北歐社會福利制度

v1.0可編輯可修改v1.0可編輯可修改北歐社會福利制度FromthecradletothegraveThankstoademonstrablysuccessfulblendofmarketeconomy,democracy,voluntaryorganizationsandactivegovernmentpolicies.IntheNordiccountries, theStateisinvoIvedinfinancingandorganizingthewelfarebenefitsavailabletothecitizenstoagreaterextentthaninmostotherEuropeancountries.Thesystemisuniversal,coveringeveryone.Thegovernmentevenhasaconstitutional dutytoensureallcitizens canhaveahomeandenoughtoeat.內容TherearethreemajorpillarsofthemodernNordicwelfarestate:socialsecurity,healthcareandfreeeducation.Healthcareandsocialsecurityensureahighminimumlivingstandardforallcitizens regardlessoftheireconomicsituation. Thefreeeducationmaximizesthesocialmobility,andstrivestomakeitpossibleforeveryonetobetterthemselves,withoutrelyingoneconomicsupportfromtheirfamilies.Thebenefitsgivenaregenerousandevenlydistributed.Incombinationwiththetaxationsystem,thewealthredistribution isgreater.TheNordiccountrieshavestrongeconomies,ahighstandardofliving,lowcrimeratesandaredemocracies.所有公民享受醫(yī)療保險待遇， 國家對藥品實行補貼，病人每次購藥超過 50馬克只需付費50%重病和長期患者購藥只需付費 25%或享受全額補貼。北歐國家社會福利制度共通點社會福利支出站國民收入的30%左右.在這些國家，社會福利項目廣泛，而且普及到幾乎所有的國民。它們把社會全體公民，特別是老年人的基本生活保障作為公民的權利， 實行一種“從搖籃到墳墓”的福利制度， 并對各項社會福利制度進行立法保護； 孩子出生后，父母親可請有薪產假，且在每個孩子滿 16周歲之前，父母均可獲得生活津貼。在醫(yī)療方面，全民公費，醫(yī)療費用和經醫(yī)生之手的藥品開支， 均由國家負擔，無論城鄉(xiāng)，不分人群，一律平等,從業(yè)者在患病期間還可領取病假補貼。在教育方面，從小學到中學到大學， 全部免費，并每天享用一頓免費的餐點，大學生還可領學習津貼；在勞資關系上，公民每周法定工作時數(shù)為40小時，每一位勞工均可獲得每年最少五周的有薪假期。并且有規(guī)范的社會失業(yè)救濟金制度，不但在失業(yè)期間可領失業(yè)救濟金， 專門的職業(yè)介紹所將也會將失業(yè)人員的數(shù)據輸入計算機，為他們提供最新就業(yè)信息和職業(yè)培訓。社會保險方面 ，老人的退休金及生活所需全部依靠社會養(yǎng)老保險，平均4個芬蘭人的納稅就能支持一名退休老人的生活， 退休年齡男女均為65歲，退休金隨生活指數(shù)增減，因而瑞典老人的生活比較安適。老人數(shù)量的不斷增加，加重了地方福利的負擔，如提供專門交通工具、家庭護理和家務服務。監(jiān)獄象賓館一樣，“囚犯的天堂”因此得名。 其余的用于政府其它各項行政開支（行政管理、商業(yè)發(fā)展、交通、國防、援助發(fā)展中國家等。這么高的福利來自何處稅收，取之于民， 用之于民。這些國家的稅收率很高， 個人工資的三分之一左右要交納個人所得稅。 高稅收不僅積累了大量的公用資金， 以支持社會的高福利，同時也制約了暴富階層的形成，越富繳稅越多，使貧富差距不致過大。因此，成為“沒有人擁有太多，沒有人一無所有”的福利國家的典范。WhatisdistinctiveabouttheNordicapproachisthedominantroleofnationalgovernmentsintheformationofsocialpolicy,andthedevelopmentofanextensivepublicsectorfortheimplementationofthatpolicy.butamuchmoreprominentroleisplayedbytheprivatesector,voluntaryorganizations,andthefamilythanisgenerallythecaseinNorden.TheroleofthestateNordiccountriesinparticular,tendtoexpectmoreoftheirgovernmentsthanothercountries. ThefeudalismoftheNordicregionwaslessrigid,and,Nordicsocietieswerecomparatively equal.Theyhavealwayshadfairlysmallpopulations,withahighdegreeofcultural uniformityintermsofIanguage,religion,socialbehavior,etc.InalloftheNordiccountries,therewasaforcedmergerofchurchandstatefollowingtheReformation,whichhelpedtostrengthenandlegitimatethecentralgovernment.Thegrowingstrengthofthelabormovementandtheclass-basedstrugglesoftheindustrialeraresultedinpoliticalcompromiseswhichlaidthegroundworkfortheuniversal, equalsocialinsuraneesystemsoftoday'sNordiccountries. Thenotionofa"people'sinsuranee"wasalreadywell-establishedattheturnofthecentury.TheNordicmodelAgreaterdegreeofactivestateinvoIvementthaninothercountries.Forexample,thestateguaranteesbasicpensionsandfreeorheavilysubsidizedhealthservicesforallresidents,althoughthedeliveryofsuchservicesisusuallyadministeredbyprovincialorlocalgovernments.Byinternational standards,thegreatestproportionofthelaborforceemployedinthesocial,healthandeducationalsectors--roughlythirtypercent.Heavyrelianeeonthepublicsectorfortheprovisionofsocialandeducationalservices;roughlyninetypercentofallpersonnelinthosesectorsarepublicemployees.ThecorrespondingfiguresforotherEuropeancountriesrangefrom40-80percent;intheU.S.,thefigureis45percent.Theorganizationofsocialinsuraneewithinco-ordinatednationalsystemswhichhaveoverallresponsibility forbasicpensions,sick-leavebenefits,childallowancesandhealthservices.Acomparativelyhighleveloftrustbetweencitizensandgovernments.Nordicsocietiesaremore"state-friendly"thanotherEuropeansocieties.Comprehensive,oruniversal,socialinsuraneesystemswhichcoverentirepopulationsorsub-groups.Forexample:everyresidentisentitledtoabasicold-agepensionuponattainingretirementage,evenintheabseneeofanyhistoryofgainfulemployment;childallowancesareallocatedtoallfamilieswithchildren,regardlessofincomelevel;allresidentsareentitledtothebestavailablemedicalservices,irrespectiveofincome,socialstatusorotherpersonalcharacteristics.ThiscontrastswithmostotherEuropeancountries,whereentitlementisconditionalonsuccessfulparticipationinthelabourmarket.Anadvaneedlevelofgenderequality,especiallyasaresultoflegislationsincethe1970s;essentiallyallbenefitsare"gender-neutral",inthatwomenaretreatedasindividualswithneedsandrightsoftheirown,ratherthanasmerelywivesandmothers.Nordiclabourmarketsarecharacterisedbyhighratesoffemaleemployment,nearly-equalincomesformenandwomenincomparableoccupations,andawell-developedsupportsystemforworkingmothers.Socialinsuraneesystemsfreeofclassoroccupationalbias.Thosewithhighincomesareincludedinthesamesystemasthosewithlowornoincomes.Generaltaxationastheprincipalmeansoffinancing,whichhastheeffectofredistributingincome.AsaresultoftheNordiccountries'universal, redistributivesocialinsuraneesystems,theirpovertyratesareamongthelowestintheworld.Minimumpensionsarenotespeciallyhigh,butgenerousincomparisonwiththoseofmostothercountries.Agreateremphasisonprovidingservices,asopposedtodirectincometransfers,thaninotherEuropeancountries.Thoseservicesincludeanextensivenetworkofchild-carecentres,old-agehomes,andin-homeassistancefortheseverelyillandtheelderly.Atraditionally strongemphasisonfullemploymentasagoalinitself,andasaprerequisiteforgeneratingthenecessaryeconomicresourcesforthegeneralwelfarestate.Strongpopularsupport.Suchissuesaschildren's well-being,publichealth,old-agecare,etc.,areconsistentlyaccordedthehighestpriorityinopinionsurveysandduringelections.Nopoliticalpartyseekingbroadsupportcanaffordtoignorethem.ThefactthattheNordiccountriescanbedescribedwiththeforegoinglistofdistinguishingfeaturesdoesnotmeanthattheyhavebecome"welfareparadises".Asnationseverywhere,theyareconfrontedwithavarietyofoldandnewchallenges.Butincomparisonwithotherdevelopedcountries,theyaresubjecttofarlesssevereandwidespreadlevelsofcrime,alcoholanddrugabuse,povertyandrelatedproblems.Furthermore,problemsassociatedwithsingleparenthoodandunemploymentappeartobelesssevere,duetothesupportprovidedbyNordicsocietiestothoseaffected.Thiscomparativelyfavorablestateofaffairsisalmostcertainlyaconsequeneeoftheinstitutions andsocialpoliciesoftheregion'sstrongandefficientcentralgovernments.Inaddition,thecomparativelyegalitarianspiritoftheNordiccountries,asexpressedforexampleintheirredistributive incomepolicies,verylikely contributestogreatersocialcohesionandstability.CurrentchallengesInrecentyears,allNordicgovernmentshavesteppeduptheireffortstoencourageandassistthejoblesstofindgainfulemployment.Somemaybetemptedtointerpretthattrendasaconcessiontoneo-liberalideology.Butit