Brown和Levinson的禮貌策略(課堂)課件

BrownandLevinson’s

PolitenessStrategy1

BrownandLevinson’s

PoliPerhapsthemostthoroughtreatmentoftheconceptofpolitenessisthatofPenelopeBrownandStephenLevinson,whichwasfirstpublishedin1978andthenreissued,withalongintroduction,in1987.22BrownandLevinsonsumuphumanpolitenessbehaviourinfourstrategies,whichcorrespondtotheseexamples:baldonrecord,negativepoliteness,positivepoliteness,andoff-record-indirectstrategy.

3BrownandLevinsonsumuphumaBaldon-record

Thebaldon-recordstrategydoesnothingtominimizethreatstothehearer's“face”.Anemergency:Help!Taskoriented:Givemethose!Request:Putyourjacketaway.Alerting:Turnyourlightson!(whiledriving)4Baldon-record

Thebaldon-recPositivePolitenessThepositivepolitenessstrategyshowsyourecognizethatyourhearerhasadesiretoberespected.Italsoconfirmsthattherelationshipisfriendlyandexpressesgroupreciprocity.5PositivePolitenessThepositivStrategiesSt.1Notice,attendtoHSuggeststhatSshouldtakenoticeofaspectsofH’sconditions.Examples:

“Goodnessyoucutyourhair!…BythewayIcametoborrowsomesugar.”“Whatabeautifuldress!Wherewasitbought?”“Weatetoomanybeanstonight,didn’twe?”St.2ExaggerateThisoftendonewithexaggeratedintonation,stress,andotheraspectsofprosodic.Examples: “Youareafantasticcook,thelunchwasgreat!”“Howabsolutelymarvelous/extraordinary/…..”6StrategiesSt.1Notice,attenStrategiesSt.3IntensifyinteresttoHSintensifytheinterestofhisowncontribution,by“makingagoodstory”anddrawHasaparticipantintotheconversationwithdirectquestionsandexpressionslikeyouknow,seewhatExample:“Icomeintohisroom,andwhatdoyouthinkIsee?–ahugemessallovertheplaceandrightinthemiddle,anaked….”St.4Usein-groupidentitymakersUsinganyoftheinnumerablewaystoconveyin-groupmembership:addressforms,languageordialect,jargonorslangandellipses.Examples: “Honey,canyougivemethebeer?”“Heybrother,what’sgoingon?”“Howaboutadrink?”7StrategiesSt.3IntensifyintStrategiesSt.5SeekagreementSseekswaysinwhichitispossibletoagreewithH.Examples:“Ihatethispoliticians,theyknownothingaboutthesmallcitizen,theyearn….”“Shehadanaccidentlastweek.-Ohmygood,anaccident!”St.6AvoiddisagreementThedesiretoagreeorappeartoagreewithHleadsalsotomechanismsforpretendingtoagree:whiteliesandhedge“Haveyougotfriends?-Ihavefriends.So-calledfriends.Ihadfriends.Letitputmethisway.”“It’sreallybeautifulinaway.”8StrategiesSt.5SeekagreementStrategiesSt.7Presuppose/raise/assertcommongroundThevalueofS’sspendingtimeandeffortonbeingwithH,asamarkoffriendshiporinterestinhim,bytalkingforawhileaboutunrelatedtopics.Examples:“Isn’titabeautifulday?”

“Howareyou?”AndshesaystoJim,’Iloveyou!’,andhesays…St.8JokeJokesarebasedonmutualsharedbackgroundandvaluesandputtingH“atease”.Example:“Howaboutlendingmethisoldheapofjunk?“(H’snewcadillac)9StrategiesSt.7Presuppose/rStrategiesSt.9AssertorpresupposeS’sknowledgeofandconcernforH’swantsAssertorimplyknowledgeofH’swantsandwillingnesstofitone’sownwantsinwiththem.Examples:“Look,Iknowyouwantmetobegoodinmathematics,soshouldn’tIdomyhomeworknow?”(insteadofcleaningmyroom)St.10OfferandpromiseExamples:“I’lltrytogetitnextweek!”“I’llwashthedisheslater!”10StrategiesSt.9AssertorpreStrategiesSt.11BeoptimisticSassumethatHwantsforSorforHandS,andwillhelphimtoobtainthem.Example:“You’lllendmeyourapartment-keyfortheweekend,Ihope.”St.12IncludebothSandHintheactivityExamples:“Let’sgo,girls!”“Wewillshutthedoor,ma’am.Thewindiscomingin.”11StrategiesSt.11BeoptimistiStrategiesSt.13Give(orask)reasonsExamples:“Whydon’twegoshoppingortothecinema?”“Whynotlendmeyourjacketfortheweekend?”St.14AssumeorassertreciprocitySandHmayclaimedorurgedbygivingevidenceofreciprocalrightsorobligationsobtainingbetweenSandH.Example:“YesterdayI’vewashedthedishes,sotodayit’syourturn!”12StrategiesSt.13Give(oraskNegativePolitenessThenegativepolitenessstrategyalsorecognizesthehearer'sface.Butitalsorecognizesthatyouareinsomewayimposingonthem.Someotherexampleswouldbetosay,“Idon'twanttobotheryoubut...”or“Iwaswonderingif...”

13NegativePolitenessThenegativStrategy1:BeconventionallyindirectSolvedbythecompromiseofconventionalindirectness,theuseofphrasesandsentencesthathavecontextuallyunambiguousmeaningswhicharedifferentfromtheirliteralmeaningExamples:“Canyoupleaseshutthedoor?”“Youcouldn′tpossiblytellmethetime,please?”14Strategy1:BeconventionallyStrategy2:Question,hedge

Inliterature,a“hedge“isaparticle,wordorphrasethatmodifiesthedegreeofmembershipofapredicateornounphraseinasetItsaysofthatmembershipthatitispartial,ortrueonlyincertainrespects,orthatitismoretrueandcompletethanperhapsmightbeexpectedExamples:“I′mprettysure,I′veseenthatmoviebefore.”“Iratherthinkyoushouldn′tdothat.”“Maryisatruefriend.”“Asalmonisasortoffish.”“You′requiteright”15Strategy2:Question,hedge

InStrategy3:Bepessimistic

GivesredresstoH′snegativefacebyexplicitlyexpressingdoubtthattheconditionsfortheappropriatenessofS′sspeechactobtain.Examples:“Youdon′thaveanyexoticplants,doyoubyanychance?”“Idon′timaginethere′dbeanychanceof...”“Youcouldn′tgivemeacigarette,couldyou?”16Strategy3:Bepessimistic

GivStrategy4:Minimizetheimposition,Rx

DefusingtheFTAbyindicatingthatRx,theintrinsicseriousnessoftheimposition,isnotitselfgreatSoindirectlythismaypayHdeferenceExamples:“Justamoment”“CouldIhaveatinybitof...”?“IjustwanttoaskifIcanborrowasinglesheetofpaper.”17Strategy4:MinimizetheimposStrategy5:Givedeference

2differentpossibilitiestorealizethedeference:1.)Shumblesandabaseshimself2.)SraisesH(payshimpositivefaceofaparticularnamelythatwhichsatisfiesH′swanttobetreatedsuperior.)Examples:“Welookforwardverymuchtoseeyouagain.”“Didyoumovemyluggage?”“Yes,sir,Ithoughtperhapsyouwouldn′tmindand...”18Strategy5:Givedeference

2dStrategy6:ApologizeByapologizingfordoinganFTA,thespeakercanindicatehisreluctancetoimpingeonH′snegativeface=>partiallyredresstheimpingementExamples:“Ihopethisisn′tgoingtobotheryoutoomuch:...”“Ihatetoimpose,but...”“I′mabsolutelylost...”“Pleaseforgivemeif...”19Strategy6:ApologizeByapologStrategy7:ImpersonalizeSandH

PhrasetheFTAasiftheagentwereotherthanSandtheaddresseewereotherthanHExamples:“Dothisforme”“Itlookstomelike”“Itwouldbeappreciatedif...”“Oneshouldn′tdothingslikethat”“Wefeelobligatedtoinformyouabout...”“Wecannothelpyou”“Hismajestyisnotamused”“Iwaskindofinterestedinknowingif...”20Strategy7:ImpersonalizeSanStrategy8:StatetheFTAasageneralruleTodissociateSandHfromtheparticularimpositionintheFTA(Sdoesn′twanttoimpingeH,butismerelyforcedtobycircumstances),itcanbegeneralizedasasocialrule/regulation/obligationExamples:“Passengerswillpleaserefrainfromsmokinginthisroom”“ThecommiteerequeststhePresident...”“Wedon′tsitontables,wesitonchairs,XY”21Strategy8:StatetheFTAasaStrategy9:Normalize

Themoreyounormalizeanexpression,themoreyoudissociatefromitExamples:“Youperformedwellontheexaminationsandthatimpressedusfavourably.”“Yourperformingwellontheexaminationswasimpressivetous.”“Yourgoodperformanceontheexaminationsimpressedusfavourably.”22Strategy9:Normalize

ThemoreStrategy10:Goonrecordasincurringadebt,orasnotindebtingH

ScanredressanFTAbyexplicitlyclaiminghisindebtednesstoH,orbydisclaiminganyindebtednessofHExamples:“I′llneverbeabletorepayyouif..”“Icouldeasilydothisforyou-noproblem”23Strategy10:GoonrecordasiOff-recordindirectOff-recordindirectstrategiestakesomeofthepressureoffofyou.YouaretryingtoavoidthedirectFTAofaskingforabeer.Insteadyouwouldratheritbeofferedtoyouonceyourhearerseesthatyouwantone.24Off-recordindirectOff-recordGivehints:It'sabitcoldinhere.Bevague:Perhapssomeoneshouldhavebeenmoreresponsible.Besarcastic,orjoking:Yeah,he'sarealEinstein(rocketscientist,StephenHawking,geniusandsoon)!25Givehints:It'sabitcoldin

Thankyouforyourattention!2626

BrownandLevinson’s

PolitenessStrategy27

BrownandLevinson’s

PoliPerhapsthemostthoroughtreatmentoftheconceptofpolitenessisthatofPenelopeBrownandStephenLevinson,whichwasfirstpublishedin1978andthenreissued,withalongintroduction,in1987.282BrownandLevinsonsumuphumanpolitenessbehaviourinfourstrategies,whichcorrespondtotheseexamples:baldonrecord,negativepoliteness,positivepoliteness,andoff-record-indirectstrategy.

29BrownandLevinsonsumuphumaBaldon-record

Thebaldon-recordstrategydoesnothingtominimizethreatstothehearer's“face”.Anemergency:Help!Taskoriented:Givemethose!Request:Putyourjacketaway.Alerting:Turnyourlightson!(whiledriving)30Baldon-record

Thebaldon-recPositivePolitenessThepositivepolitenessstrategyshowsyourecognizethatyourhearerhasadesiretoberespected.Italsoconfirmsthattherelationshipisfriendlyandexpressesgroupreciprocity.31PositivePolitenessThepositivStrategiesSt.1Notice,attendtoHSuggeststhatSshouldtakenoticeofaspectsofH’sconditions.Examples:

“Goodnessyoucutyourhair!…BythewayIcametoborrowsomesugar.”“Whatabeautifuldress!Wherewasitbought?”“Weatetoomanybeanstonight,didn’twe?”St.2ExaggerateThisoftendonewithexaggeratedintonation,stress,andotheraspectsofprosodic.Examples: “Youareafantasticcook,thelunchwasgreat!”“Howabsolutelymarvelous/extraordinary/…..”32StrategiesSt.1Notice,attenStrategiesSt.3IntensifyinteresttoHSintensifytheinterestofhisowncontribution,by“makingagoodstory”anddrawHasaparticipantintotheconversationwithdirectquestionsandexpressionslikeyouknow,seewhatExample:“Icomeintohisroom,andwhatdoyouthinkIsee?–ahugemessallovertheplaceandrightinthemiddle,anaked….”St.4Usein-groupidentitymakersUsinganyoftheinnumerablewaystoconveyin-groupmembership:addressforms,languageordialect,jargonorslangandellipses.Examples: “Honey,canyougivemethebeer?”“Heybrother,what’sgoingon?”“Howaboutadrink?”33StrategiesSt.3IntensifyintStrategiesSt.5SeekagreementSseekswaysinwhichitispossibletoagreewithH.Examples:“Ihatethispoliticians,theyknownothingaboutthesmallcitizen,theyearn….”“Shehadanaccidentlastweek.-Ohmygood,anaccident!”St.6AvoiddisagreementThedesiretoagreeorappeartoagreewithHleadsalsotomechanismsforpretendingtoagree:whiteliesandhedge“Haveyougotfriends?-Ihavefriends.So-calledfriends.Ihadfriends.Letitputmethisway.”“It’sreallybeautifulinaway.”34StrategiesSt.5SeekagreementStrategiesSt.7Presuppose/raise/assertcommongroundThevalueofS’sspendingtimeandeffortonbeingwithH,asamarkoffriendshiporinterestinhim,bytalkingforawhileaboutunrelatedtopics.Examples:“Isn’titabeautifulday?”

“Howareyou?”AndshesaystoJim,’Iloveyou!’,andhesays…St.8JokeJokesarebasedonmutualsharedbackgroundandvaluesandputtingH“atease”.Example:“Howaboutlendingmethisoldheapofjunk?“(H’snewcadillac)35StrategiesSt.7Presuppose/rStrategiesSt.9AssertorpresupposeS’sknowledgeofandconcernforH’swantsAssertorimplyknowledgeofH’swantsandwillingnesstofitone’sownwantsinwiththem.Examples:“Look,Iknowyouwantmetobegoodinmathematics,soshouldn’tIdomyhomeworknow?”(insteadofcleaningmyroom)St.10OfferandpromiseExamples:“I’lltrytogetitnextweek!”“I’llwashthedisheslater!”36StrategiesSt.9AssertorpreStrategiesSt.11BeoptimisticSassumethatHwantsforSorforHandS,andwillhelphimtoobtainthem.Example:“You’lllendmeyourapartment-keyfortheweekend,Ihope.”St.12IncludebothSandHintheactivityExamples:“Let’sgo,girls!”“Wewillshutthedoor,ma’am.Thewindiscomingin.”37StrategiesSt.11BeoptimistiStrategiesSt.13Give(orask)reasonsExamples:“Whydon’twegoshoppingortothecinema?”“Whynotlendmeyourjacketfortheweekend?”St.14AssumeorassertreciprocitySandHmayclaimedorurgedbygivingevidenceofreciprocalrightsorobligationsobtainingbetweenSandH.Example:“YesterdayI’vewashedthedishes,sotodayit’syourturn!”38StrategiesSt.13Give(oraskNegativePolitenessThenegativepolitenessstrategyalsorecognizesthehearer'sface.Butitalsorecognizesthatyouareinsomewayimposingonthem.Someotherexampleswouldbetosay,“Idon'twanttobotheryoubut...”or“Iwaswonderingif...”

39NegativePolitenessThenegativStrategy1:BeconventionallyindirectSolvedbythecompromiseofconventionalindirectness,theuseofphrasesandsentencesthathavecontextuallyunambiguousmeaningswhicharedifferentfromtheirliteralmeaningExamples:“Canyoupleaseshutthedoor?”“Youcouldn′tpossiblytellmethetime,please?”40Strategy1:BeconventionallyStrategy2:Question,hedge

Inliterature,a“hedge“isaparticle,wordorphrasethatmodifiesthedegreeofmembershipofapredicateornounphraseinasetItsaysofthatmembershipthatitispartial,ortrueonlyincertainrespects,orthatitismoretrueandcompletethanperhapsmightbeexpectedExamples:“I′mprettysure,I′veseenthatmoviebefore.”“Iratherthinkyoushouldn′tdothat.”“Maryisatruefriend.”“Asalmonisasortoffish.”“You′requiteright”41Strategy2:Question,hedge

InStrategy3:Bepessimistic

GivesredresstoH′snegativefacebyexplicitlyexpressingdoubtthattheconditionsfortheappropriatenessofS′sspeechactobtain.Examples:“Youdon′thaveanyexoticplants,doyoubyanychance?”“Idon′timaginethere′dbeanychanceof...”“Youcouldn′tgivemeacigarette,couldyou?”42Strategy3:Bepessimistic

GivStrategy4:Minimizetheimposition,Rx

DefusingtheFTAbyindicatingthatRx,theintrinsicseriousnessoftheimposition,isnotitselfgreatSoindirectlythismaypayHdeferenceExamples:“Justamoment”“CouldIhaveatinybitof...”?“IjustwanttoaskifIcanborrowasinglesheetofpaper.”43Strategy4:MinimizetheimposStrategy5:Givedeference

2differentpossibilitiestorealizethedeference:1.)Shumblesandabaseshimself2.)SraisesH(payshimpositivefaceofaparticularnamelythatwhichsatisfiesH′swanttobetreatedsuperior.)Examples:“Welookforwardverymuchtoseeyouagain.”“Didyoumovemyluggage?”“Yes,sir,Ithoughtperhapsyouwouldn′tmindand...”44Strategy5:Givedeference

2dStrategy6:ApologizeByapologizingfordoinganFTA,thespeakercanindicatehisreluctancetoimpingeonH′snegativeface=>partiallyredresstheimpingementExamples:“Ihopethisisn′tgoingtobotheryoutoomuch:...”“Ihatetoimpose,but...”“I′mabsolutelylost...”“Pleaseforgivemeif...”45Strategy6:ApologizeByapologStrategy7:ImpersonalizeSandH

PhrasetheFTAasiftheagentwereotherthanSandtheaddresseewereotherthanHExamples:“Dothisforme”“Itlookstomelike”“Itwouldbeappreciatedif...”“Oneshouldn′t