaysdresseswell.Getupanddressquickly.Maryisdressingherchild.(6)take,spend和use的用法。1)take指做某事用多少時(shí)間，句型是：Ittakes/took/willtake+sb.+sometime+todosth.Ittookmethreedaystofinishthework.Itwilltakeyouawhileweektotravelthoughttheforest.IttakesonlyonehourtoflytoShanghai.2)spend指某人在某事（物）上花費(fèi)時(shí)間或錢。句型是：Someonespends+money/time+onsomething(in)doingsth.Shespentmorethan500yuanonthatcoat.Hedidn'tspendmuchtimeonhislessons.Hespentmuchtime(in)correctingstudents'exercises.Motherspentherevenings(in)washingclothes.3)use表示使用工具、手段等。Doyouknowhowtousethecomputer?Shallweuseyourcar?(7)reach,get和arrive的區(qū)別。1)reach是及物動(dòng)詞，后面要直接跟表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語(yǔ)。Afterthetrainhadleft,theyreachedthestationWereachedthetopofthemountainatlast.2)get是不及動(dòng)詞，常與to連用，再接名詞，后面接表示地點(diǎn)的副詞時(shí)，不用to，getto常用于口語(yǔ)中。Whenthestudentsgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.Mysisterwascookingwhenmothergothome.3)arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞，表示到達(dá)一個(gè)小地方時(shí)，用arriveat,到達(dá)一個(gè)大地方時(shí)用arrivein。ThesoldiersarrivedatasmallvillageTheforeignerswillarriveinShanghaitomorrow.【演練】1.Listen!Someofthegirls________aboutHarryPotter.Let’sjointhem.A.aretalkingB.talkC.willtalkD.talked2.Ourteacher,MissChen,________Englishontheradiothedaybeforeyesterday.A.teachesB.taughtC.willteachD.hadtaught3.Idon’tthinkI_________youinthatdressbefore.A.haveseenB.wasseeingC.sawD.see4.Susan’sparentshaveboughtalargehousewithaswimmingpool.It_______beveryexpensive.A.mustB.canC.mustn’tD.can’t5.Coffeeisready.Howniceit________!Wouldyoulikesome?A.looksB.smellsC.soundsD.feels6.“Mr.Zhu,you’dbetter_______toomuchmeat.Youarealreadyoverweight,”saidthedoctor.A.nottoeatB.toeatC.noteatD.eat7.“Don’talwaysmakeMichael________thisorthat.Heisalreadyabigboy,dear,”Mr.Bushsaidtohiswife.A.doB.todoC.doesD.did8.Sorry,Ican’thearyouclearly.Willyouplease________yourE-mailaddress?I’llwriteitdown.A.reviewB.reciteC.reportD.repeat9.Don’t________yourcoat,Tom!It’seasytocatchcoldinspring.A.takeawayB.takeoffC.takedownD.takeout10.You_______goandaskMeimei.She_______knowtheanswer.A.must;canB.must;mayC.need;canD.can;may11.I’msorryyou’vemissedthetrain.It________10minutesago.A.leftB.hasleftC.hadleftD.hasbeenleft12.Iboughtanewdictionaryandit________me30yuan.A.paidB.spentC.tookD.cost13.Mum,mayIgooutandplaybasketball?_______you_______yourhomeworkyet?A.Do;finishB.Are;finishingC.Did;finishingD.Have;finished14.Ihavetogonow.Pleaserememberto________thelightswhenyouleave.A.turnoffB.turndownC.turnupD.turnon15.AtalkonChinesehistory________intheschoolnextweek.A.begivenB.hasbeengivenC.willbegivenD.willgive16.Look!Howheavytherainis!You’dbetter________.A.don’tgonowB.stayherewhenitstopsC.notleaveuntilitstopsD.nottoleaveatonce17.Youmaygofishingifyourwork________.A.isdoneB.willbedoneC.hasdoneD.havedone18.Cotton_______niceandsoft.A.isfeltB.isfeelingC.feelD.feels19.Whocleanedtheblackboardyesterday,Dick?John_________.A.cleanedB.doesC.didD.is20.Lindahadnothingforbreakfastthismorning,_______?No.Shegotuptoolate.A.hadsheB.hadn’tsheC.didsheD.didn’tshe【練習(xí)答案】1.A2.B3.A4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.B10.D11.A12.D13.D14.A15.C16.C17.A18.D19.C20.C專題四：數(shù)詞、冠詞考點(diǎn)集匯，講解和訓(xùn)練一.冠詞的用法冠詞是虛詞，放在名詞之前，用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞指的人或事物。冠詞有兩種。A(an)叫不定冠詞，the叫定冠詞。A用在輔音之前，an用在元音之前。1.不定冠詞的用法(1)a和an均用在單數(shù)名詞之前，表示某一類人或事物。例如：Johnisastudent.MaryisanEnglishteacher.(2)指某一類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。例如:Asteelworkermakessteel.Passmeanapple,please.(3)指某人或某物，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或和物。例如：Astudentwantstoseeyou.Agirliswaitingforyououtside.(4)表示“每一”的意思，相當(dāng)于every。例如：Takethemedicinethreetimesaday.Theygotoseetheirparentsonceaweek.2.定冠詞用法(1)特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：ThebookonthedeskisanEnglishdictionary.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.(2)指說(shuō)話人和聽話人都熟悉的人或事物。例如：Openthedoor,please.Jackisinthelibrary.(3)上文提到過(guò)的人或事物。例如：YesterdayJohn’sfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.(4)表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。例如：Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(5)用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)之前。例如：ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.(6)用在某些形容詞之前，表示某一類人或事物。例如：Thenurseiskindtothesick.Weshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.(7)用在某些專有名詞之前和某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。例如：theGreatWall,theSummerpalace,inthemorning,intheopenair等。(8)用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫婦”。例如：theBrowns,thewhites等。3.不用冠詞的情況(1)某些專有名詞，抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前一般不用冠詞。例如：China,Canada,Japanese,glass,water,love等。(2)名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代詞時(shí)，不用冠詞。例如：Thatismycap.Ihavesomequestions.Godownthisstreet.(3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時(shí)，不用冠詞。Theyareworkers.Wearestudents.(4)稱呼語(yǔ)前不用冠詞，表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞前也不加冠詞。例如：Idon’tfeelwelltoday,Mother.BushwasmadepresidentoftheU.S.(5)三餐飯的名稱前，球類活動(dòng)，學(xué)科和節(jié)目名詞前，常不用冠詞。例如：Ihavelunchathome.Heoftenplaysfootballafterclass.WehaveEnglishandmathseveryday.(6)在某些固定詞組里，名詞之前常不用冠詞。例如：Byair,atnight,athome,gotobed,gotoschool,onfoot,frommorningtillnight等。二.數(shù)詞的用法數(shù)詞分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)詞表示數(shù)目，序數(shù)詞表示順序。1.基數(shù)詞的用法(1)基數(shù)詞在句中主要用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，例如：ThirtyofthemarePartymembers.（主語(yǔ)）Howmanywouldyoulike？Three，please．（作賓語(yǔ)）

ThenineboysarefromTianjing.（定語(yǔ)）

Sixplusfouristen.（表語(yǔ)）

Wefourwillgowithyou.（同位語(yǔ)）

(2)表示一個(gè)具體數(shù)字時(shí)，hundred,thousand,million一律不用復(fù)數(shù)；在表示一個(gè)不確定數(shù)字時(shí)則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Ourcountryhasapopulationof1,300millionpeople.Therearethreethousandstudentsinourschool.Afterthewar,thousandsofpeoplebecamehomeless.Maizeisthemostimportantfoodcropformillionsofpeopleintheworld.Theyarrivedintwosandthrees．(3)表示“……十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用來(lái)表示人的歲數(shù)或年代，例如：Heisinhisearlythirties．Hediedstillinhisforties．Thistookplaceinthe1930s．(4)表示時(shí)刻用基數(shù)詞。例如：Wegetupatsix.Theworkersbeginworkateight.(5)表示“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)幾分”，用介詞past,但須在半小時(shí)以內(nèi)。例如：tenpastten,aquarterpastnine,halfpasttwelve(6)表示“幾點(diǎn)差幾分”用介詞to,但分?jǐn)?shù)須在半小時(shí)以上。例如：twentytonine,fivetoeight,aquartertoten(7)表示“幾點(diǎn)幾分”還可直接用基數(shù)詞。例如：sevenfifteen,eleventhirty,ninetwenty2.序數(shù)詞的用法（1）序數(shù)詞主要用作定語(yǔ)，前面要加定冠詞，例如：Thefirsttruckiscarryingafootbaskets．

Johnlivesonthefifteenthfloor．（2）序數(shù)詞有時(shí)前面可加不定冠詞來(lái)表示“再一”，“又一”這樣的意思，例如：We'llhavetodoitasecondtime．ShallIaskhimathirdtime？

WhenIsatdown，afourthmanrosetospeak．（3）由幾個(gè)序數(shù)詞和基數(shù)詞在拼寫時(shí)不對(duì)應(yīng)，很容易寫錯(cuò)，應(yīng)特別注意。它們是：onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelvetwelfth。（4）表示年，月，日時(shí)，年用基數(shù)詞表示，日用序數(shù)詞表示。例如：1949年十月一日讀作:October(the)first,nineteensixty2004年九月十日讀作：September(the)tenth,twothousandandfour（5）表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，分子用基數(shù)詞表示，分母用序數(shù)詞表示。分子大于1時(shí)，分母加-s。例如：threefourths,onesecond,twofifths（6）序數(shù)詞有時(shí)用縮寫形式：

first→1st

second→2nd

third→3rd

fourth→4th

twenty-second→22nd【演練】1.ThismorningIhad________eggandabottleofmilkformybreakfast.A.anB.aC.theD./2.What’sthematterwithyou?Icaught________badcoldandhadtostayin________.A.a;/B.a;theC.a;aD.the;the3.Haveyouseen_______pen?Ileftitherethismorning.Isit________blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a4._______sunisshiningbrightly.A.AB.AnC.TheD./5.Thereis_______“h”inthewordhour.A.aB.theC.anD./6.DidyouenjoyyourstayinXian?Yes.Ihad_______wonderfultime.A.aB.anC.theD./7.______sunisbiggerthan_______earth.A.A;theB.A;anC.The;anD.The;the8.Thereis_______appleandsomepearsonthetable.A.theB./C.aD.an9.Davidhas_______cat.It’sverynice.A.aB.anC.theD./10.I’mreading_______novel.Itis_______interestingstory.A.a;anB.a;aC.the;theD./;an11.ItissaidthatSARShaskilledmorethan________peopleworldwide.A.threehundredsB.threehundreds’C.threehundred’sD.threehundred12.Howmanyworkersarethereinyourfactory?Therearetwo__________.A.hundredsB.hundredC.hundredofD.hundredsof13.Whichisthesmallestnumberofthefour?_______________.A.Two-thirdsB.AhalfC.AquarterD.Three-fourths14.Whatdoyouthinkof