大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)詞匯學(xué)考綱

Chapter1ADefinitionofLanguagelanguageisastructuralsystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationinasociety.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.Itisalsoaphysiologicalandpsychologicalphenomenon.Language,Society&ThoughtLanguagereflectsthecultureofasociety.Languagechangeswiththedevelopmentofasociety.Languageisusedtoexpressman’sthought.Withoutthinkingtherewouldbenohumanlanguage.ADefinitionofLinguisticslinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.phonetics,grammarandlexicologyADefinitionofLexicologyabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage,dealingwithwords,theirorigin,development,history,structure,meaningandapplication.synchronicapproach VS.diachronicapproachchapter2Whatisetymology?Etymologyisabranchoflinguistics;thestudyoftheorigin,historyanddevelopmentofwordsandtheirmeanings.LanguagefamiliesandtheEnglishlanguage(Indo-Europeanfamily,WestGermanicbranch)TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishLanguageOldEnglish(450-1150)MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)ModernEnglish(1500-)NativeWords&BorrowedWordsnativewords:polysemiccharacter,collocability,word-formingabilityborrowedwords:4groupsofloanwords(aliens,denizens,translation-loans,semanticborrowings)TheForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabularyMajorborrowingfromFrench,Latin,Greek;Otherborrowing:Scandinavianlanguages,Spanish,Italian,AmericanIndianlanguage,Chinese,Arab,IndianEnglish,Africanlanguage,Japanese,etc.Chapter3.Features&ClassificationsofWords“Awordisaminimumfreeform.”Wordafixedsoundform(externalaspect)acertainmeaning(internalaspect)Classificationsofwords:morphology(simple,compound,complex);lexicalmeaning&grammatical(functionalVS.notional);usage(popularVS.learned);characterofwords(abstractVS.concrete);motivation(motivatedVS.non-motivated);polysemicVS.monosemic;origin(nativeVS.borrowed)Meaning&SemanticsMeaning:notstable,dependingoncontext,speakersandhearers;meaningofdifferentwordformsmayberelatedtoeachothers.Semanticsisamajorbranchoflinguisticsdevotedtothestudyofmeaning.TheRelationbetweenMeaning&theObjectInmostcases,therelationbetweenasymbolandthereferentisconventionalandarbitrary.Meaning&MotivationMotivation:theconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.PhoneticmotivationGrammaticalmotivation(morphological)Motivationbymeaning(semantic)MainTypesofWordMeaninggrammaticalmeaning()lexicalmeaning:contextualmeaning(語(yǔ)境意義)denotativemeaning(概念意義)connotativemeaning(內(nèi)涵意義)stylisticmeaning(文體意義)SenseRelationbetweenWordsSynonymy(classification:absoluteVS.relativesynonyms)Antonymy(morphologicalclassification:rootVS.derivational)(semanticclassification:contraries,complementaries,conversives)Polysemy(twoprocesses:radiationVS.concatenation)Homonymy(classification:perfectVS.partial)(partialhomonyms:homograph,homophone,homoform)Hyponymy(upperterm&lowerterm)Chapter4Archaisms&NeologismsArchaisms:obsoletewords;neologisms:newwords&existingwordswithnewmeaningsTheSourcesofNeologisms:modernscienceandtechnology;political,economicandsocialchangesTheFormationofNeologisms:byword-formation;byaddingnewmeanings;byborrowing;byanalogy;bycreatingnewcoinagesChangesinMeaningCausesofMeaningChangeFourTendenciesinSemanticChangesextension(generalization):process?example?narrowing(specialization):process?example?elevation(amelioration):process?example?degradation(deterioration):process?example?SemanticChangesfromLiteralUseofWordstoTheirFigurativeUseMetaphor(anthropomorphic,animal,synaestheticmetaphors)Metonymy(classifications)Synecdoche(partforthewhole/wholeforthepart)Euphemism(differenttypesofeuphemisms)Chapter5Whatisamorpheme?thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Classification of Morphemes (free VS. bound morphemes; lexical VS. morphemes)ClassificationofWordsinMorphology-SimpleWordsCompoundWordsComplexWordsBasicConceptsinWord-formation:Root,Base&StemMainProcessesofEnglishWord-formation:Affixation(Derivation);Compounding;Conversionaffixation:prefixationVS.suffixationCompoundingconversion:ton./v./adj./othersMinorProcessesofEnglishWord-formationClipping;Acronyms;Blending;Back-formation;Analogy;OnomatopoeiaChpter6TheDefinitionofIdiomsAnidiomisafixedgroupofwordsorasingleword,orevenasentence,withaspecialmeaningthatcannotbeguessedfromitsstructure.TheFeaturesofEnglishIdioms(9features)Englishidiomscanbeveryshortorratherlong.Englishidiomstakedifferentstructures.Theidiomswhichcannotbechangedatallarefixedidioms.Anidiomhasaspecialmeaning.Englishidiomscanbeusednotonlyascolloquialexpressionsbutalsoinformalsituations.(6.1.4)Someidiomsconsistofobsoletewords.Englishidiomsrepresentacompletesemanticunit.Englishidiomsareusuallymadeofcommonwords,briefinstructureandprofoundinmeaning.Englishidiomsareoftencreatedonthebasisofalliteration,rhyme,euphonyandrepetition.DifferentStylesofEnglishIdioms(colloquial;inanysituation;formal;slangs)IdiomaticPhrasesVS.FreePhrases(whethercanbeguessed)ClassificationsofEnglishIdioms(specificgrammaticalstructures;idiomaticphraseswithfamiliarpartsofspeech;idiomswithfixedstructures;expressinggreetings,surprise,etc.;proverbs)UsagesofEnglishidioms(examplesofdifferentaspects)Chapter7DefinitionofaCollocationAcollocationisanaturalcombinationoftwoormorethantwowordsthatarecloselyjoinedtogethertoexpressaparticularmeaninginspeechandwriting.TheImportanceofLearningEnglishCollocationWithcollocations,wecansayorwritesomethinginthemostnaturalway.Collocationcanbeanalternativewayofsayingsomething,whichmaybemoreexpressiveorprecise.Usingcollocationcanimproveourstyleinwriting.Learningcollocationsingroupscanhelpusfixtheminourmemory.TheClassificationofEnglishCollocationsaccordingtowordmeaninganduses(14or4types)accordingtowordclasses(6types)AccordingtoareasofcollocationsinEnglish(2areas)RegisterUsedinEnglishCollocationsinformal;formal;business;newspaperstylechapter8EnglishasaLanguageofWorldwideUseTheHistoricalBackgroundofAmericanEnglish(3periods)firstperiod:1607~1776(beforeindependence)secondperiod:untiltheCivilWar(about1860)thirdperiod:sincetheCivilWarCharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish(conservativeness;creativeness;borrowing)DifferencesbetweenBrEandAmE(pronunciation;spelling;vocabulary;grammar)Chapter9CharacteristicsofDictionaries(4characteristics)Dictionariesarereferencebooks,tobeexact,thereferencesourceinprintorelectronicform.Dictionariesarecompiledaccordingtothenatur