英文介紹中醫(yī)2

盡管氣、血、津液的性狀及其功能各不相同，但它們卻有許多共同之處。三者均為構(gòu)成人體和維持人體生命活動(dòng)的基本物質(zhì)。它們均來自水谷精氣。在生理上，它們相h互依存、相互制約、相互eac為用；在病理上，它們相

互影響，互為因果。QI,BLOODANDBODYFLUIDOFMUTUALCAUSALITY

氣、血、津液的相互關(guān)系盡管氣、血、津液的性狀及其功能各不相同，但它們卻有許多共同之處。三者均為構(gòu)成人體和維持人體生命活動(dòng)的基本物質(zhì)。它們均來自水谷精氣。在生理上，它們相h互依存、相互制約、相互eac為用；在病理上，它們相

互影響，互為因果。Despitetheirdifferencesinnature,formandfunction,qi,bloodandbodyfluidhavesomethingincommonwitheachother.Theyarethebasicmaterialsthatconstitutethehumanbodyandmaintainlifeactivities;theyallderivefromcerealessence;they,physiologically,dependoneachotherforexistenceandrestrainandutilizeeachother;they,pathologically,actuponotherandhavecausalitybetweenthem.Qiandbloodarecloselyrelated.Qiisthe 氣血緊密相關(guān)。氣"commander"ofblood,andbloodisthe"mother"為血之帥，血為氣之母。ofqi.Asthecommanderofblood,foronething氣為血帥，一方面因?yàn)闅鈗iisthemotivepowerforbloodformation,or是血液形成的原動(dòng)力；另rather,itproducesblood.Bloodisformedfrom一方面是由于氣可生血。mutritiveqiandbodyfluid,bothofwhichcome血由營氣和津液形成，后fromfoodandwater.Allthesecannotbeseparated兩者都源于水谷。而以上fromthefunctionsofqi.Bloodcirculation這些都離不開氣的作用。dependsonthepropellingfunctionofheart-qi.血液循行依賴氣的推動(dòng)功Foranother,qicontrolsbloodandkeepit能，另一方面，氣攝血，flowiinginthebloodvesselswithout 維持血行于脈中不致外extravasation.Thisfunctionofqiisperformec溢。氣的此項(xiàng)功能由脾氣byspleen-qi.Whenqiisdeficient,itfailstc來執(zhí)行。氣虛不能攝血可controlblood,thusleadingtohemorrhage.Blood導(dǎo)致出血。所謂“血為氣isreferredtoasthemotherofqibecause,onthe之母”，是因?yàn)?，一則，onehand,bloodisacarrierofqi;andonthe血以載氣；二則，血為氣other,bloodprovidesadequatenutrientsforqi.提供充足的營養(yǎng)。因此，Therefore,itisimpossibleforqitoexist如無氣之母－血，則氣也withoutits"mother",blood. 不可能存在。Therelationshipbetweenqiandbodyfluid 氣和津液的關(guān)系israthersimilartothatbetweenqiandblood.與氣和血的關(guān)系非常相Thisisshowninthefollowingfouraspects.似。這可以從以下四方面First,qiproducesbodyfluid.Theformation,表明。第一，氣生津。津distributionandexcretionofbodyfluiddepend液的形成、分布和排泄依uponallthemovementsofqianditswarming,賴氣的運(yùn)動(dòng)和溫煦、推動(dòng)promotingandcontrollingfunctions.The 和固攝功能。人體氣的存existenceofqiinthebodynotonlydependsupon在不僅依賴血，也依賴脾blood,butonbodyfluidwhichisformedfromfood運(yùn)化的水谷精微所形成的essencebythefunctionsofthestomachand津液。因此，津液的充足spleen.So,whetherbodyfluidisadequateor與否依賴脾胃之氣的狀inadequatedependsupontheconditionsof態(tài)。第二，氣推動(dòng)津液的spleen-qiandstomach-qi.Second,qipromotesthe運(yùn)行。氣的運(yùn)動(dòng)是津液運(yùn)transportationofbodyfluid.Themovementsofqi行分布和汗尿液排泄的原arethemotivityforthetransportation,and動(dòng)力。因此，氣虛或氣的distributionofbodyfluid,andtheexcretionof功能失常，就會發(fā)生津液sweatandurine.Therefore,Incaseofdeficiency運(yùn)行、分布和排泄的紊亂，ofqiordysfunctionofqi,disturbanceofbody使津液停滯。第三，氣固fluidintransportation,distributionand攝津液。氣可以控制津液excretionwilloccur.Therebyleadingtothe的排泄，維持體液代謝平stagnationofbodyfluid.Third,qicontrolsbody衡。如氣無法控制津液的fluid.Qimaycontroltheexcretionofbodyfluid排泄，便會導(dǎo)致津液的橫andmaintainthebalanceofthemetabolismofbody溢。第四，津液是氣的載fluid,Incaseqifailstocontroltheexcretion體。這就是津能載氣。如ofbodyfluidsomeofbodyfluidwillrunoff.果沒有津液，氣就無法存Fourth,bodyfluidisacarrierofqi.（Qiresides在。這就是為什么傷津就inbodyfluid,Bodyfluidservesasacarriero會耗氣。如氣無法依托于qi）Thatis,bodyfluidcarriesqi.Qicannot津液，則氣虛甚則氣陷就existwithoutbodyfluid.Thisisthereasonwhy會隨之發(fā)生。這就是《千thelossofbodyfluidoftendamagesqi.Ifqi金翼方》所說的：“汗吐failstoattachtobodyfluid,qi-deficiencyand之后無完氣?！边^汗、大evenqiprostrationwillensue.Sothemedical汗、大瀉使津液丟失從而bookPrescriptionsoftheGoldenCabinetsays:"No導(dǎo)致氣脫就是一個(gè)例子。onehasperfectqiafterhidrosis,vomitingetc."Examplesinpointare:hidrosis,polyuria,enormousvomitinganddiarrheacausegreatlossofbodyfluid,which,inturn,givesrisetoqicolapse.Bloodandbodyfluidareliquidsand, 血和津液都是液what'smore,theybothperformthenourishingand體，而且它們都有滋養(yǎng)功moisteningfunctions.Bodyfluidwillbecomeand能。津液進(jìn)入脈中就會成importantcomponentofbloodwheninfiltrating為血液的重要組成部分。intothebloodvessels.Asbloodandbodyfluic因?yàn)檠徒蛞憾荚从谒萶riginatefromtheessenceoffoodandwater,they津液，因此被稱為“津血areknownas"bodyfluidandbloodarederived同源”。周期或嚴(yán)重出血fromacommonsource."Recurrentorsevere會損傷津液導(dǎo)致口渴、尿bleedingmaydodamagetobodyfluid,resulting少和皮膚干燥。嚴(yán)重的津inthirst,scantyurineanddryskin.Andsevere液耗損和丟失會影響血consumptionorlossofbodyfluidwillaffectthe源，導(dǎo)致津液和血液的枯sourceofblood,leadingtotheexhaustionofboth竭。因此，對于出血的患bloodandbodyfluid.Forthisreason,itisno#不宜用汗法，破血或活advisabletousediaphoreticsforhaemorrhagic血法不宜用于津液不足或patients,andthemethodsofbreakingbloodor汗證的患者。《靈樞》指prickingbloodshouldbeavoidedintreating出：“奪血者無汗，奪汗patientswiththeinadequateofbodyfluidand者無血?！辈⒄f：“形肉hidrosis.MiraculousPivotstates:"Thepatients已奪，是一奪也；大奪血lostbolldshouldavoidperspiring;whilethe之后，是二奪也；大出汗patientslostperspirationshouldavoidLosing之后，是三奪也；大泄之blood."And"thefirstcontraindicationrefersto后，是四奪也；新產(chǎn)及大emaciatedpatients;thesecondtopatientslost血之后，是五奪也。此皆blood;thethirdtopatientsaftersevere不可瀉?！眕erspirationl;thefourthtopatientsafterseverediarrhealandthefifthtopatientsofpostpartumhemorrhage.Purgationiscontraindicatedinallthesecases."Tosumup,thecloseandcomplicated 總之，三者的關(guān)系relationshipsbetweenthethreeareoftenshown是緊密復(fù)雜的，這常在生inphysiologyandpathology,andareofgreat理和病理上體現(xiàn)，對于辨importanceinTDS. 證論治非常重要。UnitElevenTextMERIDIANSANDCOLLATERALS-THEPATHWAYSTOLINKTHEWHOLEBODY(1)

經(jīng)絡(luò)—人體聯(lián)絡(luò)的通道(1)Themeridian-collateraltheoryisconcernedwiththephysiologicalfunctionsandthepathologicalchangesofthe 經(jīng)絡(luò)理論是有關(guān)經(jīng)絡(luò)meridian-collateralsystem,andtheir 系統(tǒng)的生理功能和病理變化以relationshipswithzang-fuorgans.Itisan及和臟腑之間關(guān)系的理論。它importantcomponentofthetheoretical 是中醫(yī)理論系統(tǒng)的重要組成部systemofTCM.Anditisconsideredasa分，被認(rèn)為是所有中醫(yī)臨床學(xué)theoreticalbasisofallclinicalsubjectsof科特別是針灸、推拿和氣功的TCM,especiallythatofacupuncture, 理論基礎(chǔ)。另外，它還指導(dǎo)其moxibustion,tuinaandqigong.Besides,it它分支學(xué)科的臨床實(shí)踐。guidestheclinicalpracticeofotherbranchesofTCM.Themeridiansandcollateralsarepathwaysalongwhichqiandbloodcirculatethroughthewholebody.Themeridiansarethe 經(jīng)絡(luò)是氣血循行全身majortrunksofthemeridian-collateral的通道。經(jīng)是經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的主干systemandrunlongitudinallywithinthe縱行于人體，而絡(luò)是經(jīng)的分支，body,whilethecollateralsarethebranches呈網(wǎng)狀分布于全身。因此，經(jīng)ofthemeridiansandarereticularly 絡(luò)溝通人體臟腑肢節(jié)，上下內(nèi)distributedoverthewholebody.Hence,the外，使人體的臟腑組織成為一meridiansandcollaterals,connectingthe個(gè)有機(jī)整體。zang-fuorganswithextremities,theupperwiththelowerandtheinternalwithihe

externalportionsofthebody,makeallthebody'sorgansandtissuesanorganicwhole.TheCompositionoftheMeridian-CollateralSystemThemeridian-collateralsystemconsistsofmeridiansandcollateralsaswellastheir經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)由經(jīng)和絡(luò)互subsidiaryparts.Thissystem,internally,補(bǔ)而成。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)聯(lián)絡(luò)臟linksthezang-fuorgansand,externally,腑組織，在外溝通筋骨肌膚。joinsthetendons,muselesandskin.Themeridiansareclassifiedintothreecategories:theregularmeridiansandtheextrameridiansandthedivergentmeridians.Therearetwelveregularmeridians,namelythethreeyinmeridiansaswellasthethreeyangmeridiansofthehandsandfeet.Theyareknowncollectivelyas"thetwelveregularmeridians",whicharethemainpassagesforqiandbloodcirculationandstartandterminateatgivenseats,runalongfixedroutesandmeetindefiniteorders.Theyaredirectlyconnectedwiththerelevantzang-fuorgans.TheeightextrameridiansarecomposedofDu,Ren,Chong,Dai,Yinqiao,Yangqiao,YinweiandYangweimeridians.Theyareinterlatedwiththetwelveregularmeridiansandperformthefunctionsofdominating,connectingandadjustingthetwelveregularmeridians.Andtheyarenotdirectlyrelatedtotheinternalorgansinaddition,thetwelvedivergentmeridiansaretheextensionsofthetwelvemeridians.Theyoriginatefromthelimbs,rundeeperintothezang-fuorgansandemergefromtheshallowneck.Theiractionistoenhancethe經(jīng)可以分為三類：正經(jīng)、奇經(jīng)和經(jīng)別。有十二正經(jīng)即手足三陰三陽經(jīng)。它們被總稱為“十二正經(jīng)”，是氣血循行的主要通道，有固定的起止點(diǎn)，按照一定的路徑循行并按一定順序交接。它們與相對應(yīng)的臟腑直接相連。奇經(jīng)八脈由督、任、沖、帶、陰蹻、陽蹻陰維和陽維脈組成。它們與十二正經(jīng)相互聯(lián)系，并行使控制、聯(lián)系和調(diào)節(jié)十二正經(jīng)的功能。另外，它們不與臟腑直接相關(guān)。十二經(jīng)別是十二正經(jīng)的延續(xù)。它們起于四肢，深入臟腑，淺出于項(xiàng)部。它們的作用是加強(qiáng)十二正經(jīng)表里兩經(jīng)的聯(lián)系，并補(bǔ)充十二正經(jīng)所不能到達(dá)的臟腑和身體區(qū)域。Linksbetweeneverypairofmeridiansexteriorly-interiorlyrelatedinthetwelvemeridiansandcomplementtheorgansandbodilyareastowhichtheregularmeridianscannotget.經(jīng)可以分為三類：正經(jīng)、奇經(jīng)和經(jīng)別。有十二正經(jīng)即手足三陰三陽經(jīng)。它們被總稱為“十二正經(jīng)”，是氣血循行的主要通道，有固定的起止點(diǎn)，按照一定的路徑循行并按一定順序交接。它們與相對應(yīng)的臟腑直接相連。奇經(jīng)八脈由督、任、沖、帶、陰蹻、陽蹻陰維和陽維脈組成。它們與十二正經(jīng)相互聯(lián)系，并行使控制、聯(lián)系和調(diào)節(jié)十二正經(jīng)的功能。另外，它們不與臟腑直接相關(guān)。十二經(jīng)別是十二正經(jīng)的延續(xù)。它們起于四肢，深入臟腑，淺出于項(xiàng)部。它們的作用是加強(qiáng)十二正經(jīng)表里兩經(jīng)的聯(lián)系，并補(bǔ)充十二正經(jīng)所不能到達(dá)的臟腑和身體區(qū)域。絡(luò)是經(jīng)的分支，可分為三類：別絡(luò)、浮絡(luò)和孫絡(luò)。起源于十二正經(jīng)和任督二脈的別絡(luò)和脾之大絡(luò)統(tǒng)稱為“十五別Thecollateralsarethebranchesofthemeridians.Theyaredividedintothreegroups:thedivergentcollaterals,superficialcollateralsandtertiary

絡(luò)是經(jīng)的分支，可分為三類：別絡(luò)、浮絡(luò)和孫絡(luò)。起源于十二正經(jīng)和任督二脈的別絡(luò)和脾之大絡(luò)統(tǒng)稱為“十五別絡(luò)”。它們的作用是加強(qiáng)表里兩經(jīng)在體表上的聯(lián)系。浮絡(luò)循行于人體的表層并常出于體表。孫絡(luò)是整個(gè)人體中最細(xì)小的絡(luò)脈。collaterals.Thedivergentcollateralsarethelargerandmaincollaterals.ThedivergentcollateralsoriginatefromthetwelvemeridiansaswellasDuandRenmeridiansrespectively.Togetherwithalargespleniccollateral,theyarealtogether"fifteendivergentcollaterals".絡(luò)”。它們的作用是加強(qiáng)表里兩經(jīng)在體表上的聯(lián)系。浮絡(luò)循行于人體的表層并常出于體表。孫絡(luò)是整個(gè)人體中最細(xì)小的絡(luò)脈。Theirchieftaskistostrengthenthelinksbetweeneverypairofmeridiansexteriorly-interiorlyrelatedonthebodysurface.Thesuperficialcollateralsareonesthatrunthroughthesurfacelayerofthehumanbody,andoftenemergeonthesurface.Andthetertiarycollateralsrefertothesmallestandthethinnestonesofthewholebody.Inaddition,therearethesubsidiary

partsofthemeridiansystem,includingthe此外，尚有經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的附屬部分包括十二皮部和十二經(jīng)筋。因此，它們是分別連接人體淺表和肌肉的部分?？紤]到十二正經(jīng)和奇經(jīng)八脈是經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，我們將以其為主題進(jìn)行討論。twelveskinzonesandtwelvemusculaturezones.Therefore,theyarethepartsthatconnectthetwelvemeridianswiththesuperficialportionsandthemuscularportionsofthebodyrespectively.Consideringtheimportantplaceofthetwelvemeridiansandtheeightextrameridiansinthemeridian-collateralsystem.wearegoingtotakethemasthemainsubjectfordiscussion.此外，尚有經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的附屬部分包括十二皮部和十二經(jīng)筋。因此，它們是分別連接人體淺表和肌肉的部分?？紤]到十二正經(jīng)和奇經(jīng)八脈是經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，我們將以其為主題進(jìn)行討論。表2.十二正經(jīng)的命名和歸類Tab.表2.十二正經(jīng)的命名和歸類Tab.2showsthateverymeridianconsistsof表2說明了每條經(jīng)都由三部分threeparts.1)Handorfoot:組成。（1）手或足Themeridiansstartingorterminatingatthehandarenamed"Hand",whilethose 經(jīng)脈起于或止于手者startingorterminatingatthefootarenamed命名為“手”，起于或止于足"Foot".Sothetwelvemeridiansaredivided者命名為“足"。所以，十二intofourgroups:threeyinmeridiansof正經(jīng)可分為四組：手三陰經(jīng)，hand,threeyangmeridiansofhand,threeyin手三陽經(jīng)，足三陰經(jīng)，足三陽meridiansoffoot,andthreeyang-meridians經(jīng)。每條經(jīng)都是根據(jù)其所在手offoot.Eachofthemeridianisnamed足的內(nèi)外面的位置、臟腑歸屬accordingtothemedialorthelateralaspect和陰陽性質(zhì)命名的。ofhandorfoot,thenamestowhichzangand

fupertain,andthenatureofyinoryang.2)Yinoryang: (2)陰或陽Themeridiansgoinginthemedialaspect循行于四肢內(nèi)側(cè)的經(jīng)ofthelimbsarenamed"yin",whereasthoseinthelateralaspectsarenamed"yang".Themedialaspectofthelimbsissubdividedinto脈命名為“陰”，而循行于外循行于四肢內(nèi)側(cè)的經(jīng)側(cè)者為“陽”。四肢內(nèi)側(cè)又可分為前、中、后三部，陰經(jīng)循行于該部分的分別稱為太陰、The厥陰和少陰。四肢外側(cè)同樣可側(cè)者為“陽”。四肢內(nèi)側(cè)又可分為前、中、后三部，陰經(jīng)循行于該部分的分別稱為太陰、The厥陰和少陰。四肢外側(cè)同樣可以分為前、中、后三部。陽經(jīng)Taiyin,JueyinandShaoyinrespectively.lateralsurfaceofthelimbsisalsosubdividedintotheanteriorborder,the循于此者分別為陽明、少陽和midlineandtheposteriorborder.Andyang太陽。meridiansaretermed"Yangming","Shaoyang",1 〃rp? 〃and"Taiyang".3）臟或腑3）臟或腑Thenomenclatureofzangorfuisdeterminedinthelightofthenaturetowhich 臟或腑的命名是根據(jù)zangorfupertains.Forexample,the 臟或腑的歸屬決定的。例如，meridianpertainingtothekidneyisnamed屬于腎的經(jīng)脈命名為腎經(jīng)，其thekidneymeridian,andtherestmaybe余由此類推。deducedbyanalogy.Tosumup,itisquiteevidentthatthere總之，很顯然十二正經(jīng)isnonamethatdoesnotinvolvehandorfoot,中沒有不以手足、陰陽、臟腑yinoryang,zang-organorfu-organinthe命名的。twelvemeridian.(ToBeContinued)MERIDIANSANDCOLLATERALS-THEPATHWAYSTOLINKTHEWHOLEBODY經(jīng)絡(luò)—人體聯(lián)絡(luò)的通道Courses,Connections,Distributions, 十二正經(jīng)的起源、交接、Exterior-lnteriorRelationsandFlowingOrderof分布、表里關(guān)系和走行規(guī)theTwelveMeridians 律1.TheCoursingandConnectingLawoftheTwelv1.十二正經(jīng)的起源和交Meridians 接規(guī)律Thecoursingandconnectinglawofthetwelve 十二正經(jīng)的起源meridiansis:thethreeyinmeridiansofthehand和交接規(guī)律是：手三陰經(jīng)travelfromthechesttotheendofthefingers起于胸部行至手指端，在wheretheyconnectwiththethreeyangmeridianst匕與手三陽經(jīng)交接；手三ofthehand;thethreeyangmeridiansofthehar陽經(jīng)由手扌旨端上行至頭，goupfromtheendofthefingerstotheheador在此與足三陽經(jīng)相交接；whichtheyconnectwiththethreeyangmeridians足三陽經(jīng)由頭向下行至ofthefoot;thethreeyangmeridiansofthefodi腳趾頭處，在此與足三陰

descendfromtheheadtothetheendoftoeswhere經(jīng)相交接；足三陰經(jīng)由腳theyjointhethreeyinmeridiansofthefoot;the趾頭處上行至胸腹部，在threeyinmeridiansofthefootascendfromthe此與手三陰經(jīng)相交接。這toestotheabdomenandchestinwhichtheymeet羊，十二正經(jīng)彼此聯(lián)系，thethreeyinmeridiansofthehand.Thus,the形成了一個(gè)陰陽暢通循twelvemeridiansareconnectedwitheachother,行的通道，如環(huán)無端。見formingacirclelikepathwayalongwhichyinand下表。yangsmoothlycirculatewithoutterminus.Seethefollowingdiagram.Fig.5FlowingdirectionandConnectingLawofthe表5.十二正經(jīng)循行方向TwelveMeridians 及交接規(guī)律Itisclearlyseenfromfig.5thatthe 從表5可以清楚threeyangmeridiansofthehandterminateatthe的知道手三陽經(jīng)止于頭headfromwhichthethreeyangmeridiansofthe而足三陽經(jīng)起于頭，手足footstart.Thethreeyangmeridiansofthehanc三陽經(jīng)在頭部相會。因andthefootmeetattheheadSo,TCMsays:"The此，中醫(yī)云：“頭乃諸陽headisthejunctionofallyangmeridians"之會”。十二正經(jīng)對稱的分布于人體的左右兩邊，牛按一定的路徑循行。在of四肢的分布是：陰經(jīng)分布o(jì).f于四肢的內(nèi)側(cè)面，陽經(jīng)分.布于四肢的外側(cè)面。太陰和陽明分布于肢體的前十二正經(jīng)對稱的分布于人體的左右兩邊，牛按一定的路徑循行。在of四肢的分布是：陰經(jīng)分布o(jì).f于四肢的內(nèi)側(cè)面，陽經(jīng)分.布于四肢的外側(cè)面。太陰和陽明分布于肢體的前少陰和太陽分布于后

厥陰和少陽分布于中Thetwelvesymmetrically部。頭面的分布：陽明經(jīng)行于面額部，太陽經(jīng)行于頰部、頭頂及枕部，少陽行于頭的兩側(cè)。Distributionontheheadandface:Yangmingmeridiansrunthroughthefaceandforehead,Taiyangmeridiansrunthroughthecheek,vertexandocciputoftheheadandShaoyangmeridiansrunthroughbothsidesofthehead.頭面的分布：陽明經(jīng)行于面額部，太陽經(jīng)行于頰部、頭頂及枕部，少陽行于頭的兩側(cè)。Distributioninthebodytrunk:Thethree 在軀干部的分yangmeridiansofhandrunthroughthescapular布：手三陽經(jīng)行于肩胛part.Amongthethreeyangmeridiansoffoot,部。足三陽經(jīng)當(dāng)中，陽明Yangmingmeridiansruninthefrontofthetrunl經(jīng)行于前腹部，太陽經(jīng)沿(thoracico-abdominalaspect),Taiyangmeridians背部循行，少陽行于兩alongtheback(thedorsalaspect),andShaoyang側(cè)。所有的手三陰經(jīng)無一meridiansalongthesides.Allthethreeyin例外的起于腋窩部，所有meridiansofthehandcomeoutoftheaxillae的足三陽經(jīng)沿腹部循行。withoutexception,allthethreeyinmeridiansof沿腹部循行的經(jīng)脈由內(nèi)

footrunalongtheventralaspect.Themeridians至外的順序是：足少陰runningthroughtheventralaspectfromthemedial經(jīng)、足陽明經(jīng)、足太陰經(jīng)tothelateralare,inturn,termedFoot-Shaoyin,和足厥陰經(jīng)。(注釋：在Foot-yangming,Foot-TaiyinandFoot-Jueyin(note:雙下肢，踝上8寸(24asregardsthemedialsidesofthetwolowerlimbs,厘米)以下為厥陰在前，at8cun(24cm)abovethemedialmalleoli,Jueyir太陰在中，少陰在后。)islocatedintheanterior,TaiyininthemiddleandShaoyinintheposteriorpart.)十二正經(jīng)的表里關(guān)系TheExterion-InteriorRelationsbetweentheTwelveMeridians十二正經(jīng)的表里關(guān)系Thetwelveregularmeridians,connectedwitheachotherbythedivergentmeridiansanddivergentcollaterals,formsixpairsofexterior-interiorrelationships.Their十二正經(jīng)通過經(jīng)exterior-interiorrelationshipsareasfollows:別和別絡(luò)彼此聯(lián)系，形成d了六對表里關(guān)系。它們的表里關(guān)系如下：手陽明大腸經(jīng)和手太陰肺經(jīng)；手少陽三焦經(jīng)和手厥陰心包經(jīng)；手太陽小腸經(jīng)和手少陰心經(jīng)；足陽明胃經(jīng)和足太陰脾經(jīng)；足少陽膽經(jīng)和足厥陰肝經(jīng)；足太陽膀胱f經(jīng)和足少陰腎經(jīng)。足太陽of和足少陰經(jīng)相表里，足少陽和足厥陰經(jīng)相表里，足陽明經(jīng)和足太陰經(jīng)相表里。這些稱為“足陰陽經(jīng)”。而手太陽經(jīng)和手少陰經(jīng)相表里，手少陽和手厥陰經(jīng)相表里，手陽明經(jīng)和手太陰經(jīng)相表里。這些稱為“手陰陽經(jīng)”。theLargeIntestineMeridianofHand-yangmingandtheLungMeridianofHand-Taiyin;theTri-energizerMeridianofHand-ShaoyangandthePericardiumMeridianofHand-Jueyin;theSmallintestineMeridianofHand-TaiyangandtheHeartMeridianofHand-Shaoyin;theStomachMeridianofFoot-yangmingandthespleenMeridianofFoot-Taiyin;theGallbladderMeridianoffoot-ShaoyangandtheLiverMeridianofFoot-Jueyin;andtheUrinaryBladderMeridianFoot-TaiyangandtheKidneymeridianofFoot-Shaoyin.TheTaiyangmeridianandShaoyinmeridianoffootareexteriorly-interiorlyrelated,andsoaretheShaoyangmeridianandtheJueyinmeridianoffoot,andtheYangmingmeridianandTaiyinmeridianoffoot.Thesearecalledthe"yinandyangoffoot";whiletheTaiyangmeridianandtheShaoyinmeridianofhandareexteriorly-interiorlyrelated,andsoaretheShaoyangandtheJueyinmeridians,andtheYangmingandtheTaiyinmeridiansofhand.Thesearecalledthe"yinandyangofhand".theLargeIntestineMeridianofHand-yangmingandtheLungMeridianofHand-Taiyin;theTri-energizerMeridianofHand-ShaoyangandthePericardiumMeridianofHand-Jueyin;theSmallintestineMeridianofHand-TaiyangandtheHeartMeridianofHand-Shaoyin;theStomachMeridianofFoot-yangmingandthespleenMeridianofFoot-Taiyin;theGallbladderMeridianoffoot-ShaoyangandtheLiverMeridianofFoot-Jueyin;andtheUrinaryBladderMeridianFoot-TaiyangandtheKidneymeridianofFoot-Shaoyin.TheTaiyangmeridianandShaoyinmeridianoffootareexteriorly-interiorlyrelated,andsoaretheShaoyangmeridianandtheJueyinmeridianoffoot,andtheYangmingmeridianandTaiyinmeridianoffoot.Thesearecalledthe"yinandyangoffoot";whiletheTaiyangmeridianandtheShaoyinmeridianofhandareexteriorly-interiorlyrelated,andsoarethe十二正經(jīng)的表里關(guān)系不僅加強(qiáng)了表里兩經(jīng)的聯(lián)系，而且加強(qiáng)了每對相表里臟腑之間的聯(lián)系使它們在生理上相互協(xié)調(diào)，在病理上相互影Theexterior-interiorrelationshipofthetwelvemeridiansnotonlystrengthentheconnectionbetweeneachspecificpairofmeridianswithexterion-interiorrelationship,butalsopromoteeachpairofzang-fuwiththeexterior-interiorrelationshiptocoordinateeachotherphysiologicallyandinfluenceeach響。在治療上，表里兩經(jīng)otherpathologically.Intreatment,acupointso啲穴位可以相輔為用。十二正經(jīng)的表里關(guān)系不僅加強(qiáng)了表里兩經(jīng)的聯(lián)系，而且加強(qiáng)了每對相表里臟腑之間的聯(lián)系使它們在生理上相互協(xié)調(diào)，在病理上相互影3)TheFlowingOrderoftheTwelveMeridians十二正經(jīng)的走行規(guī)律ThecirculationofqiandbloodinsidetheTwelvemeridiansislikethecircularmovement 十二正經(jīng)中氣血endlessly.Theircirculationstartsfromthelung的循行如環(huán)無端。它們起meridianofHand-Taiyin,runstotheliver于肺經(jīng)通往肝經(jīng)。meridian.THECAUSESTOINDUCEDISEASES——ETIOLOGY疾病產(chǎn)生的原因—病因?qū)WEtiologyisdefinedasvariouskindsoffactorsthatcausediseases.AsTCMseesit,etiologymainlyincludsthesixexogenouspathogens,pestilence,(epidemicpathogencfactors)thesevenemotions, 病因?qū)W的定義emotionalfrustration,improperdiet,overwork,是造成疾病的各種原maladjustmentbetweenworkandrest,traumatic因。在中醫(yī)看來，病因injuries,insectoranimalbites,phlegmretention,主要有六淫、疫氣、七bloodstasis,etc.ZhangZhongJingoftheEastern情、飲食不節(jié)、勞逸失HanDynastypointedout:"Despitenumerous 度、外傷、痰飲、瘀血diseases,theywouldnotexceedthreecategories".等。東漢時(shí)期的張仲景UptotheSongDynasty,ChenWuzeputforwardthe指出：“千般災(zāi)難，不theoryofthethreecategoriesofetiologicfactors越三條”。到宋代，陳e.,exogenouspathogenicfactors, 無擇提出三因?qū)W說，即：endogenouspathogenicfactorsand 外因、內(nèi)因、不內(nèi)外因。non-endo-exogenouspathogenicfactors.Tobemore更具體的說，六淫自夕卜specific,sixpathogenicfactorsinvadingthebody侵犯人體屬于外因；七fromtheoutsidepertaintoexogenouspathogenic情直接傷及內(nèi)臟屬于內(nèi)factors;thesevenemotionsdirectlyinvolvingthe因；其它如飲食不節(jié)、internalorgansareattributedtoendogenous過勞，夕傷、蟲害等屬pathogenicfactors;otherpathogenicfactors,such于不內(nèi)夕因。三因?qū)W說asimproperdiet,overwork,traumaticinjury,在后世產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的反insectandanimalbites,etc.,aresaidtobe響并促進(jìn)了病因?qū)W的研non-endo-exogenouspathogenicfactors."Thetheory究。ofthethreecategoriesofetiologicfactors"causedstrongrepercussionsinlateragesandpromotedtheresearchintotheetiology.Indiscerningetiology,besideshavinga 辨別病因除了soundknowledgeoftheobjectiveconditionsthat要對可能導(dǎo)致疾病的客possiblyleadtoillness,TCMcentersattentionon觀環(huán)境有全面的認(rèn)識theclinicalmanifestationsofdiseases,and夕，還要注意疾病的臨

inquiresintotheetiologythroughanalyzingthe床表現(xiàn)，從分析癥狀中symptomsandsignssothatabasisfortreatmentand尋求病因，從而為藥物治療提供依據(jù)。這種方法叫“辨證求因”。六淫是風(fēng)、寒、暑、濕、燥、火的總稱。正常情medicationsmaybeisprovided.Thismethodiscalled"seekingcauseofdiseasethroughdifferentiationofsyndromes."Thesixexogenousfactorsareageneraltermforwind,cold,summer—heat,damp,drynessandfire.Undernormal況下，它們是六種氣候conditions,theyaresixclimaticfactors.TCM治療提供依據(jù)。這種方法叫“辨證求因”。六淫是風(fēng)、寒、暑、濕、燥、火的總稱。正常情callsthemthe"sixqi."Theyarenotharmfulto氣”。它們對人體無害，humanbeingsbutratheraretheessential 而是自然界萬物生長的conditionsofthegrowthofalllivingthingsin必要環(huán)境。因此，正常nature.Thus,thesixqiwillnotcausediseases情況下六氣不導(dǎo)致疾normally.However,whenthesixqibecometoo 病。然而，當(dāng)六氣太過excessiveordeficient,orwhenthebody's 或不足、人體的抵抗拉resistanceistooweaktoadaptitselftothe太弱不能適應(yīng)異常變化abnormalchanges,thesixqiwillbechangedintoB寸，六氣就會變成病因thepathogenicfactorstoattackthehumanbodyand侵犯人體，導(dǎo)致疾病。causediseases.They,assuch,areknownas"six在六淫中，有五種是由exogenouspathogens"(liuyin).Ofthesix 于內(nèi)臟功能失調(diào)所引exogenouspathogensthefiveresultfromthe起，并非外邪自外侵犯dysfunctionofthezang-fuorgansratherthanthe人體，雖然它們也有類exogernousfactorsinvadingthebodyfromthe似風(fēng)、寒、濕、燥、火outsidethoughtheyalsohavethesymptomssimilar的證候。為了將它們與towind,cold,dampness,drynessandfire.(Of...六淫區(qū)別，把它們稱為是介詞短語提前。前置同倒裝等一樣，是強(qiáng)化信息的重“內(nèi)生五邪”即內(nèi)風(fēng)、要手段之一。有如：a.Ofthetwothelatterisfar內(nèi)寒、內(nèi)濕、內(nèi)燥、內(nèi)betterthantheformer.b.Ofthe100casestreated火。withthistherapy,60aremaleand40female)Inordertodistinguishthemfromthesixexogenouspathogens,theyaretermedthe"fiveendogenouspathogens",i.e.,theendogenouswind,endogenouscold,endogenousdampness,endogenousdrynessandendogenousfire.Thepathogenicfeaturesofthesixexogenouspathogensareasfollows.(l)Thesixexogenouspathogenshaveclose (1)六淫與季節(jié)變化和relationshipswiththeseasonalchangesandliving生活環(huán)境有密切關(guān)系。environment.Forexample,diseasescausedby例如，風(fēng)邪致病多在春wind-pathogenmostlyoccurinspring;summer-heat季；暑邪致病通常在夏diseascsusuallyappearinsummer;dampdiseases季；暑邪致病通常發(fā)生oftenhappeninlatersummer,drydiseasesarise在夏至后；燥邪致病多mostofteninautumnandcolddiseasesareoften在秋季；寒邪致病見于seeninwinter.Andthepeoplewholiveindamp冬季。生活在潮濕環(huán)境circumstancesaresusceptibletodampdiseases,的人易感受濕邪，而生

whilethepeoplelivingunderahightemperatureare活在高溫環(huán)境下的人則liabletocontractfireordrynessdiseases.易感染火邪或燥邪。（2）六淫可以單獨(dú)侵犯人體也可兩種以上同時(shí)侵犯人體。例如，普通感冒通常由風(fēng)寒之邪所致；瀉泄由濕熱之邪所致；風(fēng)寒濕夾雜而致痹癥等。（3）六淫之間可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化。例如，體內(nèi)寒邪可化熱，暑濕可以化火化燥傷陰。(2)（2）六淫可以單獨(dú)侵犯人體也可兩種以上同時(shí)侵犯人體。例如，普通感冒通常由風(fēng)寒之邪所致；瀉泄由濕熱之邪所致；風(fēng)寒濕夾雜而致痹癥等。（3）六淫之間可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化。例如，體內(nèi)寒邪可化熱，暑濕可以化火化燥傷陰。(3)Theymaybetransformedintoeachother.Examplesare:pathogeniccoldinthebodymaybetransformedintoheatandprolongedsummer-heatdampnessmaybringaboutdrynessandfiretoimpairyin.(4)Thelastfeaturcofthesixexogenouspathogens(4)六淫的最后一個(gè)特isthattheyinvadethehumanbodyviathebodyisthattheyinvadethehumanbodyviathebody點(diǎn)是它們可以由體表或surfaceorfromthemouthandnoseorthroughbot^鼻或同時(shí)侵犯人體concurrently.Thisisknownas"affectionresultingpathogens."這就是“外感六淫”。fromsixexogenouspathogens."Thesevenemotionsactivities.InTCM,classes:joy,anger,melancholy,anxiety,grief,fearandterror.Theyarethedifferentresponsestotheenvironmentalstimuliinthehumanbodyingeneralcircumstances,theybelongtothenormalrefertothehumanmentalThesevenemotionsactivities.InTCM,classes:joy,anger,melancholy,anxiety,grief,fearandterror.Theyarethedifferentresponsestotheenvironmentalstimuliinthehumanbodyingeneralcircumstances,theybelongtothenormal的精神活動(dòng)。中醫(yī)把它theyareclassifiedintoseven們歸為七類：喜、怒、哀、思、悲、驚、恐。在正常情況下，它們是人體對環(huán)境刺激的不同反應(yīng)，屬于正常的生理physiologicalactivitiesandwillnotcause活動(dòng)，不會致病。當(dāng)突diseases.Whensudden,strong,longorprotracted然、強(qiáng)烈、持久的精神然、強(qiáng)烈、持久的精神(prolonged)emotionalstimuligobeyondthebody's刺激超出了人體的適應(yīng)adaptabilityandendurance,theemotionalstimuli力和忍受力，情感刺激willbecomepathogenicfactors,whichcause就會成為致病因素，引dysfunctionofqi,bloodandthezang-fuorgansand起氣、血和臟腑的功能imbalanceofyinandyang,henceleadingto失調(diào)和陰陽失衡，從而diseases.Thisisknownas"internalinjurycaused導(dǎo)致疾病。這就是“內(nèi)bytheseven".傷七情”。Thesevenemotionsaredifferentfromthesix 七情致病與六exogenouspathogensincausingdiseases.Thesix淫不同。正如以上所提exogenouspathogens,asmentionedahove,usually及的，六淫通常由肌膚invadethebodythroughtheskin,mouthandnose，口鼻侵犯人體，在早期anditismostlyexteriorsyndromesattheearly多屬于表證。而七情致stageoftheonset.Thesevenemotions,however,病，則是直接影響相應(yīng)directlyaffectthecorrespondingzang-fuorgansto的臟腑而發(fā)病。因?yàn)槟?/p>

bringondiseasesbecauseacertainzang-fuorgan—臟腑與某一情志活動(dòng)iscloselyrelatedtoacertainemotionalactivity.有密切關(guān)系。所以中醫(yī)(不定式短語tobringon...在句中作結(jié)果狀語。又云：“怒傷肝；喜傷心女口：a.Arthurreturnedhometobestruckbyanother憂傷肺；思傷脾；驚恐blow.b.WhathaveIdonetodeservesomuch?c.He傷腎”。異常情緒主要madealongspeechonlytoshowhisignoranceofthe影響內(nèi)臟氣的活動(dòng)，導(dǎo)subject.)SoTCMsays,"Angerimpairstheliver;致氣的升降失常。具體excessivejoyimpairstheheart;griefor 的說“怒則氣上；喜則melancholyimpairsthelung,anxietyimpairstbe氣緩；悲則氣消；恐則spleen,andfrightorfearimpairsthekidney",The氣下；驚則氣亂；思則abnormalemotionsmainlyinfluenceqiactivityof氣結(jié)"。至于其它病因theinternalorgans,soastocausethedysfunction女口蟲害、飲食不節(jié)、勞inascendinganddescendingofqi.Concretely逸失度、寄生蟲、外傷、speaking,"Angercausestheqi(totheliver)to痰凝、血瘀等，雖然同ascend:joymakestheqi(oftheheart)sluggish;樣重要，但鑒于篇幅所sorrowmakestheqi(ofthelung)consumed;fear限，恕不論之。inducestheqi(ofthekidney)todissipate;frightcausesthedisorderoftheqi(oftheheart);andanxietybringsaboutthedepressionoftheqi(ofthespleen)."Asconcernsotherpathogenicfactorssuchaspestilence,improperdiet,maladjustmentofworkandrest,parasites,surgicaltrauma,phlegmretention,bloodstasis,etc,wehaveto,thoughtheyareofequalimportance,givethemuponaccountoflimitedspace.特殊短語邪氣特殊短語邪氣外邪3.時(shí)邪4.風(fēng)邪5.內(nèi)風(fēng)6.外風(fēng)Pathogenicfactors;pathogensexogenouspathogenicfactors;(exogenouspathogenic)seasonalpathogenicfactors(seasonalpathogens)pathogenicwindendogenouswindexogenouswind7.風(fēng)為百病之長8.諸暴強(qiáng)直，7.風(fēng)為百病之長8.諸暴強(qiáng)直，皆屬于風(fēng)Suddenspasmandrigidityofmusclesresultfromwind.Vomitingwithsourvomitusofspoutingdiarrhea9.諸病吐酸，暴注下withtenesmusiscausedbywind. 迫，皆屬于熱。Abdominaldistensionismainlyrelatedtoheat10.諸脹腹大，皆屬于熱11.visiblephlegm12.invisiblephlegm有形之痰無形之痰13.房勞過度13.房勞過度PATHOGENESIS病機(jī)Whatismeantbypathogenesis?Bypathogenesisismeantthemechanismoftheoccurrence,developmentandoutco