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學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作12
TeachingProceduresLead-in1SampleAnalysis2BuildingaModel3GrammarandWritingSkills42TeachingProceduresLead-in1231.WhatinformationshouldbecontainedintheIntroduction?
Lead-inBackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper31.Whatinformationshouldbe34
2.WhatisthepurposeofwritingtheIntroduction?3.HowdoestheIntroductiondifferfromtheAbstract?4.HowdowritersnormallystarttheIntroduction?5.WhattypeofinformationshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction,andinwhatorder?6.HowdowritersnormallyendtheIntroduction?42.Whatisthepurposeo45
TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarewidelyknown.Therationalandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.5Typicalcomplaintsofrefe56Theauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.PleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsorothersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedto…andterminologyfor…6Theauthorhasnotrelatedth67Introduction
1.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.2.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.4
5.Onewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.
6.Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7
7.However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.
8.Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.
9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelpolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.
SampleAnalysis
7IntroductionSampleAnalysis78Insentence1thewriterestablishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic.Insentence2thewriterprovidesgeneralbackgroundinformation.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.Insentence4thewriterdescribesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.8Insentence1thewriteres89Insentence5thewriterprovidesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview.Insentence6thewriterprovidesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.Insentence7thewriterdescribesagapintheresearch.Insentence8thewriterdescribesthepaperitself.Insentence9thewritergivesdetailsaboutthemethodologyreportedinthepaper.Insentence10thewriterannouncesthefindings.9Insentence5thewriterpr910BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper(sentences1-4)(sentences5-6)(sentence7)(sentences8-10)10Background(sentences1-4)(se1011
Background
1.
Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer
.2.
PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.
Ithasinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,3
4.
,ithasbeenfoundtobetoo
underimpacttobeusedcommercially.4importanteconomicbenefitsmuchattentionHoweverweakisismanypossibleuses11Background1.Polylactid1112LiteratureReview
5.
Onewayto
polymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeen
regardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.
,Penneyetal.
thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7
toughenextensiveresearchForexampleshowedestablished12LiteratureReview5.One1213UnresolvedQuestion
7.
,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8
totheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.
Howeverlittleattentionhasbeenpaid13UnresolvedQuestion7.1314ThePresentPaper
8.
presentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.Onthebasisofthesecriteriaitthen
thepreparationofasetofpolymerblends
PLAandahydro-carbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationspolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPI
.
Thepresentpaperdescribesusingformedanovelsignificantlyincreasedflexibility14ThePresentPaper8.1415
BuildingaModelBackgroundEstablishtheimportanceofthefield.Providebackgroundfacts/information(possiblyfromresearch).Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus.15BuildingaModelBackground1516LiteratureReviewReviewpreviousorcurrentresearch.16LiteratureReview1617UnresolvedQuestionLocateagapintheresearch.Describetheproblemtobeaddressed.Presentahypothesistobetested.17UnresolvedLocateagapinth1718ThePresentPaperIntroducethepurposeoftheresearch.Introducetheapproachesorthemainprocedures.Presentthemajorfindings.Statethesignificanceoftheresearch.Outlinethestructureofthepaper.18ThePresentIntroducethepur1819191920
The“Funnel-Shaped”structureYoumaybeginwithinformationontheimportanceoftheoveralltopicbeingaddressed.Nextsummarizeknowledgeaboutanaspectofthetopic.Thenidentifyanunresolvedquestionaboutthataspect.Finallysayhowthecurrentresearchaddressedthequestion.20The“Funnel-Shaped”struct2021Mostresearchpapersinbasicscienceareinvestigative.Thatis,theyarebasedonspecificresearchquestionsyoutrytoansweroronaparticularhypothesisyoutrytotest.Introductionsforthesepapersshouldcontainthefourelements.21Mostresearchpapersinbasi2122Specialcase:IntroductionsforDescriptivePapersSomeresearchpapersarenotwrittentoanswerspecificquestionsorproveahypothesisbutrathertodescribeanewfinding.Introductionsforthesepapersfollowaslightlydifferent“funnel”structurebecauseelementsthatreadersexpecttofindintheIntroductionofadescriptivepaperdifferfromthoseofaninvestigativepaper.22Specialcase:Introductions22231.Backgroundbackgroundinformationandpreviousresearchinthearea2.Discoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourresearch3.Experimentalapproachapproachtakentoward
(optional)analyzingthisdiscovery4.Descriptiondescriptionofthenewelement5.Implicationimportanceofthefindings231.Background2324ⅥGrammarandWritingSkillsTensePassive/activevoice24ⅥGrammarandWritingSkills2425ThePresentSimpleisgenerallyusedtodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalready.S1.Thephysicalprocessoffragmentationisrelevanttoseveralareasofscienceandtechnology.25ThePresentSimpleisgenera2526ThePresentPerfectisusedtoshowhowtheproblemhasbeenapproachedfromthepastuntilthepresentstudy.S2.Becausedifferentphysicalphenomenaareatworkduringthefragmentationofasolidbody,ithasmainlybeenstudiedfromastatisticalviewpoint.26ThePresentPerfectisused26Insomedisciplinesyoumayberequiredtohaveaverystrongtheoreticalframeworkforyourstudy,thusrequiringtwoormorepages.1)Itmayincreaseprintingexpenses.DiscoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourBuildingaModelInsentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.ThePresentPaperAssignmentStatethesignificanceoftheresearch.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.Providepertinentbackgroundinformation.PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer.Thesummaryshouldbeafaithfulaccountoftheoriginalpassage.thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.Statetheexperimentalapproachbriefly.27ThePastSimpleisusedtoreviewindividualresearch.AttheendoftheIntroduction,thePresentSimpleisusedagainwhentheauthorsstatewhattheywilldointherestoftheirpaper.Ageneralconvention(butnotrule)isthatthePastSimpleisusedtopresentfindings.Insomedisciplinesyoumaybe2728Passive/ActivevoiceIntheIntroductionyouusuallysaywhatyouwillbedoingorpresentingintheresearcharticle.Youcanusewetorefertoyourresearchgrouporteam,butdonotuseittorefertopeopleorhumanityingeneral.Ifyouarereferringtopeopleingeneral,it’sbettertouseaconstructionwithIt(Itisknown/thoughtthat…)ratherthanWeknow/thinkthat…Youcanusewordslikehereandinthisstudytoletyourreaderknowwhenyouarereferringtoyourownwork.28Passive/ActivevoiceIntheI2829ⅤReviewoftheLiterature1.WhatkeyskillsareneededwhenwritingaReviewoftheLiterature?Thekeyskillistoprovidereaderswithjusttherightamountofliteratureregardingthesequenceofeventsleadinguptothecurrentsituation–nottoomuchtomakeittedious,nortoolittlesothatthecontextofyourresearchisnotmeaningfultothem.29ⅤReviewoftheLiterature12930Theamountofdetailyouneedtogivevariesimmenselyfromdisciplinetodiscipline.Insomedisciplinesyoumayberequiredtohaveaverystrongtheoreticalframeworkforyourstudy,thusrequiringtwoormorepages.Inotherdisciplinesjustoneparagraphmaybeenough.30Theamountofdetailyounee30312.Whatarethetwomainreferencesystems?Listtheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.312.Whatarethetwomainrefe3132NameandYearSystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichareferenceiscitedinthetextbythelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublication,e.g.,Smith(1990).32NameandYearSystem3233Name-yearsystemAdvantages:1)Becausethereferencesareunnumbered,referencescanbeaddedordeletedeasily.2)Readersfamiliarwithafieldcanrecognizetheauthorsofacitationwithouthavingtorefertothereferencelist.3)Ithelpsreadersidentifywhetherthesourcesofthecitationareoutdatedornot.33Name-yearsystem3334Disadvantages1)Itmayincreaseprintingexpenses.2)Thereferencestakeupspaceinthemainbodyofthetextanddistractreaders,especiallywhenmanyworksarecitedtogether.34Disadvantages3435
.Citation-order/Citation-sequence
SystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichreferencesarecitedinnumericalorderastheyappearinthetext.Thus,theReferencessectionisincitationorder,notinalphabeticalorder.35.Citation-order/Citation-s3536Advantages:1)Itisconvenientforreaderstorefertothereferences.2)Citationbynumbersinterruptonlyslightlythereadingoftext.3)Thissystemalsoreducesprintingexpenses.36Advantages:3637Disadvantages:
1)Readersusuallyhavetoturntothereferencelisttofindoutwhoseworkisbeingcited.2)Whenauthorsmustaddordeletereferencesatalatestageinrevisingapaper,theymaybeburdenedwithrenumberingreferences.37Disadvantages:37383)Itisnotidealforthereader,becausethenon-alphabeticalpresentationofthereferencelistmayresultinseparationofvariousreferencestoworksbythesameauthor.383)Itisnotidealforther38393.Whatistheclearestwaytorefertootherauthors?ShouldIfocusontheauthorsortheirideas?Therearevariousstylesformakingreferencetootherauthors.Thefourstylesbelowcontainthesameinformation,butthefocusisdifferent.393.Whatistheclearestwayt3940Style1Blinco[1992]foundthatAmericanelementaryschoolchildrenshowed…Style2In[5]BlincofoundthatAmericanelementaryschoolchildrenshowed…Style3AstudyofthelevelofpersistenceinschoolchildrenwaspresentedbyBlinco[1992].Style4AgreaterlevelofpersistencehasbeennoticedinAmerica[5].40Style1Blinco[1992]found4041SummaryIntroductionguidelines:1.Interestyouraudienceandprovidecontext.2.Followthe‘funnel’structure.3.KeeptheIntroductionshort.4.Providepertinentbackgroundinformation.5.Statethecentralpoint(question/purposeordiscoverystatement)precisely.6.Statetheexperimentalapproachbriefly.7.Signalalltheelementsoftheintroduction.41SummaryIntroductionguidelin4142Thefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphintroducesthemaintopic(culturaldifference),andtherestoftheparagraphbrieflyreviewsamajorstudyonthistopic.Theimplicationsofthisstudy(cultureastheremainingvariable)aresummarizedattheendoftheparagraph.Thefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthen
movesontothenextmajorstudy.Thefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraphsummarizesthefindingsofthefirsttwoparagraphsinordertointroducesomemorerecentfindings.42Thefirstsentenceofthefi4243
AssignmentReadtheIntroductionsofyourtargetpapersandidentifythefourcomponents.WriteanIntroductionbasedonyourownexperimentandresearch.43AssignmentReadtheIntrodu4344SummaryWriting1.Whatisasummary?Asummaryisabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,whichgivesthegistofapieceofwriting.2.Whatkindofinformationshouldbeincludedinasummary?Asummaryshouldincludeonlymainideasandimportantsupportinginformation.Itshouldnotincludedetailsoranypersonalopinions.44SummaryWriting1.Whatisa44453.Howisasummarythesameastheoriginalwork?Asummaryshouldhavethesamebasicmeaningastheoriginalwork.Inotherwords,thesummaryshouldnothavenewordifferentinformationthatisnotintheoriginalwork.453.Howisasummarythesame45464.Howisasummarydifferentfromtheoriginalwork?Asummaryshouldnotincludemanyoftheexactwordsastheoriginalwork.Thewritershouldusehisorherownwordsinthesummarytoexpressthesamegeneralideasfoundintheoriginalwork.Donotblindlycopyoutwholephrasesandsentencesfromthetext.Ontheotherhand,itisimpossibletoavoidusingsomeofthewordsusedintheoriginaltext.464.Howisasummarydifferen4647Usingyourownwordswhenwritingasummarynotonlyhelpsyouunderstandthemeaningbutalsoconstitutesthefirststepinavoidingplagiarism.474748Howtowriteasummary1)Understandingthemeaning.2)Understandingtheorganization.Workthroughthetexttoidentifyitssections—singleparagraphsorgroupsofparagraphsfocusedonasingletopic.48Howtowriteasummary1)Und48493)Distilleachsection.Focusonthemainpointofthesection,omittingexamples,facts,andothersupportingevidence.4)Statethemainidea.Writeasentenceortwocapturingtheauthor’scentralideas.5)Supportthemainidea.493)Distilleachsection.4950QualitiesofaSummaryQualityOne Thesummaryshouldnot
containanyofthesummarywriter’sownideas,opinions,conclusionsorjudgments.50QualitiesofaSummaryQualit5051QualityTwo Thesummarywritershouldfollowthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage.51QualityTwo5152QualityThree Thesummaryshouldcontainevery
mainideaintheoriginalpassage.52QualityThree5253
QualityFour
Thesummaryshouldbeafaithfulaccountoftheoriginalpassage.53
QualityFour
5354Thereisnotaperfectwaytowriteaparticularsummary.Onepersonmaychoosetowriteasummaryoneway,andanotherpersonmaywriteitinaslightlydifferentway.Aslongasthesummaryhighlightsallthemainideas,isnottoolong(doesn’tcontaintoomanydetails),anddoesnothavethesamewordingastheoriginalwork,itcanbeagoodsummary.54Thereisnotaperfectwayt54學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作完整版資料課件55學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作5657
TeachingProceduresLead-in1SampleAnalysis2BuildingaModel3GrammarandWritingSkills42TeachingProceduresLead-in157581.WhatinformationshouldbecontainedintheIntroduction?
Lead-inBackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper31.Whatinformationshouldbe5859
2.WhatisthepurposeofwritingtheIntroduction?3.HowdoestheIntroductiondifferfromtheAbstract?4.HowdowritersnormallystarttheIntroduction?5.WhattypeofinformationshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction,andinwhatorder?6.HowdowritersnormallyendtheIntroduction?42.Whatisthepurposeo5960
TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarewidelyknown.Therationalandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.5Typicalcomplaintsofrefe6061Theauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.PleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsorothersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedto…andterminologyfor…6Theauthorhasnotrelatedth6162Introduction
1.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.2.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.4
5.Onewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.
6.Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7
7.However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.
8.Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.
9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelpolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.
SampleAnalysis
7IntroductionSampleAnalysis6263Insentence1thewriterestablishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic.Insentence2thewriterprovidesgeneralbackgroundinformation.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.Insentence4thewriterdescribesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.8Insentence1thewriteres6364Insentence5thewriterprovidesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview.Insentence6thewriterprovidesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.Insentence7thewriterdescribesagapintheresearch.Insentence8thewriterdescribesthepaperitself.Insentence9thewritergivesdetailsaboutthemethodologyreportedinthepaper.Insentence10thewriterannouncesthefindings.9Insentence5thewriterpr6465BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper(sentences1-4)(sentences5-6)(sentence7)(sentences8-10)10Background(sentences1-4)(se6566
Background
1.
Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer
.2.
PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.
Ithasinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,3
4.
,ithasbeenfoundtobetoo
underimpacttobeusedcommercially.4importanteconomicbenefitsmuchattentionHoweverweakisismanypossibleuses11Background1.Polylactid6667LiteratureReview
5.
Onewayto
polymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeen
regardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.
,Penneyetal.
thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7
toughenextensiveresearchForexampleshowedestablished12LiteratureReview5.One6768UnresolvedQuestion
7.
,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8
totheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.
Howeverlittleattentionhasbeenpaid13UnresolvedQuestion7.6869ThePresentPaper
8.
presentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.Onthebasisofthesecriteriaitthen
thepreparationofasetofpolymerblends
PLAandahydro-carbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationspolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPI
.
Thepresentpaperdescribesusingformedanovelsignificantlyincreasedflexibility14ThePresentPaper8.6970
BuildingaModelBackgroundEstablishtheimportanceofthefield.Providebackgroundfacts/information(possiblyfromresearch).Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus.15BuildingaModelBackground7071LiteratureReviewReviewpreviousorcurrentresearch.16LiteratureReview7172UnresolvedQuestionLocateagapintheresearch.Describetheproblemtobeaddressed.Presentahypothesistobetested.17UnresolvedLocateagapinth7273ThePresentPaperIntroducethepurposeoftheresearch.Introducetheapproachesorthemainprocedures.Presentthemajorfindings.Statethesignificanceoftheresearch.Outlinethestructureofthepaper.18ThePresentIntroducethepur7374197475
The“Funnel-Shaped”structureYoumaybeginwithinformationontheimportanceoftheoveralltopicbeingaddressed.Nextsummarizeknowledgeaboutanaspectofthetopic.Thenidentifyanunresolvedquestionaboutthataspect.Finallysayhowthecurrentresearchaddressedthequestion.20The“Funnel-Shaped”struct7576Mostresearchpapersinbasicscienceareinvestigative.Thatis,theyarebasedonspecificresearchquestionsyoutrytoansweroronaparticularhypothesisyoutrytotest.Introductionsforthesepapersshouldcontainthefourelements.21Mostresearchpapersinbasi7677Specialcase:IntroductionsforDescriptivePapersSomeresearchpapersarenotwrittentoanswerspecificquestionsorproveahypothesisbutrathertodescribeanewfinding.Introductionsforthesepapersfollowaslightlydifferent“funnel”structurebecauseelementsthatreadersexpecttofindintheIntroductionofadescriptivepaperdifferfromthoseofaninvestigativepaper.22Specialcase:Introductions77781.Backgroundbackgroundinformationandpreviousresearchinthearea2.Discoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourresearch3.Experimentalapproachapproachtakentoward
(optional)analyzingthisdiscovery4.Descriptiondescriptionofthenewelement5.Implicationimportanceofthefindings231.Background7879ⅥGrammarandWritingSkillsTensePassive/activevoice24ⅥGrammarandWritingSkills7980ThePresentSimpleisgenerallyusedtodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalrea
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