上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件 clinical anatomy physiology of the ear

Clinicalanatomy&physiologyoftheearClinicalanatomy&physiologyAnatomyofearAnatomyofearLocatedOnbothsidesofcranialbone.Closewithparietalbone,sphenoidboneandoccipitalboneComposition:squamaous,tympanic,mastoidandpetrousparts+styloidprocessTemporalboneTemporalboneanditsabutment1.Occipitomastoidsuture2.Squamosomastoidsuture3.Occipitalbone4.Parietomastoidsuture5.Squamoussuture6.Parietalbone

7.Temporalbone8.Sphenosquamosalsuture9.Frontalbone10.Spheoidbone11.Zygomaticbone12.Mandible

13.ExternalacousticmeatusLocatedOnbothsidesofcraniExternalsurfaceoflefttymporalboneinadult1.Externalacousticmeatus2.Suprameataltrinangle3.Squamouspart4.Mastoidale5.Tympanomastoidfissure6.Zygomaticprocess7.Mandibularfossa8.Tymporalline9.Tympanosquamousfissure10.StyloidprocessInternalsurfaceoflefttymporalboneinadult11.Sulcusformiddlemeningealartery12.Petrousbone13.Inneracousticmeatus14.Sigmoidsulcus15.Sulcusforsuperiorpetrosalsinus16.Sulcusforinferiorpetrosalsinus17.Petrousapex18=Arcuateeminence19=InnerorificeofinternalcarotidcanalExternalsurfaceoflefttympo9.Notchofrivinus

10.

Suprameatalspine11.Suprameataltriangle12.Temporallinef

13.Parietalnotch

14.Externalacousticforamen15.Mastoidpart16.Occipitalmargin17.Suturamastoideosquamalis18.Mastoidforamen19.Tympanomastoidfissure

Externalsurfaceoftymporalbone1.Margoparietalis2.Squamouspart3.Temoralsurface

4.Margosphenoidalis

5.Processusretroarticularis6.Zygomaticprocess7.Articulartubercle8.Mandibularfossa20.Mastoidnotch21.Mastoid22.Petrotympanicfissure23.Tympanicpart24.Styloidprocess9.NotchofrivinusExternalsInternalsurface

oftymporalbone5.Posteriorbranchsulcusofmiddlemeningealartery6.Arcuateeminence

7.Grooveforsuperiorperosalsinus8.Internalauditoryforamen

9.Styloidprocess1.Suturapetrosquamosa

2.Sigmoidsulcus

3.Mastoidforamen

4.Orificeofvestibularaqueduct

Internalsurface

oftymporalInferiorsurface

oftymporalbone1.Caroticotympaniccanals2.Carotidcanal

3.Tympaniccanaliculusforjacobsonnerve4.Sulcusofmastoidcanaliculus

5.Externalapertureofaqueductofcochlea6.Mastoidcanaliculusforarnoldnerve

7.Jugularfossa8.Zygomaticprocess9.Articulartubercle

10.Articularfossaofmandible

11.Tympanosquamousfissure12.Tympanicpart

13.Styloidprocess

14.Externalacousticforamen15.Styloimastoidforamen

16.Mastoid

17.Mastoidnotch18.Sulcusforoccipitalartery

19.MastoidpartInferiorsurface

oftymporalAnatomicrelationship

offundusofinternalacousticmeatus3.Areaoffacialnerve4.Superiorvestibulararea5.Verticalcrest6.Inferiorvestibulararea7.Haplopore8.Centralcanalofcochlea1.Transversecrest2.Cochleararea（Tractusspiralisforaminosus）Anatomicrelationship

offundExternalearExternalearAnatomyofexternalearPinnaofear

anteriornotchofear

Externalacousticmeatus2.5-3.5cmLateral1/3:cartilage;

medial2/3:bone2stenosis：JuncturebetweenboneandcartilageIsthmusofexternalacousticmeatusAnatomyofexternalearPinnaoAnatomyofexternalear1.Triangularfossa2.Cymbaofauricularconcha

3.Cavityofauricularconcha4.Auricularconcha5.Anteriorincisureofear

6.Tragus7.Intertragicnotch8.Earlobe

9.Helix10.Superiorcruraofantihelix

11.Inferiorcruraofantihelix12.Auriculartubercle

13.Scaphoidfossa

14.Antihelix

15.Crusofhelix

16.Externalacousticmeatus19.AntitragusAnatomyofexternalear1.TrianMiddleearMiddleearAnatomyofmiddleearTympaniccavityEustachiantubeTympanicsinusMastoidAnatomyofmiddleearTympanicAnatomyofmiddleearDelimitationaccordingtomembranetensaAtticMesotympanumHypotympanumAnatomyofmiddleearDelimitatInternalsurfaceoftympaniclateralwall1.Incudomalleararticulation2.Superiorligamentofmalleus

3.Headofmalleus

4.Tympanicattic5.Processusanteriormallei

6.Anteriorfoldoftympanicmembrane

7.Anteriorfossaoftympanicmembrane

8.Cordoftympanum9.Eustachiantube

12.Bodyofincus13.Shortcrusofincus14.Tympanicantrum

15.Posteriorligamentofincusinincudalfossa16.Posteriorfoldoftympanicmembrane

17.Longcrusofincus

18.Posteriorfossaoftympanicmembrane

19.Lenticularprocessofincus

20.Tympanichordalpathway

10.Limbusmembranaetympani

11.Parstensa21.Tensortympanimuscle

22.HandleofmalleusInternalsurfaceoftympaniclTympanicmembraneTympanicmembrane(TM)

semi-transparentfilm,9*8*0.1mm3flaccidpart，tensapart

3layeredstructure:

EpitheliallaminaFibrouslaminaMucouslaminaTM1.Flaccidpart

2.Shortprocessofmalleus3.Handleofmalleus4.Tensapart

5.LightconeTympanicmembraneTympanicmembInternalwalloftympanumInternalwallofmiddleear=lateralwallofinnerear

Center-Promontoriumtympani

Posterosuperior–vestibularwindow(ovalwindow)-vestibule

Posteroinferior–cochlearwindow(roundwindow)-ScalatympaniSuperiorofvestibularwindow–horizontalpartoffallopianaqueduct

Posterosuperioroffallopianaqueduct–prominenceoflateralsemicircularcanal

Anteriorofvestibularwindow–cochleariformprocessInternalwalloftympanumInterInternalwalloftympanumGlomusjugulareCarotidarteryFossulaofroundwindowTympanicmembraneChordatympaninerveIncusMalleusTensortympanimuscleOstiumtympanicumtubaeauditivaeCanalfortensortympanimusclePromontoriumtympaniTymporallobeCochleariformprocessOrificeofchordatympaninerveFicialnervePyramidaleminenceProminenceoflateralsemicircularcanalProminenceoffacialcanalStapedialfootplateAditusadantrumInternalwalloftympanumGlomuAnteriorwalloftympanumAnteriorwallofmiddleear=carotidwall

separatedinferiorlybycarotid

2orificesinsuperiorpart:orificeofcanalistensortympani(superior)orificeofsemicanaliseustachii(inferior)AnteriorwalloftympanumAnterAnteriorwalloftympanum1.Tympanicattic

2.Stapes

3.Tegmentympani

4.Tendonoftensortympanimuscle5.Cochleariformprocess6.Greatersuperficialpetrosalnerve7.Lesserpetrosalnerve

8.Bonyseptumofeustachiancanal

9.Tensortympanimuscle10.Eustachiantube11.Carotidwalloftympanum12.Labyrinthinewalloftympanum13.Headofmalleus

14.Superiorligamentofmalleus

15.Neckofmalleus

16.Anteriorprocessandligamentofmalleus

17.

Lateralprocessofmalleus(shortprocessofmalleus)18.Handleofmalleus19.Umbooftympanicmembrane20.Limbusmembranetympani

21.Fibrocartilaginousring

22.TympanicsulcusAnteriorwalloftympanum1.TymPosteriorwalloftympanumPosteriorwall-

mastoidwallSuperiororifice–aditusadantrum

Incudalfossa–posteriorjunctionofhorizontalandverticalsegmentoffallopianaqueduct

Heightofvestibularwindow–pyramidaleminence

facialrecess–posteriortympanicapproachPosteriorwalloftympanumPostPosteriorwalloftympanum1.Stapes

2.Incus

3.Chordatympaninerve

4.Facialrecess

5.Chordatympaniccrest

6.Chordatympanic

eminence

7.Pyramidaleminence

8.Lateralsinustympani9.Styloidprocesseminence10.Malleus

11.Sinustympani

12.FossulaofcochlearwindowPosteriorwalloftympanum1.StSuperiorandinferiorwalloftympanumSuperiorwall-

tegmentympani

separatedwithtemporallobeinmiddlecranialfossaPetrosquamoussutureininfantisnotcloseyet

-infectionofmiddleearinvadeintocraniumPosteriorwall-Jugularwall

separatedwithglomusjugulare

ifdeletionofposteriorwall–bluedrumSuperiorandinferiorwallofContentoftympanumAuricularbone(thesmallestbone):Malleus,incus,stapes–ossicularchainLigamentofauricularboneTympanicmuscle:tensortympanimuscle,stapediusmuscleChordatympaninerve1.Superiorligamentofmalleus

2.Anteriorligamentofmalleus3.Tensortympanimuscle4.Superiorligamentofincus5.Posteriorligamentofincus6.StapediusmuscleContentoftympanumAuricularbEustachiantubePasswaybetweentympanumandnasopharynx.Lateral1/3:bonypart,medial2/3：cartilaginousparJunctionbetweenbonyandcartilaginous:isthmusRegulatetympanicpressure1.Incus2.Tympanicmembrane

3.Mandibularfossa4.Styloidprocess5.Carotidartery6.Tensortympanimuscle7.PharyngealopeningofauditorytubeEustachiantubePasswaybetweenTympanicantrum1.Tympanicantrum2.Tygmentympani

3.Lateralsemicircularduct4.Fallpianaqueduct5.Vestibularwindow6.Canalfortensortympanimuscle7.Bonyseptumofeustachiancanal8.Hiatuscanalisfacialis9.Carotidcanal10.Bonypartofauditorytube11.Promontoriumtympani12.Pyramidaleminence13.Cochlearwindow14.Tympanicsulcus15.Stylomastoidforamen16.MastoidaircellTympanicantrum1.TympanicantrMastoidMastoid:intratemporalcellsTyping:pneumatictype,dipoetictype,sclerotictype,mixedtypeDistribution:mastoidalegroup,perisigmoidgroup,antroduralgroup,perilabyrinthinegroup,epiduralgroup,zygomaticgroup,perifacialgroup.MastoidMastoid:intratemporalAnatomyofinnerearlabyrinth，includingreceptorofauditoryandequilibratorysensationContain：bonyandmembranelabyrinthPerilymph：betweenbonyandmembranelabyrinth,K↓Na↑Endolymph:inendolymphaticlabyrinth,K↑Na↓Anatomyofinnerearlabyrinth，AnterolateralviewofbonylabyrinthBonylabyrinth:vestibule,semicircularcanals,cochlea1.Anteriorsemicircularcanal

2.Commoncrus

3.Lateralbonyampulla

4.Cruraampullaria

5.Crussimplex

6.Lateralsemicircularduct

7.Vestibularwindow

8.Posteriorsemicircularcanal

9.Posteriorbonyampulla10.Anteriorbonyampulla11.Utricle

12.Sacculus13.Vestibule14.Cupulaofcochlea15.Cochlearmiddlecycle16.Cochleartopcycle

17.Cochlearbasiccycle18.Vestibularcrest19.CochlearwindowAnterolateralviewofbonylabInternalviewofbonylabyrinth1.Anteriorsemicircularcanal2.Commoncrus

3.Lateralsemicircularcanal4.Posteriorsemicircularcanal5.Parsampullaris6.Orificeofvestibularaqueduct

7.Cochlearrecess8.Orificeofcommoncrus9.Utricularrecess

10.Vestibularcrest

11.Sphericalrecess

12.Cochlea13.Scalatympani

14.Bonyspirallamina

15.Scalavestibuli

16.Orificeofcochlearaqueduct17.

CochlearwindowInternalviewofbonylabyrintVestibuleLocatedbetweencochleaandsemicircularcanalsSphericalrecess,utricularrecessLateralwall:vestibularwindow,stapedialfootplateVestibuleLocatedbetweencochlBonysemicircularcanals3

curvedbonycanals,perpendicularly,lateral,superior,posteriorsemicircularcanals.Commoncrus:superiorandposteriorcanalsPositionofsemicircularcanalsBonysemicircularcanals3curv上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearMembranouslabyrinthComposition:Utricle,sacculus,membranoussemicircularcanalsandmembranouscochlearcanal1.Anteriorsemicircularcanal2.Commoncrus

3.Semicircularcanalisthmus4.Posteriorsemicircularcanal5.Lateralsemicircularcanal6.Endolymphaticsac7.Parsampullaris8.Utricle9.Utricleduct10.Saccule11.Sacculeduct12.Unionduct13.Vestibularcecum14.Semicircularcanalsinus15.ParsampullarisMembranouslabyrinthCompositioMembranouslabyrinthUtricleSacculusMembranoussemicircularcanals

MembranouslabyrinthUtricleMembranouscochlearcanal:betweenbonyspirallaminaandlateralwallofbonycochlearduct18.Basilarmembrane

19.Corti’stunnel

20.innerandouterpillarcell

21.Scalatympani

22.tympanicpic

23.innerspiralsulcus1.Spirallimbus

2.Vestibularlip

3.Internalbeamofspiralganglion4.Spiralganglion

5.Scalavestibuli

6.Vestibularmembrane

7.Innerhaircells

8.Outerhaircell

9.Tectorialmembrane10.Hensen

cell11.Claudiuscell12.Vestibularmembranecrest

13.Striavascularis

14.Spiralprominence

15.Externalspiralsulcus

16.Basilarmembrane

17.

SpiralligamentofcochleaMembranouslabyrinthMembranouscochlearcanal:betBasilarmembrane11.Claudius

cell

12.Deiters

cell

13.outerpillarcell

14.Corti’stunnel15.Basilarmembrane

16.spiralvessel

17.innerpillarcell

18.tympaniclip19.nervefibers

20.arcuatezone

21.Pectinatezone1.Spirallimbus

2.Vestibularlip

3.Tectorialmembrane4.Outerhaircell

5.Outertunnel

6.Henson

cell7.Innerspiralsulcus

8.Marginalcell

9.Innerhaircell10.NueIinterspace

MembranouslabyrinthBasilarmembrane11.ClaudiusceModelofacoustictransduction1.Mediallongitudinalbundle

2.Superiornucleus

3.Lateralnucleus

4.Medialnucleus5.Inferiornucleus

6.Vestibulospinaltract

7.VestibularganglionModelofacoustictransductionModelofacoustictransduction1.Auditorycortex

2.Dorsalacousticstriae3.Middleacousticstriae

4.Gastralacousticstriae5.Reticularformation

6.Medialgeniculatebody7.Inferiorcolliculus

8.Nucleusdorsalis9.Laterallemniscus

10.Ventralisanterior11.Superiorolivarynuclearcomplex

12.Cochleardorsalnucleus13.CochleargastralnucleusModelofacoustictransductionCentralpasswayofvestibularnerve1.Auditorycortex

2.Brachiumquadrigeminuminferius

3.Cochlea

4.Medialgeniculatenucleus

5.Nucleusofinferiorcolliculus6.Nucleusoflaterallemniscus

7.Superiorolivarynuclearcomplex8.CochlearnucleusCentralpasswayofvestibular上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheear上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheear上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearPhysiologyofearAuditoryperceptionEquilibratorysensationPhysiologyofearAuditorypercSoundafferentpasswayAirconduction：

soundwave→pinnaofear→externalacousticmeatus→auditoryossicles→vestibularwindow→perilymph,endolymph

→SpiralorganofCorti→acousticnerve→differentlevelsofnucleus→acousticcenterSoundafferentpasswayAircond上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheear上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearSoundafferentpasswayBoneconduction

translatorymodeofboneconduction

compressonalmodeofboneconductionSoundafferentpasswayBoneconPhysiologyofexternalearSoundcollectionDistinguishdirectionSympatheticvibrationProtectionSoundpressureamplificationPhysiologyofexternalearSounPhysiologyofmiddleearSoundtransformationandgainofmiddleearSoundtransmissionandtransformationstructure:tympanicmembraneandossicularchainPhysiologyofmiddleearSoundPhysiologyofmiddleearEffectivevibrativeaera:

55mm2,2/3ofanatomicarea.

Stapedialfootplatearea:3.2mm2,1/17ofeffectivevibrativeareaPhysiologyofmiddleearEfPressure=Force/areaAreaoftympanicmembrane~17>areastapesGainofarearatio~24dBFunctionMiddleear:amplificationfromarearatioPressure=Force/areaFunctionEnergylossatair-fluidinterface-99.9%loss(-30dB)Malleuslongerthanincus-amplifypressure~1.7X(+2dB)FunctionofMiddleear—pressureamplification-ossicles

Energylossatair-fluidinterPhysiologyoftympanicmuscleStapediusmuscleTensortympanimusclePhysiologyoftympanicmuscleSPhysiologyofeustachiantubeMaintainspressurebalancebetweenmiddleearandoutsideDrainagePreventretrogradeinfectionPreventstrongsoundPhysiologyofeustachiantubeMAuditoryphysiologySoundtransductionSoundperceptionAuditoryphysiologySoundtrans上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearBasilarmembranedisplacementfora1kHztoneBasilarmembranedisplacementfora250HztoneBasilarmembranedisplacementfora4kHztoneBasilarmembranedisplacementMass&stiffnessgradientgivesrisetoaso-called“travelingwave”Characteristicfrequency—frequencywhichproducesthelargestamplitudeofresponseApex-maximumresponsetolowfrequenciesBasemaximumresponsetohighfrequenciesMass-increasesfrombase(stapes)toapexStiffness-increasesfromapextobase1234EnvelopeoftravelingwaveCharacteristicfrequencyCochlearmechanicalresponseduemassandstiffnessgradientMass&stiffnessgradientgiveStereociliaonOHCsattachedtotectorialmembraneStereociliaonIHCsfreestandingMotionofbasilarmembranetowardsscalavestibulideflectsstereociliainexcitatorydirectionTectorialmembranedeflectsOHCstereociliaViscousfluiddragoffluiddeflectsIHCstereocilia上海交通大學(xué)耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)英文版課件clinicalanatomyphysiologyoftheearModel:OHCcontractioncauseorganofCortitodistortasshownhereCellmotilityfeedsbackenhancingbasilarmembranemotiontherebyincreasingtravelingwaveamplitudeandmakingthe“cochleaactive”Corti’sorganrespondsOHC’selectromotionModel:OHCcontractioncauseCOHCOHCPhysiologyofquilibriumEquilibriumisthestateofbalanceofthebody.Anerectstandinghumanhasahighlyunstableequilibrium.Throughavarietyofsensoryinputs(vestibule,visualandsoforth)andposturalreflexes(proprioception),thebodyismaintainedinitserectposture.Vestibule:Recognizelinearaccelerationbyotolithicmacula(utricle+saccule)Semicircularcanal:receptorofpositiveandnegateiveangularaccelerationPhysiologyofquilibriumEquiliThanksforyourattention

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Clinicalanatomy&physiologyoftheearClinicalanatomy&physiologyAnatomyofearAnatomyofearLocatedOnbothsidesofcranialbone.Closewithparietalbone,sphenoidboneandoccipitalboneComposition:squamaous,tympanic,mastoidandpetrousparts+styloidprocessTemporalboneTemporalboneanditsabutment1.Occipitomastoidsuture2.Squamosomastoidsuture3.Occipitalbone4.Parietomastoidsuture5.Squamoussuture6.Parietalbone

7.Temporalbone8.Sphenosquamosalsuture9.Frontalbone10.Spheoidbone11.Zygomaticbone12.Mandible

13.ExternalacousticmeatusLocatedOnbothsidesofcraniExternalsurfaceoflefttymporalboneinadult1.Externalacousticmeatus2.Suprameataltrinangle3.Squamouspart4.Mastoidale5.Tympanomastoidfissure6.Zygomaticprocess7.Mandibularfossa8.Tymporalline9.Tympanosquamousfissure10.StyloidprocessInternalsurfaceoflefttymporalboneinadult11.Sulcusformiddlemeningealartery12.Petrousbone13.Inneracousticmeatus14.Sigmoidsulcus15.Sulcusforsuperiorpetrosalsinus16.Sulcusforinferiorpetrosalsinus17.Petrousapex18=Arcuateeminence19=InnerorificeofinternalcarotidcanalExternalsurfaceoflefttympo9.Notchofrivinus

10.

Suprameatalspine11.Suprameataltriangle12.Temporallinef

13.Parietalnotch

14.Externalacousticforamen15.Mastoidpart16.Occipitalmargin17.Suturamastoideosquamalis18.Mastoidforamen19.Tympanomastoidfissure

Externalsurfaceoftymporalbone1.Margoparietalis2.Squamouspart3.Temoralsurface

4.Margosphenoidalis

5.Processusretroarticularis6.Zygomaticprocess7.Articulartubercle8.Mandibularfossa20.Mastoidnotch21.Mastoid22.Petrotympanicfissure23.Tympanicpart24.Styloidprocess9.NotchofrivinusExternalsInternalsurface

oftymporalbone5.Posteriorbranchsulcusofmiddlemeningealartery6.Arcuateeminence

7.Grooveforsuperiorperosalsinus8.Internalauditoryforamen

9.Styloidprocess1.Suturapetrosquamosa

2.Sigmoidsulcus

3.Mastoidforamen

4.Orificeofvestibularaqueduct

Internalsurface

oftymporalInferiorsurface

oftymporalbone1.Caroticotympaniccanals2.Carotidcanal

3.Tympaniccanaliculusforjacobsonnerve4.Sulcusofmastoidcanaliculus

5.Externalapertureofaqueductofcochlea6.Mastoidcanaliculusforarnoldnerve

7.Jugularfossa8.Zygomaticprocess9.Articulartubercle

10.Articularfossaofmandible

11.Tympanosquamousfissure12.Tympanicpart

13.Styloidprocess

14.Externalacousticforamen15.Styloimastoidforamen

16.Mastoid

17.Mastoidnotch18.Sulcusforoccipitalartery

19.MastoidpartInferiorsurface

oftymporalAnatomicrelationship

offundusofinternalacousticmeatus3.Areaoffacialnerve4.Superiorvestibulararea5.Verticalcrest6.Inferiorvestibulararea7.Haplopore8.Centralcanalofcochlea1.Transversecrest2.Cochleararea（Tractusspiralisforaminosus）Anatomicrelationship

offundExternalearExternalearAnatomyofexternalearPinnaofear

anteriornotchofear

Externalacousticmeatus2.5-3.5cmLateral1/3:cartilage;

medial2/3:bone2stenosis：JuncturebetweenboneandcartilageIsthmusofexternalacousticmeatusAnatomyofexternalearPinnaoAnatomyofexternalear1.Triangularfossa2.Cymbaofauricularconcha

3.Cavityofauricularconcha4.Auricularconcha5.Anteriorincisureofear

6.Tragus7.Intertragicnotch8.Earlobe

9.Helix10.Superiorcruraofantihelix

11.Inferiorcruraofantihelix12.Auriculartubercle

13.Scaphoidfossa

14.Antihelix

15.Crusofhelix

16.Externalacousticmeatus19.AntitragusAnatomyofexternalear1.TrianMiddleearMiddleearAnatomyofmiddleearTympaniccavityEustachiantubeTympanicsinusMastoidAnatomyofmiddleearTympanicAnatomyofmiddleearDelimitationaccordingtomembranetensaAtticMesotympanumHypotympanumAnatomyofmiddleearDelimitatInternalsurfaceoftympaniclateralwall1.Incudomalleararticulation2.Superiorligamentofmalleus

3.Headofmalleus

4.Tympanicattic5.Processusanteriormallei

6.Anteriorfoldoftympanicmembrane

7.Anteriorfossaoftympanicmembrane

8.Cordoftympanum9.Eustachiantube

12.Bodyofincus13.Shortcrusofincus14.Tympanicantrum

15.Posteriorligamentofincusinincudalfossa16.Posteriorfoldoftympanicmembrane

17.Longcrusofincus

18.Posteriorfossaoftympanicmembrane

19.Lenticularprocessofincus

20.Tympanichordalpathway

10.Limbusmembranaetympani

11.Parstensa21.Tensortympanimuscle

22.HandleofmalleusInternalsurfaceoftympaniclTympanicmembraneTympanicmembrane(TM)

semi-transparentfilm,9*8*0.1mm3flaccidpart，tensapart

3layeredstructure:

EpitheliallaminaFibrouslaminaMucouslaminaTM1.Flaccidpart

2.Shortprocessofmalleus3.Handleofmalleus4.Tensapart

5.LightconeTympanicmembraneTympanicmembInternalwalloftympanumInternalwallofmiddleear=lateralwallofinnerear

Center-Promontoriumtympani

Posterosuperior–vestibularwindow(ovalwindow)-vestibule

Posteroinferior–cochlearwindow(roundwindow)-ScalatympaniSuperiorofvestibularwindow–horizontalpartoffallopianaqueduct

Posterosuperioroffallopianaqueduct–prominenceoflateralsemicircularcanal

Anteriorofvestibularwindow–cochleariformprocessInternalwalloftympanumInterInternalwalloftympanumGlomusjugulareCarotidarteryFossulaofroundwindowTympanicmembraneChordatympaninerveIncusMalleusTensortympanimuscleOstiumtympanicumtubaeauditivaeCanalfortensortympanimusclePromontoriumtympaniTymporallobeCochleariformprocessOrificeofchordatympaninerveFicialnervePyramidaleminenceProminenceoflateralsemicircularcanalProminenceoffacialcanalStapedialfootplateAditusadantrumInternalwalloftympanumGlomuAnteriorwalloftympanumAnteriorwallofmiddleear=carotidwall

separatedinferiorlybycarotid

2orificesinsuperiorpart:orificeofcanalistensortympani(superior)orificeofsemicanaliseustachii(inferior)AnteriorwalloftympanumAnterAnteriorwalloftympanum1.Tympanicattic

2.Stapes

3.Tegmentympani

4.Tendonoftensortympanimuscle5.Cochleariformprocess6.Greatersuperficialpetrosalnerve7.Lesserpetrosalnerve

8.Bonyseptumofeustachiancanal

9.Tensortympanimuscle10.Eustachiantube11.Carotidwalloftympanum12.Labyrinthinewalloftympanum13.Headofmalleus

14.Superiorligamentofmalleus

15.Neckofmalleus

16.Anteriorprocessandligamentofmalleus

17.

Lateralprocessofmalleus(shortprocessofmalleus)18.Handleofmalleus19.Umbooftympanicmembrane20.Limbusmembranetympani

21.Fibrocartilaginousring

22.TympanicsulcusAnteriorwalloftympanum1.TymPosteriorwalloftympanumPosteriorwall-

mastoidwallSuperiororifice–aditusadantrum

Incudalfossa–posteriorjunctionofhorizontalandverticalsegmentoffallopianaqueduct

Heightofvestibularwindow–pyramidaleminence

facialrecess–posteriortympanicapproachPosteriorwalloftympanumPostPosteriorwalloftympanum1.Stapes

2.Incus

3.Chordatympaninerve

4.Facialrecess

5.Chordatympaniccrest

6.Chordatympanic

eminence

7.Pyramidaleminence

8.Lateralsinustympani9.Styloidprocesseminence10.Malleus

11.Sinustympani

12.FossulaofcochlearwindowPosteriorwalloftympanum1.StSuperiorandinferiorwalloftympanumSuperiorwall-

tegmentympani

separatedwithtemporallobeinmiddlecranialfossaPetrosquamoussutureininfantisnotcloseyet

-infectionofmiddleearinvadeintocraniumPosteriorwall-Jugularwall

separatedwithglomusjugulare

ifdeletionofposteriorwall–bluedrumSuperiorandinferiorwallofContentoftympanumAuricularbone(thesmallestbone):Malleus,incus,stapes–ossicularchainLigamentofauricularboneTympanicmuscle:tensortympanimuscle,stapediusmuscleChordatympaninerve1.Superiorligamentofmalleus

2.Anteriorligamentofmalleus3.Tensortympanimuscle4.Superiorligamentofincus5.Posteriorligamentofincus6.StapediusmuscleContentoftympanumAuricularbEustachiantubePasswaybetweentympanumandnasopharynx.Lateral1/3:bonypart,medial2/3：cartilaginousparJunctionbetweenbonyandcartilaginous:isthmusRegulatetympanicpressure1.Incus2.Tympanicmembrane

3.Mandibularfossa4.Styloidprocess5.Carotidartery6.Tensortympanimuscle7.PharyngealopeningofauditorytubeEustachiantubePasswaybetweenTympanicantrum1.Tympanicantrum2.Tygmentympani

3.Lateralsemicircularduct4.Fallpianaqueduct5.Vestibularwindow6.Canalfortensortympanimu