北歐社會福利制度

v1.0可編輯可修改v1.0可編輯可修改北歐社會福利制度FromthecradletothegraveThankstoademonstrablysuccessfulblendofmarketeconomy,democracy,voluntaryorganizationsandactivegovernmentpolicies.IntheNordiccountries, theStateisinvoIvedinfinancingandorganizingthewelfarebenefitsavailabletothecitizenstoagreaterextentthaninmostotherEuropeancountries.Thesystemisuniversal,coveringeveryone.Thegovernmentevenhasaconstitutional dutytoensureallcitizens canhaveahomeandenoughtoeat.內(nèi)容TherearethreemajorpillarsofthemodernNordicwelfarestate:socialsecurity,healthcareandfreeeducation.Healthcareandsocialsecurityensureahighminimumlivingstandardforallcitizens regardlessoftheireconomicsituation. Thefreeeducationmaximizesthesocialmobility,andstrivestomakeitpossibleforeveryonetobetterthemselves,withoutrelyingoneconomicsupportfromtheirfamilies.Thebenefitsgivenaregenerousandevenlydistributed.Incombinationwiththetaxationsystem,thewealthredistribution isgreater.TheNordiccountrieshavestrongeconomies,ahighstandardofliving,lowcrimeratesandaredemocracies.所有公民享受醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)待遇， 國家對藥品實(shí)行補(bǔ)貼，病人每次購藥超過 50馬克只需付費(fèi)50%重病和長期患者購藥只需付費(fèi) 25%或享受全額補(bǔ)貼。北歐國家社會福利制度共通點(diǎn)社會福利支出站國民收入的30%左右.在這些國家，社會福利項(xiàng)目廣泛，而且普及到幾乎所有的國民。它們把社會全體公民，特別是老年人的基本生活保障作為公民的權(quán)利， 實(shí)行一種“從搖籃到墳?zāi)埂钡母＠贫龋?并對各項(xiàng)社會福利制度進(jìn)行立法保護(hù)； 孩子出生后，父母親可請有薪產(chǎn)假，且在每個(gè)孩子滿 16周歲之前，父母均可獲得生活津貼。在醫(yī)療方面，全民公費(fèi)，醫(yī)療費(fèi)用和經(jīng)醫(yī)生之手的藥品開支， 均由國家負(fù)擔(dān)，無論城鄉(xiāng)，不分人群，一律平等,從業(yè)者在患病期間還可領(lǐng)取病假補(bǔ)貼。在教育方面，從小學(xué)到中學(xué)到大學(xué)， 全部免費(fèi)，并每天享用一頓免費(fèi)的餐點(diǎn)，大學(xué)生還可領(lǐng)學(xué)習(xí)津貼；在勞資關(guān)系上，公民每周法定工作時(shí)數(shù)為40小時(shí)，每一位勞工均可獲得每年最少五周的有薪假期。并且有規(guī)范的社會失業(yè)救濟(jì)金制度，不但在失業(yè)期間可領(lǐng)失業(yè)救濟(jì)金， 專門的職業(yè)介紹所將也會將失業(yè)人員的數(shù)據(jù)輸入計(jì)算機(jī)，為他們提供最新就業(yè)信息和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。社會保險(xiǎn)方面 ，老人的退休金及生活所需全部依靠社會養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)，平均4個(gè)芬蘭人的納稅就能支持一名退休老人的生活， 退休年齡男女均為65歲，退休金隨生活指數(shù)增減，因而瑞典老人的生活比較安適。老人數(shù)量的不斷增加，加重了地方福利的負(fù)擔(dān)，如提供專門交通工具、家庭護(hù)理和家務(wù)服務(wù)。監(jiān)獄象賓館一樣，“囚犯的天堂”因此得名。 其余的用于政府其它各項(xiàng)行政開支（行政管理、商業(yè)發(fā)展、交通、國防、援助發(fā)展中國家等。這么高的福利來自何處稅收，取之于民， 用之于民。這些國家的稅收率很高， 個(gè)人工資的三分之一左右要交納個(gè)人所得稅。 高稅收不僅積累了大量的公用資金， 以支持社會的高福利，同時(shí)也制約了暴富階層的形成，越富繳稅越多，使貧富差距不致過大。因此，成為“沒有人擁有太多，沒有人一無所有”的福利國家的典范。WhatisdistinctiveabouttheNordicapproachisthedominantroleofnationalgovernmentsintheformationofsocialpolicy,andthedevelopmentofanextensivepublicsectorfortheimplementationofthatpolicy.butamuchmoreprominentroleisplayedbytheprivatesector,voluntaryorganizations,andthefamilythanisgenerallythecaseinNorden.TheroleofthestateNordiccountriesinparticular,tendtoexpectmoreoftheirgovernmentsthanothercountries. ThefeudalismoftheNordicregionwaslessrigid,and,Nordicsocietieswerecomparatively equal.Theyhavealwayshadfairlysmallpopulations,withahighdegreeofcultural uniformityintermsofIanguage,religion,socialbehavior,etc.InalloftheNordiccountries,therewasaforcedmergerofchurchandstatefollowingtheReformation,whichhelpedtostrengthenandlegitimatethecentralgovernment.Thegrowingstrengthofthelabormovementandtheclass-basedstrugglesoftheindustrialeraresultedinpoliticalcompromiseswhichlaidthegroundworkfortheuniversal, equalsocialinsuraneesystemsoftoday'sNordiccountries. Thenotionofa"people'sinsuranee"wasalreadywell-establishedattheturnofthecentury.TheNordicmodelAgreaterdegreeofactivestateinvoIvementthaninothercountries.Forexample,thestateguaranteesbasicpensionsandfreeorheavilysubsidizedhealthservicesforallresidents,althoughthedeliveryofsuchservicesisusuallyadministeredbyprovincialorlocalgovernments.Byinternational standards,thegreatestproportionofthelaborforceemployedinthesocial,healthandeducationalsectors--roughlythirtypercent.Heavyrelianeeonthepublicsectorfortheprovisionofsocialandeducationalservices;roughlyninetypercentofallpersonnelinthosesectorsarepublicemployees.ThecorrespondingfiguresforotherEuropeancountriesrangefrom40-80percent;intheU.S.,thefigureis45percent.Theorganizationofsocialinsuraneewithinco-ordinatednationalsystemswhichhaveoverallresponsibility forbasicpensions,sick-leavebenefits,childallowancesandhealthservices.Acomparativelyhighleveloftrustbetweencitizensandgovernments.Nordicsocietiesaremore"state-friendly"thanotherEuropeansocieties.Comprehensive,oruniversal,socialinsuraneesystemswhichcoverentirepopulationsorsub-groups.Forexample:everyresidentisentitledtoabasicold-agepensionuponattainingretirementage,evenintheabseneeofanyhistoryofgainfulemployment;childallowancesareallocatedtoallfamilieswithchildren,regardlessofincomelevel;allresidentsareentitledtothebestavailablemedicalservices,irrespectiveofincome,socialstatusorotherpersonalcharacteristics.ThiscontrastswithmostotherEuropeancountries,whereentitlementisconditionalonsuccessfulparticipationinthelabourmarket.Anadvaneedlevelofgenderequality,especiallyasaresultoflegislationsincethe1970s;essentiallyallbenefitsare"gender-neutral",inthatwomenaretreatedasindividualswithneedsandrightsoftheirown,ratherthanasmerelywivesandmothers.Nordiclabourmarketsarecharacterisedbyhighratesoffemaleemployment,nearly-equalincomesformenandwomenincomparableoccupations,andawell-developedsupportsystemforworkingmothers.Socialinsuraneesystemsfreeofclassoroccupationalbias.Thosewithhighincomesareincludedinthesamesystemasthosewithlowornoincomes.Generaltaxationastheprincipalmeansoffinancing,whichhastheeffectofredistributingincome.AsaresultoftheNordiccountries'universal, redistributivesocialinsuraneesystems,theirpovertyratesareamongthelowestintheworld.Minimumpensionsarenotespeciallyhigh,butgenerousincomparisonwiththoseofmostothercountries.Agreateremphasisonprovidingservices,asopposedtodirectincometransfers,thaninotherEuropeancountries.Thoseservicesincludeanextensivenetworkofchild-carecentres,old-agehomes,andin-homeassistancefortheseverelyillandtheelderly.Atraditionally strongemphasisonfullemploymentasagoalinitself,andasaprerequisiteforgeneratingthenecessaryeconomicresourcesforthegeneralwelfarestate.Strongpopularsupport.Suchissuesaschildren's well-being,publichealth,old-agecare,etc.,areconsistentlyaccordedthehighestpriorityinopinionsurveysandduringelections.Nopoliticalpartyseekingbroadsupportcanaffordtoignorethem.ThefactthattheNordiccountriescanbedescribedwiththeforegoinglistofdistinguishingfeaturesdoesnotmeanthattheyhavebecome"welfareparadises".Asnationseverywhere,theyareconfrontedwithavarietyofoldandnewchallenges.Butincomparisonwithotherdevelopedcountries,theyaresubjecttofarlesssevereandwidespreadlevelsofcrime,alcoholanddrugabuse,povertyandrelatedproblems.Furthermore,problemsassociatedwithsingleparenthoodandunemploymentappeartobelesssevere,duetothesupportprovidedbyNordicsocietiestothoseaffected.Thiscomparativelyfavorablestateofaffairsisalmostcertainlyaconsequeneeoftheinstitutions andsocialpoliciesoftheregion'sstrongandefficientcentralgovernments.Inaddition,thecomparativelyegalitarianspiritoftheNordiccountries,asexpressedforexampleintheirredistributive incomepolicies,verylikely contributestogreatersocialcohesionandstability.CurrentchallengesInrecentyears,allNordicgovernmentshavesteppeduptheireffortstoencourageandassistthejoblesstofindgainfulemployment.Somemaybetemptedtointerpretthattrendasaconcessiontoneo-liberalideology.Butit