工程管理專業(yè)英語課件

工程管理專業(yè)英語SpecializedEnglishforConstructionManagement莫懿懿Email:myy_11@工程管理專業(yè)英語SpecializedEnglishfo什么是專業(yè)英語？普通英語

(CommonorOrdinalEnglish)——通用、普遍的基礎詞匯以及聽說讀寫科技英語

(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)專業(yè)英語

(EnglishforSpecialScienceandTechnology)隸屬于科技英語是科技英語的一部分，以表達科技概念、理論與事實為主要目的。遵守科技英語的語法體系和翻譯方法，特別注意客觀事實和真理，表達準確(accuracy)、精煉(conciseness)和正式(formal)。是結合各自專業(yè)的科技英語有很強的專業(yè)性、涉及的面更加狹窄，與專業(yè)內容配合更為密切。專業(yè)英語與科技英語既有區(qū)別又有聯系，專業(yè)英語的學習需要有一個良好的科技英語基礎，同時也要注意其自身的詞匯特點，語法特點、修飾特點和翻譯特點等等。什么是專業(yè)英語？普通英語(CommonorOrdina2學習本課程的目的(Mainpurpose)BasedontheexistingknowledgeofConstructionManagementandEnglish,throughthecourse,youwillbeableto:ExpandthevocabularyofSpecializedEnglishforConstructionManagementImprovetheabilitytoreadandunderstandEnglishJournals/PapersforConstructionManagementImprovetheabilityofSpecializedEnglish-ChinesetranslationforConstructionManagement.學習本課程的目的(Mainpurpose)Basedon3學習要求遵守上課紀律，不要遲到、早退授課方式：朗讀專業(yè)單詞、翻譯、小組討論考核方式：出勤+隨堂練習+期末PPT成績評定：平時成績30%+考試成績70%相互溝通學習要求遵守上課紀律，不要遲到、早退4Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑項目的類型WordsandExpressionintersectvi.相交，交叉，橫斷takeshape成形，形成，具體化，體現refineryn.精煉廠，煉制廠intimatelyadv.密切地transcendvt.超過，勝過inlargemeasure在很大程度上，大部分high-risen.高樓，大廈condominiumn.共管，共有房產townhousen.市內住宅，城內住宅Unit1TypesofConstructionP5Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑項目的類型Field-labor-intensive現場勞動密集型的Accountfor占，說明Fiscal財政的Skyscraper摩天大樓Sophistication老于世故，老練，復雜Oligopoly壟斷，求過于供Footpath人行道，小路Pipeline管道，管線Earthmover重型推土機Crane起重機Unit1TypesofConstructionP6Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑項目的類型WarmUpQuestions1.Whyisresidentialconstructionindustrydominatedbylargenumbersofverysmallfirms?2.Givesomeexamplesofprojecttypesofthatofficeandcommercialbuildingconstructionmayencompass.3.Whatarethemajordistinctionsofheavyconstructioncomparedtoofficeandcommercialbuildingandresidentialhousingconstruction?4.Whatarethemajordistinctionsofindustrialconstructionincontrastwiththebasicmaterialscharacteristicofheavyengineeringconstruction?Unit1TypesofConstructionP7Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑項目的類型humanendeavor人類活動Educationalphilosophiesandpracticestakeshapeinthearchitectureofschoolsandcolleges,whilegovernmentsandcorporationexpresstheir“images”withstructuresthathousetheirofficesandproductionfacilities.教育理念和實踐在學校建筑中得以體現，而政府與企業(yè)則通過容納其辦公室和生產設備的建筑物來體現他們的“形象”。Itisdifficult,ifnotimpossible(=ifpossible如果可能的話),tocategorizeneatlysogreataspectrumofproject.ifnotimpossible雙重否定表示強烈肯定，否定句型表達肯定句型。aspectrumof

n.系列，范圍frustratevt.阻礙，挫敗

arbitraryadj.武斷的，主觀的transcendtheboundary超越邊界outnumbervt.在數量上超過parallelvt.與…相似，類似Unit1TypesofConstructionP8Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑項目的類型Thelatter(condominium),inparticular,aretechnologicallyless

closelyrelatedtoresidencesthan

tothefollowingdescriptionofnonresidentialbuildingconstructionandaresometimesincorporatedaspartofmultipurposecommercialdevelopment.尤其是后者，即共管式住宅,它們與住宅的技術關聯性不如以下描述的非住宅類建筑那樣密切相關（becloselyrelatedto），有時被合并為多功能商業(yè)發(fā)展的一部分。

Thereareafewverylargefirms,butasarulethelowcapitalandtechnologyrequirementsinthissectoroftheindustrymeansthatitischaracterized(以…為特征)bylargequantitiesofverysmallfirms.有一些大型企業(yè)，但是通常（一般）由于該行業(yè)較低的資金和技術要求，占主導地位的還是大量小型企業(yè)。amongotherthings除此之外，除了別的以外businessfailure經營失敗independentcontractor獨立承包商developer-builder開發(fā)-建造商Unit1TypesofConstructionP9Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑項目的類型massproduction批量生產thefinancingofconstructedfacilities興建設施的融資generalcontractor總承包商bespecializedin專門從事于labor-and-materialintensive勞動力與材料密集型speculativehousing投機性住oligopoly壟斷，求過于供interstateadj.【主美】州與州之間的utilitarianstructure功利性（實用性）的結構publiclyfinanced公共資金undercontractwith根據合同與competitiveopenbidding

競爭性公開招標Unit1TypesofConstructionP10Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑項目的類型dominatevt.在…占主要地位，支配…andtypicallyallphaseoftheprojectarehandledbythesamefirmonanegotiateddesign-constructor“turnkey”contractualarrangement,withconsiderableoverlapbetweendesign,procurement,andconstruction.…通常項目各階段的工作由同一企業(yè)依據談判的設計建造或交鑰匙合同安排來承擔，因而設計、采購與施工各工作之間有相當多的重疊。keypatent核心專利privatelyfinanced私人融資hoistingandmaterial-handlingequipment起重和材料處理設備Unit1TypesofConstructionP11開心連線Single-familyhomeGardenapartmentRecreationalfacilitiesRetailchainstoresMultiunittownhouseWarehouseLightmanufacturingplantSkyscraperCondominiumHigh-riseapartment多單元城內住宅獨戶住宅花園式住宅倉庫共管式建筑娛樂場所摩天大樓高層公寓零售連鎖店輕工制造廠房開心連線Single-familyhome多單元城內住宅12英漢互譯EarthmoverCraneTruckTurnkeycontractualarrangementFossil-fuelProfessionalconsultantUrbanrapidtransitsystemDisposalsystemPowerline土方巖石鋼材混凝土木材管道開發(fā)建造商分包商商業(yè)用房建設業(yè)主設備密集型英漢互譯Earthmover土方13ListeningPractice:Yours2012VocabularyCurator管理人員，館長Splititupinto裂開，分裂Archiven.檔案館，資料庫，文件Archaeology考古學Vibrant明亮的，色彩鮮艷的，充滿生機的Perimeter周圍，周邊，邊界Spiral螺旋（形），螺線ListeningPractice:Yours201214Yours2012ListentothevideoandpleaseanswerthequestionsbelowHowmanycategoriesistheexhibitionsplitupinto?Howmuchhasbeenspentonremovingwastefromthesite?HowmanyseatsarethereinthemainOlympicStadium?WhatmaterialhasusedtomakeuptheViewTube?Yours2012Listentothevideo15Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理對土木工程的重要性standaloneadj.獨立的，單獨Alogicalquestionishowarethesemanagers,whorequiresbusinessskills,developedfromapoolofcivilengineerswhoaretrainedastechnicalexperts?whorequiresbusinessskills定語從句修飾thesemanagers;whoaretrainedastechnicalexperts?修飾apoolofcivilengineersapoolof大量的，眾多的On-the-jobtraining在職訓練，崗位訓練Trainingin-house機構內部進行的訓練，內部訓練Thisisconfirmedbythefactthat…這個事實已經被證實…(引導同位語從句，補充說明fact的內容)Homeoffice公司總部Well-honed技巧純熟的Unit2EmergingRoleofManage16Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理對土木工程的重要性Thelocalmanagerisfrequentlyrequiredbytheclienttohavepowerto

attorney,toensurethatallagreementsmadeinthefieldarelegallybinding.客戶常常要求當地的經理具有代理人的權限，以確?，F場簽訂的所有協議都具有法律約束力。Toillustratetheadditionalskillsrequiredofaprojectmanager,takethecasewhereacompanyhassubmitteditsqualificationsandhasbeeninvitedtosubmitatechnicalandfinancialproposalfordesigningahighwaybeforethetimestipulated.“toillustrate”引導一個目的狀語，可以舉例說明一個項目經理所需要的額外的技能，例如一個公司已經提交了它們的資質合格證，并被邀請在規(guī)定時間內提交一份設計一條高速公路的技術與財務計劃書。adversarialrelationshipn.敵對關系，不良關系boringn.鉆孔Unit2EmergingRoleofManage17Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理對土木工程的重要性Whenlocalfirmsinsistthattheyonlyparticipateasajoin-venturepartner,theprojectmanager’sproblemsincreasebecausethelocalfirmsnormallycannotprovideaperformancebond,liabilityinsurance,orevenameaningfulsetofaccountsthatwouldestablishtheirtruesalarycostsandoverhead.在當地公司堅持它們只能以合資伙伴參與，項目經理面臨的問題就增加了，因為當地公司通常不能提供一份履約保證金、責任保險或者甚至是一套有意義的能建立它們真正的工資成本和日常開支的賬戶。Insummary,thepresentpaperisintendedtoshow……總之，本文旨在說明……acceleratevt.加速,促進，增加commandvt.贏得，擁有，掌握appreciablyad.明顯的，可覺察到，相當的Unit2EmergingRoleofManage18Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理對土木工程的重要性ComprehensionExercisesPleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.Whyaremanagerialskillshighlydemandedincivilengineering?WhatarethemainsubjectsoneshouldlearninordertogetMPM(Master’sinProjectManagement)?Whyisitnecessarytoprovidealocalmanager?Whatkindofqualitiesshouldhe/she

possess?Besidesthenormalcivilengineeringtraining,whatisamoderncivilengineerrequiredtoknow?Unit2EmergingRoleofManage19Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理對土木工程的重要性AcademicWritingExerciseDuringthepasttwodecades/tenyears,XXXhavegrownsubstantially/decreasedincreasingly/increaseddramaticallyin….XXXhavebecomemoreandmoreimportant/lessimportant/crucialbecauseXXXisextremelycrucial/importantto….在過去的20年/10年里，???大幅度增長/減少，因為???變得越來越重要/不重要…由于???變得非常重要Unit2EmergingRoleofManage20Unite3whatisProjectManagement

何為項目管理Whiletherelevanttechnology,institutionalarrangementorprocesswilldiffer,themanagementofsuchprojectshasmuchincommonwiththemanagementofsimilartypesofprojectsinotherspecialtyortechnologydomainssuchasaerospace,pharmaceuticalandenergydevelopments.盡管相關的技術，組織機構的設置和進程不一樣，但是建設項目的管理與其他專業(yè)技術領域的項目，例如航天，醫(yī)藥和能源發(fā)展，在管理上仍然有許多共同之處。Generally,projectmanagementisdistinguishedfromthegeneralmanagementofcorporationbythemission-orientednatureofaproject.一般而言，工程項目管理有別于一般企業(yè)管理的在于（在于）它是以目標（任務）為導向的本質特征。Bedistinguishedfrom表示“不同于，與……加以區(qū)別”以人為本？以教育為本？以素質教育為本？Unite3whatisProjectManage21Unite3whatisProjectManagement

何為項目管理Bycontrast,thegeneralmanagementofbusinessandindustrialcorporationsassume

abroaderoutlookwithgreatercontinuityofoperations.相比之下，工商企業(yè)的一般管理承擔著更大的操作連貫性和更廣闊的前景。Workingknowledgen.應用知識[例]ShehasaworkingknowledgeofFrench.她的法語尚可應付工作。AworkingknowledgeofSpanish.足夠運用的西班牙語的知識。Indispensableadj.必不可少的，必須的。Computerscience計算機科學；decisionscience決策科學管理學？Infact,modernmanagementpracticesandvariousspecialknowledgedomainshaveabsorbedvarioustechniquesortoolswhichwereonceidentifiedonlywiththesupportingdisciplines.事實上，現代管理實踐和各種專業(yè)知識領域都吸收了許多一度被用于支持性學科的技術和工具.Unite3whatisProjectManage22Unite3whatisProjectManagement

何為項目管理Commonplace司空見慣的，常用的Specifically,projectmanagementinconstructionencompassesasetofobjectiveswhichmaybeaccomplishedbyimplementingaseriesofoperationssubjecttoresourceconstrains.Which引導定語從句，修飾前面的asetofobjectives，翻譯時可作為并列句翻譯。Subjectto為“使遭受，使服從，受制于”具體來說，建設項目管理包含一組目標，這些目標通過在資源約束下執(zhí)行一系列的項目實施行為得以實現。imposeonvt.把…強加于Theseconflictsshouldberesolvedattheonsetofaprojectbymakingthenecessarytradeoffsorcreatingnewalternatives.這些沖突應該在項目啟動的時候就通過必要的折中權衡或者制造替代性的方案來解決。onsetn.開始，啟動Unite3whatisProjectManage23Unite3whatisProjectManagement

何為項目管理TheProjectManagementInstitutefocusesonninedistinctareasrequiringprojectmanagerknowledgeandattention項目管理協會明確了項目經理需要要了解和關注的9個方面。focuson集中注意力于……Unite3whatisProjectManage24ListeningPractice:KungfuPanda

ListentothevideoandpleaseanswerthequestionsbelowWhatarethenamesoftheFuriousFive?WhatPo’sfatherwantedtodowhenhewasyoung?What’sthenameoftheplaceofchoosingtheDragonWarrior?ListeningPractice:KungfuPan25Unit4PreparationofBids

投標文件的編制TheStandardBiddingDocumentsforProcurementofWorks(SBDW)havebeenpreparedbytheWorldBanktobeusedfortheprojectsthatarefinancedinwholeorinpartbytheWorldBank(whichincludestheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment[IBRD]andtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation[IDA],hereinaftercalled“theBank”.SBDW——工程采購標準招標文件；IBRD——國際復興開發(fā)銀行；IDA——國際開發(fā)協會Unit4PreparationofBids

投標26Unit4PreparationofBids

投標文件的編制TherearemandatoryforuseinworkscontractswhichareestimatedtocostmorethanUS&10million(includingcontingencyallowance)unlesstheBankagreeswiththeuseofotherBankStandardBiddingDocumentsonacase-by-casebasis.mandatoryadj.義務的，強制的，命令的contingencyallowance應急準備金，應急費用對于成本估計超過1000萬美元（含應急費用）的工程合同，必須使用該標準文件，除非世行同意在個別情況下使用其他銀行的標準文件。Thefollowingprovisionsthataresomeabridgementfromthefirstpart,biddingprocedures,providesrelevantinformationtohelpbidderspreparetheirbids,andinformationisalsoprovidedonthesubmission,opening,andevaluationofbidsandontheawardofcontracts.Abridgement節(jié)選內容，摘要，節(jié)本下列條款為招標程序中的第一部分的節(jié)選內容，提供相關信息幫助投標者編制其投標文件，同時還提供關于投標文件文件的提交，開標和評標以及合同授予等方面的內容。Unit4PreparationofBids

投標27Unit4PreparationofBids

投標文件的編制TheBid,aswellasallcorrespondenceanddocumentsrelatingtothebidexchangedbytheBidderandtheEmployer,shallbewritteninthelanguagespecifiedintheBiddingDocument.exchangedbytheBidderandtheEmployer為定語修飾名詞bid;specifiedintheBiddingDocument為后置定語修飾language.投標文件以及投標者和招標人之間來往的與標書有關的信件和文件，均應使用招標文件規(guī)定的（指定的）語言。SupportingdocumentsandprintedliteraturethatarepartsoftheBidmaybeinanotherlanguageprovidedtheyareaccompaniedbyanaccuratetranslationoftherelevantpassagesinthelanguagespecifiedintheBiddingDocument,inwhichcase,forpurposesofinterpretationoftheBid,suchtranslationshallgovern（管理，決定，支配）.thatarepartsoftheBid…為定語從句修飾主語supportingdocumentsandprintedliterature；inwhichcase引導定語從句。支持性文件和打印文獻，作為投標文件的一部分可以使用其他語言；但相關段落必須使用招標文件所指定的語言進行準確翻譯，在這種情況下，投標文件的翻譯應以此譯文為主。Unit4PreparationofBids

投標28Unit4PreparationofBids

投標文件的編制LetterofBid投標函pricedBillofQuantities

已標價的工程量清單BidSecurity投標保證金Writtenconfirmation

authorizingthesignatoryoftheBidtocommittheBidder委托投標人進行投標文件簽署書面授權確認文件TechnicalProposal技術標Conformto遵守，符合，順應ItemsagainstwhichnotrateorpriceisenteredbytheBidderwillnotbepaidforbytheEmployerwhenexecutedandshallbedeemedcoveredbytheratesforotheritemsandpricesintheBillofQuantities.投標人沒有填入單價和價錢的項目在實施過程中招標人將不予支付，并視為此項目已包括在其他項目單價和工程量清單的價格中。Unit4PreparationofBids

投標29Unit4PreparationofBids

投標文件的編制BidsshallremainvalidfortheperiodspecifiedintheBiddingDocumentafterthebidsubmissiondeadlineprescribedbytheEmployer.在招標人規(guī)定投標文件提交截止日期后，投標文件應在招標文件規(guī)定的期限內保持有效。Heshallextendhisbidsecurityfortwenty-eightdaysbeyondthedeadlineoftheextendedvalidityperiod.Beyond超出…之外投標人需要延長投標保證金超出延長后的投標有效截止日期的28天。UnlessotherwisespecifiedintheBiddingDocument,theBiddershallfurnishaspartofitsbid,abidsecurityinoriginalformandintheamountandcurrencyspecifiedintheBiddingDocument.除非招標文件另有規(guī)定，投標人必須提供招標文件中規(guī)定的投標保證金的表格，金額和幣種作為投標文件的一部分。Unit4PreparationofBids

投標30Unit4PreparationofBids

投標文件的編制ThebidsecurityofthesuccessfulbiddershallbereturnedaspromptlyaspossibleoncethesuccessfulBidderhassignedtheContractandfurnishedtherequiredperformancesecurity.一旦中標人簽訂了合同并按規(guī)定提交履約保證金后，中標人的投標保證金在將盡快退還。Intheeventofanydiscrepancybetweentheoriginalandthecopies,theoriginalshallprevail.Intheeventof如果…發(fā)生，萬一如果正文和副本內容不符，以正本為準。TheoriginalandallcopiesofthebidshallbetypedorwritteninindelibleinkandshallbesignedbyapersondulyauthorizedtosignonbehalfoftheBidder.所有投標文件的正本和副本都必須打印或用不褪色的墨水書寫，并經由正式授權的簽署人代表投標者簽名。Unit4PreparationofBids

投標31Unit4PreparationofBids

投標文件的編制TranslatethefollowingintoChineseLetterofbidBillofQuantitiesalternativebidsTechnicalProposalBidSecuritytheBidingDocumenttheperiodofvalidityofbidstheInternationalDevelopmentAssociationPerformancesecurityevaluationofbidTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish開標單價現金流量雜項開支破產者交易線性規(guī)劃項目風險管理預訂目標競爭性招標Unit4PreparationofBids

投標32Unit5SubmissionandOpeningofBids

投標文件的提交和開標dulyad.以適當方式，按時的bearvt.注明Ifallenvelopesarenotsealedandmarkedasrequired,theEmployerwillassumenoresponsibilityforthemisplacementorpremature

openingofthebid.如果投標文件密封袋沒有按照規(guī)定密封和標記，招標人將不承擔投標文件錯放和提前開封的責任。Theemployermayextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofbidsbyamendingthebiddingdocument,inwhichcaseallrightsandobligationsoftheemployerandbidderspreviouslysubjecttothedeadlineshallthereafterbesubjecttothedeadlineasextended.subjectto使服從，受制于；inwhichcase引導定語從句招標人也可以修改招標文件，延長提交招標文件的截止日期，在這種情況下，投標雙方在原投標截止日期前所承擔的權利和義務都將適用于延長后的新的投標截止日期。Unit5SubmissionandOpening33Unit5SubmissionandOpeningofBids

投標文件的提交和開標ABiddermaywithdraw,substitute,ormodifyitsbidafterithasbeensubmittedbysendingawrittennotice.投標人在提交投標文件后，可以書面形式撤回，替換或修改已提交的投標文件。Thecorrespondingsubstitutionormodificationofthebidmustaccompanytherespectivewrittennotice.投標文件相應的替換和修改必須附有相應的書面通知。Nobidmaybewithdrawn,substituted,ervaln.時間間隔，間隔從投標文件提交的截止日期到投標有效期期滿為止，在此期間，投標文件不得撤回，替換或修改。Unit5SubmissionandOpening34Unit5SubmissionandOpeningofBids

投標文件的提交和開標Theemployershallopenthebidsinpublicinthepresenceofbidders’designatedrepresentativesattheaddress,dateandtimespecifiedinthebiddingdocument.specifiedinthebiddingdocument為后置定語，修飾名詞address,dateandtime招標人應該按照招標文件規(guī)定的時間和地點在投標人指定代表出席的情況下公開開標。

Allotherenvelopesshallbeopenedonebyone,readingout:thenameofthebidder;thebidprice;thepresenceofabidsecurityandanyotherdetailsastheemployermayconsider。astheemployermayconsider為定語從句，修飾名詞details.所以其他的信封應依次打開，并宣讀投標人名稱、投標報價、是否提交投標保證金和招標人認為適宜的其他細節(jié)。Unit5SubmissionandOpening35HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何從父母那里要錢WordsandExpressionsSolventadj.有償化債務能力的Plasman.血漿Profitable

adj.有利可圖spermdonation精子捐獻homemadebrownies自制巧克力蛋糕cannedgoods罐裝食物Broke（break過去式）沒錢，破產，一文不值sheepishlyadj.羞怯的，怯懦的cafeteriafood餐館食物reinforcevt.強調，加強replenishvt.補充，把…加滿/v_show/id_XMzMwNDUxMzY=.htmlHowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP36HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何從父母那里要錢Soit’sonemonthintotheschoolyearandyou’vealreadyblownthroughtheentiresemester’sallowance（生活費）.You’regonna(=goingto)

needagoodstrategy.Step1:Don'tcallthem不要主動給父母打電話

Don’tcallthem—waitforthemtophone.Whentheycomplainthattheyneverhearfromyou,tellthemcallscostmoney.Tip1:Crunchsomepaperintothephoneasyou’rechatting.Whenasked,sayyou’rerollingpenniessoyoucanbuydinner.HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP37HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何從父母那里要錢Step2:Soundweak電話時聽起來要很虛弱

Nexttimetheycall,soundweak.Whentheyshowconcern,tellthemyou’rejustalittletiredfromdonatingplasma（血漿）forcashthreetimesthisweek.Tip2:Ifyou’reaguy,addthatyou’relookingintothemoreprofitable（有利可圖）spermdonation.Girls,say,“Hey,didyouguysknowIcouldget$5,000formyeggs?”HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP38HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何從父母那里要錢3:Askforcannedgoods要一些罐裝的東西

Tellyourmomyou’dlovehertosendsomeofherhomemadebrownies—thenaskifshecouldtossinafewcannedgoodsaswell.Step4:Toobroke（break過去式，一文不值）tocomehome承認沒錢回家

Gentlybreakittothemthatyouwon’tbecominghomefortheholidaysafterall.Whenpushed,sheepishly（羞怯的）admityoudon’thavethemoney.HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP39HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何從父母那里要錢Step5:Haveresponseready想好“你是怎么花錢？”的回答

Haveagoodresponsereadywhentheyaskwhathappenedtoallyourmoney,like,“I’vebeeneatingoutalottoavoidtheE.Colitheykeepfindinginthecafeteriafood.”Step6:Reinforcegoodbehavior

告訴父母“他們是世界上最好的父母”

Whentheyinsistonreplenishingyouraccount,reinforcethisgoodbehaviorbytellingthemtheyarethebestparentsinthewholewideworld.HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP40Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程費用的估算類型Apreliminaryestimateorconceptualestimateisbasedontheconceptualdesignofthefacilityatthestatewhenthebasictechnologiesforthedesignareknown.在設計的基本工藝已知的情況下，初步估算和概念估算要根據工程項目概念設計進行測算。Thedetailedestimateordefinitiveestimateismadewhenthescopeofworkisclearlydefinedandthedetaileddesigninprogress,sothattheessentialfeaturesofthefacilityareidentifiable.當工作范圍已經確定，詳細的設計正在進行中，并且項目的基本特征已經明確，這時就可作出工程項目詳細的估算或確切的估算。Theengineer'sestimateisbasedonthecompletedplansandspecificationwhentheyarereadyfortheownertosolicitbidsfromconstructioncontractors工程師的估價通常根據完成的圖紙和技術規(guī)范來進行，當他們被業(yè)主用來征求建筑承包商的投標。Unit6TypesofCostEstimates41Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程費用的估算類型Thelevelofdetailindecomposingthefacilityintotasksdependsonthetypeofcostestimatetobeprepared.工程項目分解為不同詳細程度的任務取決于不同類型的工程費用估算的編制。Asthebridgetypeisselected,supposethate.g.thetechnologyischosentobeatiedarchbridgeinsteadofsomenewbridgeform,apreliminaryestimateismadeonthebasisofthelayoutoftheselectedbridgeformonthebasisofthepreliminaryorconceptualdesign.onthebasisof在…的基礎上，本句為被動語態(tài)，主語為apreliminary,謂語為ismade。一旦橋梁類型確定后，假定選定了系桿拱橋而不是其他新型橋梁的技術方案，應以選定橋型的初步設計或概念設計進行初步預算。Unit6TypesofCostEstimates42Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程費用的估算類型ifageneralcontractorintendstousesubcontractorsintheconstructionofafacility,itmaysolicitpricequotationsforvarioustaskstobesubcontractedtospecialtysubcontractors.如果一個總承包商擬使用施工建設中的分包商，他將要求專業(yè)分包商對所分包的各個部分進行報價。Ifallorpartoftheconstructionistobeundertakenbythegeneralcontractor,abidestimatemaybepreparedonthebasisofthequantitytakeoffsfromtheplansprovidedbytheowneroronthebasisoftheconstructionproceduresdevisedbythecontractorforimplementingontheproject.If引導條件狀語從句,主語為abidestimate,謂語為maybeprepared如果總承包商承擔全部或部分建造工作，投標報價將根據業(yè)主提供的圖紙的數量估計量或根據執(zhí)行合同的承包商設計的完成項目的施工程序來確定。Unit6TypesofCostEstimates43Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程費用的估算類型Forexample,thecostofafootingofacertaintypeorsizemaybefoundincommercialpublicationsoncostdatawhichcanbeusedtofacilitatecostestimatefromquantitytakeoffs.例如，一種類型或尺寸的基礎工程，其費用可以根據用于能加快計算工程量估計量的成本估算的費用數據文件來進行測算。However,thecontractormaywanttoassesstheactualcostofconstructionbyconsideringtheactualconstructionprocedurestobeusedandtheassociatedcostsiftheprojectisdeemedtobedifferentfromtypicaldesigns.By引導方式狀語，if引導條件狀語從句。但是，如果項目被認為不同于典型的設計，承包商將通過實際使用的施工程序和相關的費用來評估工程的實際成本。

Unit6TypesofCostEstimates44Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程費用的估算類型Consequently,thedetailedestimateisoftenusedatthebudgetestimatesinceitissufficientdefinitivetoreflecttheprojectscopeandisavailablelongbeforetheengineer’sestimate.主語為thedetailedestimate，謂語為isoftenused.Since….longbefore…為原因狀語從句由于詳細預算足以明確反映整個施工范圍，并且早在造價工程師預算前就可以采用，因此詳細概算常被用做概算。Arevisedestimatedcostisnecessaryeitherbecauseofchangeordersinitiatedbytheownerorduetounexpectedcostoverrunsorsavings.由于業(yè)主引起的訂單變更或是意外的成本超支或節(jié)約，修訂成本預算是必要的。Unit6TypesofCostEstimates45Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程費用的估算類型TranslatethefollowingintoChineseScreeningestimatesPreliminaryestimatesDetailedestimatesSubcontractorquotationsQuantitytakeoffsBudgetestimateforfinancingTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish地基，基礎參數，界限流動資金超支設計概算預算成本概念預算，概預算Unit6TypesofCostEstimates46MyfamilyareverytraditionalWarmup熱身練習ComprehensionCompletethesentenceswiththesewords:traditionalembarrassedrichinterestedseriousworried1Ahenewbusiness.2Harrywantstohaveamore.......................relationshipwithBindyu.3HarrythinksBindyuis..........................byhim.4BindyutellsOliviasheis........................abouttakingHarryhome.5Harrydoesn’tthinkheis...................enoughforBinyu’sfamily.6Bindyuthinksherfamilyisvery...................Myfamilyareverytraditional47MyfamilyareverytraditionalIwanttospend...................I’dliketotakeourrelationship.......................Shedoesn’twant..........................LetherknowI........................Hewastalking.....................Hethinksyoudon’t.....................

A

wanthimtomeetyourfamily.Bmetomeetherparents.Cwaslookingforher!Daboutyou,actually.EmoretimewithBindyu.Fabitmoreseriously.GrammarMatchthesentencehalves.從A到F中選擇可以填入1到6句中，每句限用一次Myfamilyareverytraditional48Myfamilyareverytraditional【Audioscript】Episode43:MyfamilyareverytraditionalOlivia:HeyHarry!How’sitgoing?Harry:Notbadthanks...Olivia:Areyouamillionaireyet?Harry:Eh?What?Oh...Fadi’s“FindLondon”business....Actuallyit’sgoingprettywell–we’vesetupawebsiteandnowwe’retakinglotsofenquiries,there’salotofinterest.ButI’monlyaninvestor,youknow–it’snotmyrealjob...Olivia:Soundsevenbetter-ifyoucanmakemoneywithoutworking!Harry:Yeah!Iguessthat’stheplan.That’sFadi’splananyhow!But–asyourfriendMagdasays–there’smoretolifethanmoney...Myfamilyareverytraditional49MyfamilyareverytraditionalOlivia:Well,that’scertainlytrue...Harry:Imean,IwanttospendmoretimewithBindyu–that’swhatmakesmereallyhappy...Olivia:Whydon’tyoujustgooutmoretogether?Harry:Well,weseeeachothermostdays...butit’snotthat...Olivia:Whatisitthen?Harry:I’dliketotakeourrelationshipabitmoreseriously...Olivia:But?Harry:Butshedoesn’twantmetomeetherparents...Olivia:Oh.Isee.Whynot?Harry:That’sjustit–Idon’tknowreally...Ithinkshe’sembarrassedbyme,orashamedofme...orsomething...Olivia:No!Thatcan’tbetrue!Whydoyouthinkthat?Myfamilyareverytraditional50MyfamilyareverytraditionalHarry:Idon’tknow–perhapsI’mnotrichenough,orsuccessfulenough...youknow,I’mjustanordinaryLondonguy...anyhow,Imustbeoffnow–ifyouseeBindyuletherknowIwaslookingforher!Olivia:Willdo!Bye!Bindyu:Heythere!Olivia:Hello!Oh…Harrywasjustinherelookingforyou...Bindyu:Iknewit...Imeanttocatchhim–butjustmissedhim!Olivia:Hewastalkingaboutyou,actually...Bindyu:Ohyeah?AllgoodthingsIhope...Olivia:Yes...but...Bindyu:But?Youmeanthere’sa“but”?Myfamilyareverytraditional51Myfamilyareverytr