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idea,ideology,concept,conception,notion,opinion,thought,view,pointofview(1)①idea在日常用語(yǔ)中泛指“思想,主意,意見(jiàn),想法,概念”等。ThisbookgivesyouagoodideaoflifeinancientGreece.這本書使你對(duì)古希臘的生活有一個(gè)清楚的概念。Youshouldn'tforceyourideasonothers.你不應(yīng)該強(qiáng)迫別人接受你的意見(jiàn)。Youcanhavenoidea(of)howanxiouswehavebeen.你根本不知道我們有多著急。IhaveanideathatMr.Smithwillnotcometomorrow.我認(rèn)為史密斯先生明天不會(huì)來(lái)。②idea也可指社會(huì)某一部分,某一階級(jí)持有的思想、觀點(diǎn)、觀念等。Oncethecorrectideascharacteristicoftheadvancedclassaregraspedbythemasses,theseideaswillturnintoamaterialforcetransformingheavenandearth.代表先進(jìn)階級(jí)的正確思想一旦為群眾掌握,就會(huì)變成改天換地的物質(zhì)力量。(2)ideology指代表個(gè)人、團(tuán)體等,特別是形成一種經(jīng)濟(jì)或政治制度基礎(chǔ)的思想方式、體系,意識(shí)形態(tài)或觀念,如:bourgeois/Marxist/totalitarianideologies。Raceprejudiceisanindispensablepartoftheideologyofhumanexploitation.種族偏見(jiàn)是人類剝削意識(shí)形態(tài)不可分割的一部分。IamdefendingmyCommunistideology,myideals,thecontentandsignificanceofmywholelife.我捍衛(wèi)我的共產(chǎn)主義思想體系,我的理想,我整個(gè)生命的內(nèi)涵和意義。(3)concept是對(duì)一類事物通過(guò)理性概括形成的基本觀念、個(gè)別具體的概念或思想。Asmallbabyhasnoconceptofrightandwrong.嬰兒是沒(méi)有是非觀念的。Hisbehaviordoesnotaccordwithourmoralconcepts.他的行為不符合我們的道德觀念。Thescientistpresentedanewconceptofthebeginningoftheuniverse.這位科學(xué)家對(duì)于宇宙的起源提出了一個(gè)新觀念。Thepolicywasmadeaccordingtothisfundamentalstrategicconceptofhis.這項(xiàng)政策是根據(jù)他的這一基本戰(zhàn)略思想制定的。conception既指概念思想的形成(構(gòu)思、構(gòu)想),也可指?jìng)€(gè)別的、具體的概念、思想。Weshouldfosterahighconceptionofpatriotismamongtheyoungstudents.我們應(yīng)在青年學(xué)生中培養(yǎng)高度的愛(ài)國(guó)主義思想。Theconceptionsofeducationarechangingradicallywiththeeconomicandsocialreforms.教育觀念隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的改革正在發(fā)生根本的變革。Manypeopledon'thaveaclearconceptionoftheirdutiesascitizens.許多人對(duì)自己的公民義務(wù)沒(méi)有明確的概念。Weeachshouldhaveacorrectconceptionoflife.我們每個(gè)人都應(yīng)對(duì)生活有一個(gè)正確的概念。(5)notion意為“觀念,意見(jiàn),想法,主意”,與idea的含義很接近。Ihavenonotion/ideaofwhathemeans.我不清楚他什么意思。Ineverhadtheleastnotionofyouropposingthisplan.我一點(diǎn)沒(méi)料到你會(huì)反對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。Hehasanotionthathe'sbeingcheated.他認(rèn)為有人在騙他。(6)opinion指“信念,意見(jiàn),看法,主張”,與view意思接近。What'syouropinion/viewofthenewmanager?你對(duì)這位新經(jīng)理有什么看法?Thoseareonlymypersonalopinionsabouttheaffair.這只是我個(gè)人對(duì)這件事的看法。2insb.'sopinion,intheopinionofsb.意思是“依照某人的看法或意見(jiàn)”。(另見(jiàn)“accordingto..”條)③opinion還可指團(tuán)體的意見(jiàn)或看法,群眾的見(jiàn)解,用作不可數(shù)名詞。Opinionisshiftinginfavorofstifferpenaltiesforarmedrobbery.群眾的意見(jiàn)趨向于贊成嚴(yán)懲武裝搶劫。①thought可指“思想活動(dòng),思考(過(guò)程),思想,思索,思潮”,有時(shí)作“想到”解,用作可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞,要根據(jù)上下文來(lái)決定。Thereisapassageinthisarticlewhichgives(us)muchfoodforthought.這篇文章有一段發(fā)人深省。I'vegivencarefulthoughttothematter;you'dbetternottakeanyactionatpresent.我對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題仔細(xì)考慮過(guò)了,目前你最好不采取任何行動(dòng)。Ihadn'ttheleastthoughtofseeingyouhereonaforeignsoil!我一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)想到會(huì)在異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng)見(jiàn)到你!Hewaslost/deepinthought.他陷入了沉思。Now,layasideallthosethoughts/getallthosethoughtsoutofyourmind,Jane,andlooktothefuture.簡(jiǎn),撇開(kāi)那些想法,向前看。Thescientistmadegreatcontributionstomodernscientificthought.這位科學(xué)家對(duì)于現(xiàn)代科學(xué)思想做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。Ifyouhadanythoughtforyourparents,youwouldnotgrievetheminthisway.如果你對(duì)父母有所考慮,你就不會(huì)這樣讓他們傷心了。Afteragreatdealofthought,wedecidedtogiveuptheplan.在仔細(xì)考慮之后,我們決定放棄這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。Heisalwaysfullofthoughtforothers.他總是非常關(guān)心他人。Healwayskeepshisthoughtstohimself.他從不向人吐露心事。HehasgivenupallhisthoughtofmarryingJane.他完全放棄了和簡(jiǎn)結(jié)婚的想法。②thought還指某一時(shí)期、某個(gè)階層、國(guó)家等的思想、思潮,如:thethoughtoftheworkingclass,modernthought等。③thought用作思想時(shí),比idea更具有全面系統(tǒng)性。Hisspeechwasfullofstrikingthoughts.他的演說(shuō)充滿驚人/非凡的見(jiàn)解。LuXun'sworksarefullofprofoundthoughts.魯迅的著作充滿著深刻的思想。④thought還作“心意”解。It'snotthegift,it'sthethoughtthatcounts.重要的是這份情誼,不是禮物。5短語(yǔ)atthethoughtof表示“一想到……,想到……時(shí)”。Tearsfilledhereyesatthe(very)thoughtthatshemightneverseehimagain.她一想到她可能再也見(jiàn)不到他了,眼里就充滿了淚水。Atthemerethoughtoftheexamination,hisheartbegantobeatfiercely.一想到考試,他的心就跳得厲害。(8)view可表示“個(gè)人的看法、觀點(diǎn)、見(jiàn)解、對(duì)某事的態(tài)度”,多數(shù)情況下可與opinion換用。Ishouldliketohearothers'views/opinionsonthematter.我想聽(tīng)聽(tīng)別人對(duì)這件事的看法。Itmighthelpmeifyouwouldgivemeyourviews/opinions.如果你能提出你的看法,可能會(huì)對(duì)我有所幫助。Itproveddifficulttogethimtochangehispoliticalviews.要他改變政治觀點(diǎn)原來(lái)很困難。Itwassurprisingthatheshouldholdsuchviewoflife.令人吃驚的是他竟然有這樣的生活觀。pointofview/viewpoint本指“觀察點(diǎn),視點(diǎn)”,引申作“觀點(diǎn),看法”解,這種“觀點(diǎn)”或“看法”是由于生活中的地位或身份而形成的。Inspiteofhisdisapproval,herespectedhisson'spointofview.盡管他不贊成,他還是尊重他兒子的觀點(diǎn)。Iwassurprisedtodiscoverthatourviewpointswerequitedifferentonthematter.我吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn),我們?cè)谶@個(gè)問(wèn)題上的觀點(diǎn)大相徑庭。Fromthecommercialpointofview,theyhavelittletolose.從商業(yè)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō),他們的損失很小。Trytolookatschoolfromthechild'spointofview.要設(shè)法從孩子的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看待學(xué)校。if,as/solongas,assumingthat,provided(that),providing(that),supposing(that),onconditionthat(1)這些詞語(yǔ)均可用作連接詞,由它們引導(dǎo)的從句中所要求的動(dòng)詞形式也相同。as/solongas,provided,providing,onconditionthat強(qiáng)調(diào)該滿足的條件,if,assumingthat,supposing(that)則側(cè)重假設(shè)的情況。You'llcertainlypasstheexaminationif/aslongas/providing/provided/onconditionthatyoustudyharder.如果/只要你再用功一些,你肯定能考及格。I'llgiveyouthedayoffonconditionthatyouworkonSaturdaymorning.只要你在周六上午加班,我就給你一天的假。You'rewelcometostaywithus,onconditionthatyousharetherentwithus.只要你與我們一起分擔(dān)房租,歡迎你和我們同住。Youcanborrowmybikeif/aslongas/provided/providing/onconditionthatyoubringitbackbeforeweknockoff.只要你能在我們下班前回來(lái),你就可以借我的自行車。Supposing/Assuming(that)hecan'tcome,whowilldothework?(=Ifhecan'tcome,whowilldothework?)假如他不能來(lái),誰(shuí)來(lái)干這項(xiàng)工作?Supposing/Assumingtheplaneislate?(=Whatistobedoneifitislate?)假如飛機(jī)晚點(diǎn)怎么辦?2)supposing也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Supposing/Ifyoufellinlovewithyourboss,whatwouldyoudo?假如你愛(ài)上了你的老板,你會(huì)怎樣做?3)但有時(shí)if卻不能用其他幾個(gè)詞語(yǔ)代替。Youmayspoilthewholeplanifyoufailtodoyourpart.如果你不能盡你的責(zé)任,你可能會(huì)毀了整個(gè)計(jì)劃。ifitwerenotfor...,ifithadnotbeenfor,onlyfor,onlythat(1)這些結(jié)構(gòu)都可以用來(lái)表示某一具體情況使一切發(fā)生了變化,意思是“若不是……”,“若無(wú)……”。(另見(jiàn)butfor條)Ifitwerenotforhiswife'smoney,he'dneverbeadirector.(=Withouthiswife'smoney..)若沒(méi)有他妻子的錢,他絕不會(huì)成為一名導(dǎo)演。(2)如要說(shuō)過(guò)去的情況,則要用“Ifithadnotbeenfor...”結(jié)構(gòu)。Ifithadn'tbeenforyourhelp,Ireallydon'tknowwhatI'dhavedone.若沒(méi)有你的幫助,我真不知我會(huì)做出些什么事。(3)onlyfor通常用于口語(yǔ),意思同butfor。Onlyforyourtimelyhelp,wewouldn'thavesucceededinfinishingthistask.如果不是你的及時(shí)幫助,我們就不會(huì)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。(4)onlythat意思同butforthefactthat,withtheexceptionthat,wereitnotthat,意思是“要不是(因?yàn)?··…·…;只是·……”,引出的從句后置,前面的主句中一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。IwouldbeverygladtogowithyouonlythatIamtoobusy.(=IfIwerenottoobusy,Iwould..)要不是我太忙了,我會(huì)很高興與你同去。Hewouldprobablydowellintheexamination,onlythathegetsrathernervous.若不是有點(diǎn)緊張,他可能會(huì)考得很好。ifso,ifnot這是兩個(gè)很有用的短語(yǔ),常用來(lái)代替完整的句子。Haveyougotafreeeveningnextweek?Ifso,let'shavedinnertogether.(=Ifyouhave,let's..)下周你能找個(gè)沒(méi)事的晚上嗎?如果能的話,咱們一塊兒吃個(gè)飯吧。Youmayhavesomedifficultyoperatingthemachineatfirst.Ifso,donothesitatetotelephoneourservicedepartment.你剛開(kāi)始操作這臺(tái)機(jī)器時(shí)可能會(huì)有些困難,如果這樣的話,請(qǐng)馬上給我們服務(wù)部打電話。Isanybodyfeelingcold?Ifnot(Ifyou'renotfeeling..)let'sputthecentralheatingoff.有誰(shuí)感到冷嗎?如果沒(méi)人感到冷,咱們就把中央供暖系統(tǒng)關(guān)了吧。ifyou/he/it/they...will..,ifI/he/it/you...should...,ifI/you/he/they...would...(1)ifyou/he/it/they...will..可以表示從句中主語(yǔ)的意愿、意志、決心、傾向等。Ifyouwillbekindenoughtowait,I'llhaveyourluggagebroughtin.如果你愿意等,我就叫人把你的行李拿進(jìn)來(lái)。Ifyouwillgrantmyrequest,Ishallesteemitagreatfavour.如果您肯同意我的請(qǐng)求,我將認(rèn)為那是一份美意。Ifhewillhaveitso,Ihavetoagreewithhim.如果他執(zhí)意如此,我只好同意他。(2)ifhe/theywill/willnot..可以表示單純將來(lái),這時(shí)或者主句中表示現(xiàn)在情況,或者從句表示主句動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。Ifhewon'tarrivethismorning,whyshouldwebewaitinghere?如果他今天上午不來(lái),我們?yōu)槭裁匆谶@里等呢?Ifitwillmakeyouhappier,I'llstopsmoking.如果戒煙能讓你(更)高興,我就戒了它。(3)ifI/he/it/you...should..意思是“萬(wàn)一”,表示事情發(fā)生的可能性不大。IfyoushouldrunintoPeter,tellhimtoringme(up).萬(wàn)一你碰到彼得,讓他給我打電話。Ifweshouldfailinthisplan,whatshouldwedo?萬(wàn)一這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃失敗,我們?cè)撛趺崔k?(4)ifI/you/he/they...would...也表示從句中主語(yǔ)的意愿、意志,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“愿意,肯”,與用will意思差不多,只是比用will或者表示把握性不大,或者與現(xiàn)在情況相反,或者口氣更委婉。I'dbegratefulifyouwouldgivemealittlehelp.如果你肯給我一點(diǎn)幫助,我將非常感激。Hecoulddoso,ifhewould.如果他愿意的話,他可以這么做。Ifyouwouldcometoourhelp,Ishouldappreciateit.如果你肯來(lái)幫忙,我將不勝感激。Passmethatboxifyouwould.如果你愿意,把那盒子遞給我。ignorant,illiterate,unlettered,uneducated這些詞都有“無(wú)知的”意思。(1)ignorant指對(duì)普通知識(shí)或?qū)?yīng)當(dāng)知道的知識(shí)不知曉。Whenyouknowyouareignorantinasubject,starteducatingyourselfbyfindinganexpertinthefieldorfindabookonthesubject.當(dāng)你知道自己在某一問(wèn)題上欠缺知識(shí)時(shí),那就去找一位這一領(lǐng)域的專家或者找一本有關(guān)這一問(wèn)題的書,開(kāi)始自我教育。Thepoorfatheristotallyignorantofwhathissonisdoingatschool.這可憐的父親一點(diǎn)也不知道他兒子在學(xué)校里干些什么。(2)illiterate指目不識(shí)丁的,沒(méi)學(xué)過(guò)讀寫的,沒(méi)文化的。Eachyearthefederalandstategovernmentssupplementtheworld'slargesteducationalbudgetwith$300milliontoassistilliterateadults.聯(lián)邦和各州政府每年在世界最龐大的教育支出預(yù)算之外還追加三億美元來(lái)幫助成年文盲。Manyilliteratepeopleinthepastusedaninkedthumbprintinlieuofasignaturetosignacontract.過(guò)去許多不識(shí)字的人用按手印代替簽名來(lái)簽訂合同。(3)unlettered指沒(méi)有多少學(xué)問(wèn)的或文盲的。Heexhibitedcontemptforhisunletteredcolleagues.他對(duì)肚子里缺少墨水的同事顯得不屑一顧。(4)uneducated指沒(méi)有受過(guò)正規(guī)系統(tǒng)的學(xué)校教育的。Youcantellfromhisgrosslanguagethatthemanwasuneducated.從他那粗俗的語(yǔ)言可以看出,這個(gè)人沒(méi)受過(guò)教育。illuminate,illumine,bringtolight,cast/shed/throwlighton/upon,givelighton,lightup(1)illuminate和illumine都有“照亮,照明”的意思,也都可用于引申意義,意為“說(shuō)明,闡明(makeclear,helptoexplain);啟發(fā)(enlightenspiritually)”。但現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中多用illuminate,認(rèn)為illumine書卷氣太重。Peopleusuallyilluminate/illuminethebuildingsandstreetsforthecelebrationofNationalDay,anoccasionforgeneralrejoicings.人們往往在建筑物和街道上張燈結(jié)彩,來(lái)慶祝國(guó)慶節(jié)這一普天同慶的節(jié)日。Theyweregreatlyilluminated/illuminedbythediscussion.這次討論使他們受到很大啟發(fā)。Prof.Smithilluminatedthephenomenonwithmanyexamples.史密斯教授用許多例子說(shuō)明了這一現(xiàn)象。(2)bringtolight意為“讓人知道,公之于眾”。Thecrimewasbroughttolightafterayear'sinvestigation.經(jīng)過(guò)一年的調(diào)查,這樁罪行才真相大白。Thearcheologist,throughhismanyyearsofstudy,broughttolightseveralinterestingfacts.這位考古學(xué)家通過(guò)多年的研究,讓人們知道了一些有趣的事實(shí)。(3)cast/shed/throwlighton/upon表示“對(duì)……提供線索/透露情況;有助于理解(幫助弄清楚)”。Governmentsourceswererefusingtoshedanymorelightthanappearedyesterdayontheinterviewwiththepremier.關(guān)于與這位總理會(huì)見(jiàn)的情況,除昨天公開(kāi)的以外,政府人士不肯再透露任何信息。Cananyoneshed/castsomelightontheevent?有誰(shuí)能對(duì)這一事件提供些情況嗎?Hisassistant,Dr.Hill,wasinapositiontothrowlightonhischaracter.他的助手希爾博士有可能提供關(guān)于他性格方面的情況。Hisdiaryhassomeinterestinglighttothrowonhiscrime.他的日記對(duì)其罪行提供了一些使人感興趣的情況。ThenewfindingscastmuchlightupontheburialcustomoftheIndiantribesofthatarea.新發(fā)現(xiàn)很有助于了解那個(gè)地區(qū)印第安部落的殯葬習(xí)俗。(4)givelighton意為“對(duì)……提供線索”。Hecalledonhiminthehopeofgettinghimtogivesomevaluablelightsonthematter.他去拜訪他,希望讓他對(duì)此事提供些寶貴的線索。(5)lightup可以表示:①點(diǎn)(煙),可為及物用法,也可為不及物用法。Hestruckamatchandlighted/litup(hiscigarette)beforespeaking.他講話前,劃了根火柴,點(diǎn)燃了香煙。②照亮;(使臉)變得喜悅起來(lái)/現(xiàn)出喜悅的光彩,以臉或眼睛為主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),多作及物用法。Theheadlightofthecarlituptheroadfarahead.車燈照亮了前方很遠(yuǎn)的路。Herface(was)litupwithsuddenexcitement.她臉上突然露出興奮的神情。Janewassohappythatherfacelitupwithpleasure.簡(jiǎn)非常高興,臉上露出愉快的神情。③亮起來(lái),開(kāi)路燈或車燈。It'sgettingdark—timetolightup.天黑了,該開(kāi)燈了。It'sagainstthetrafficruletodrivewithoutthecarlightingup.行車不開(kāi)車燈是違反交通規(guī)則的。illusion,delusionillusion意為“錯(cuò)覺(jué),幻想,錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)”或?qū)?shí)際不存在的事物的“幻覺(jué),幻影”。delusion意為“欺騙,迷惑,幻想,誤解”。作“幻想”解時(shí),特指可能為某種癲狂病患者的癥狀、妄想。有時(shí)兩者可以換用。Castillusions,prepareforstruggle.丟掉幻想,準(zhǔn)備斗爭(zhēng)。You'reundertheillusion/delusionthatyou'realwaysright.你誤以為你總是對(duì)的。Weshouldn'tcherish/fosteranyfondillusions/delusionsaboutanything.我們對(duì)任何事情都不應(yīng)抱有任何不切實(shí)際的幻想。Quiteanumberofpeoplewereunderadelusioninthismatter.許多人在這件事上受了騙。immediately,themoment,theminute,theinstant,thesecond(1)在英式英語(yǔ)中,immediately可以用作連接詞,引出時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,意思是“一……就……”,相當(dāng)于assoonasTellmeimmediatelyyouhaveanynews.你一有消息就告訴我。IknewsomethingwaswrongimmediatelyIarrived.我剛到那兒就知道事情不對(duì)。(2)themoment,theminute,theinstant,thesecond不論在英式英語(yǔ)還是美式英語(yǔ)中,都可以用作連接詞,意思與immediately相同。Dotelephonemethemomentyougettheresults.你一得到結(jié)果就給我打電話。IlovedyoutheinstantIsawyou.我對(duì)你一見(jiàn)鐘情。Theenemyplanewasshotdownthemomentitintrudedintoourairspace.敵機(jī)一侵入我們領(lǐng)空就被擊落了。immunity,impunity這是兩個(gè)詞形、詞義容易混淆的詞。immunity意為“免除,豁免,免疫(力)”;impunity意為“免受懲罰,不受損害”。Nobodycanclaimimmunityfromcriticism.誰(shuí)也不應(yīng)有免受批評(píng)的權(quán)利。Noonecanassureimmunityfromerror.Whatisimportantistocorrectitthemomentyouareawareofit.誰(shuí)也不能保證不犯錯(cuò)誤。重要的是一認(rèn)識(shí)到就改正。Dotheyenjoydiplomaticimmunity?他們享有外交豁免權(quán)嗎?Immunityfromsmallpoxcanbeobtainedbyvaccination.種牛痘可以免患天花。Onecannotviolatethelawsofnaturewithimpunity.違反自然規(guī)律一定會(huì)受到懲罰。Thosecriminalsareunderadelusionthattheycancommitcrimeswithimpunity.這些犯罪分子錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為他們可以犯罪而不受懲罰。Iflawsarenotenforced,crimesarecommittedwithimpunity.如果法律得不到強(qiáng)化,罪犯就會(huì)逍遙法外/犯了罪就可以不受懲罰。improvein,improveon/upon(1)improvein意為在某方面做出改進(jìn)或進(jìn)步,后可接skill,knowledge,health,behaviour等。Itseemsthattheboyhasgreatlyimprovedinhisbehavioursincehewaswarnedlast.看來(lái)自從上次對(duì)他提出警告以后,這孩子的表現(xiàn)大有好轉(zhuǎn)。Mr.Smithisimprovinggraduallyinhealth.史密斯先生的健康漸漸有了起色。(2)improveon/upon是“對(duì)……加以改進(jìn)/改良”,意味著在原來(lái)基礎(chǔ)上做出更好的東西。Theyaretrainingstrenuouslysoastoimproveontheirpreviousrecords.他們正努力訓(xùn)練,以期刷新他們以前的紀(jì)錄。I'munabletoimproveonhissuggestion.我提不出比他的更好的建議了。(3)improve可用作及物動(dòng)詞,意為“增進(jìn),改進(jìn),改善”。Ithinkyoucanimproveyourhealthbyexercise.我想你可以通過(guò)鍛煉來(lái)增進(jìn)健康。Don'tyouthinkweshoulddoourbesttoimproveourselvesinEnglish?你不認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)盡力在英語(yǔ)方面提高自己?jiǎn)??in,into(1)一般說(shuō)來(lái),in用于表示靜止不動(dòng)的位置,意為“在里面”;into用于表示到某一具體地方終止的運(yùn)動(dòng),意為“進(jìn)入……里面”。Shecameintotheroomlaughing,buthewentoutcrying.她笑著走進(jìn)房間,但他卻哭著走出去了。Mymother'sthewomaninthechairbythewindow.我母親就是坐在窗前椅子上的那一位。(2)in可代替into與許多動(dòng)詞連用,表示運(yùn)動(dòng),這類動(dòng)詞主要是含有終止意味的動(dòng)作,如:put,sitdown,throw,jump,fall,dip,cut,thrust,introduce,break等。Heputhishandin/intohispocket.他把手放進(jìn)了口袋里。Hejumpedin/intotherivertosavethelittlegirl.他跳入河里去救那個(gè)小女孩。Myunclesatdowninhisarmchairandlookedatme.我叔叔在扶手椅里坐下來(lái),看著我。Throwitin/intothewastepaperbasket.把它扔進(jìn)廢紙簍里。Hewenton,withhishandsthrust(deepdown)in/intohispockets.他繼續(xù)講著,兩手(深深地)插入口袋里。(2)但在表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞go,come,walk,run,dive,fly,flee等之后,要用into。Shecameintomystudyholdinganewspaper.她手里握著一張報(bào)紙來(lái)到我的書房。Hewalkedoutintothegardenandpickedsomestrawberriesforme.他到花園去為我摘了一些草莓。Theboysdivedintotheswimmingpooloneafteranother.這些男孩一個(gè)接一個(gè)跳進(jìn)了游泳池里。Theoldladyflewintoagreatpassion.老太太勃然大怒。(3)into只能用作介詞;in還可用作副詞。Comein,please.請(qǐng)進(jìn)。in,inside(of),within(1)用來(lái)表示時(shí)間時(shí),in的意思是“在······末”;within意為“在……期間之內(nèi);不超過(guò)”,在時(shí)間界限上有差別。I'llfinishthisjobintwoweeks.我將在兩周后完成這項(xiàng)工作。I'llfinishthisjobwithintwoweeks.(=..inlessthantwoweeks.)我將在兩周內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。We'llcometoseeyouinaweek我們將在一周后來(lái)看你。(2)in和within在表示位置時(shí)有時(shí)可以換用。IsMr.Smithin/within?史密斯先生在嗎?Thepostofficeisin/withinwalkingdistanceofmyhouse.郵局離我家很近,步行就能到。(3)在美式英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)把inside(of)用作within。Icanfinishthetaskinside(of)twoweeks.我能在兩周內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。inbehalfof,onbehalfof,onone'sbehalfinbehalfof在美式英語(yǔ)中意為“為了……的利益;為著……;代表……”;onbehalfof和onone'sbehalf也是“為了……的緣故;為了……的利益;代表……”。表示“代表……”時(shí),用onbehalfof較多。Pleaseallowme,on/inbehalfofmycolleagues,toexpressourheartfeltthankstoyougentlemenforyourwarmwelcome.請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我代表同事們對(duì)你們的熱情歡迎向各位先生們表示我們衷心的感謝。I'mwritingonbehalfofmymother,toexpressherthanksforyourgift.我代表我媽媽寫信,表達(dá)她對(duì)您贈(zèng)送禮物的感謝。Ifeltpainednotbeingabletodoanythingonyourbehalf.我為不能為您做任何事情而感到痛苦。Theministerworkedhardallhislifeinbehalfofthepoor.這位牧師一生為了窮人努力工作。Thedirectorwillsignthedocumenton/inbehalfofthecompany.董事長(zhǎng)將代表公司簽署這份文件。incasethat,incaseof,inthecaseof,intheevent(that),intheeventof(1)incasethat意為“萬(wàn)一,以防,如果”,指為了安全等目的事先做某事以做防范,防止(不好的事發(fā)生),或?yàn)榱藢?duì)以后可能出的情況做好準(zhǔn)備。Youshouldinsureyourhouseincasethere'safire.你應(yīng)為你的房子投保,以防發(fā)生火災(zāi)。Youshouldtelephone999ifthere'safire.如果發(fā)生火災(zāi),你應(yīng)撥打999。*上面兩句中所說(shuō)事項(xiàng)發(fā)生的次序是不同的。第一句是說(shuō)在火災(zāi)可能發(fā)生前對(duì)房子投保;第二句是說(shuō)在發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)打電話(給消防部門)。這里incase表示防備萬(wàn)一;if表示已有某種結(jié)果/后果。TakeJohn'saddresswithyou,incase(that)youhavetimetoseehimwhenyou'reinLondon.把約翰的地址帶上,萬(wàn)一你在倫敦時(shí)有時(shí)間可以去看他。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise.萬(wàn)一我忘了,請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝岩幌挛以S過(guò)的諾言。(2)①incaseof較incase意思要寬,可用于與if相同的場(chǎng)合,意為“萬(wàn)一,如果”。Incaseoffire,ringthealarmbell.(=Ifthereisafire...)萬(wàn)一發(fā)生火災(zāi),拉響警鐘。Incaseofrain,themeetingwillbeputoff.萬(wàn)一下雨,會(huì)議將推遲。②用incase的句子中,常要用should,特別是在書面語(yǔ)中;口語(yǔ)中常用直陳語(yǔ)氣。萬(wàn)一下雨,運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將推遲。Thesportsmeetwillbepostponed,incaseitrains.(口語(yǔ))Thesportsmeetwillbepostponed,incaseitshouldrain.(書面語(yǔ))*但也有人認(rèn)為用should比不用should表示發(fā)生的可能性更小。I'llgetsomebeerincaseAuntMarycomes.(Shemaycome.)我將弄些啤酒來(lái),萬(wàn)一瑪麗姨媽過(guò)來(lái)。③在表示過(guò)去情況時(shí),incase之后往往用should,特別是在書面語(yǔ)中??谡Z(yǔ)中常不用。IpackedaswimsuitincaseIshouldhavetimetogotothebeach.我將游泳衣裝入行李,以備我有時(shí)間去海灘時(shí)用。Hetookanumbrellawithhimincaseitshouldrain/itrained.他帶上一把雨傘,以防下雨。④incase后面也可不接句子,意為“以防萬(wàn)一”。Itmayrain—you'dbettertakeanumbrellawithyou(just)incase.可能要下雨,你最好帶上雨傘以防萬(wàn)一。Thebusisusuallyontime,butstartearly,justincase.公共汽車通常是準(zhǔn)時(shí)的,不過(guò)還是早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身,以防萬(wàn)一。(3)inthecaseof意為“對(duì)于·……來(lái)說(shuō);就……的情況而言”,相當(dāng)于“asfaras...is/are/was/wereconcerned”。Povertydepressesmostpeople;butinthecaseofmyfather,itonlymadehimworkharder.貧窮使大多數(shù)人消沉。但就我父親來(lái)說(shuō),卻只會(huì)使他更加努力。It'sthekindofstorywethinkofasmyth.ButinthecaseofLincolnit'strue.這是我們通常認(rèn)為是神話的故事,但就林肯來(lái)說(shuō),這卻是真實(shí)的。(4)1intheevent(that)可以表示“如果”,與用f和incase(作“如果”解時(shí))意思相同。Intheeventthatourteamwins,we'llholdabigparty.如果我們隊(duì)贏了,我們將召開(kāi)一個(gè)大型慶祝會(huì)。②intheevent還作“實(shí)際情況是····”解,常與but連用,后接句子。Wehadgravedoubtsaboutthewisdomoftheplaninprivateatthetime,butintheeventitprovedtobemostadvantageoustous.當(dāng)時(shí),我們?cè)谒较吕飳?duì)該計(jì)劃的明智性提出了嚴(yán)重懷疑,但實(shí)際情況證明它對(duì)我們極為有益。Intheeventofherbeingsick,shewillloseheropportunitytogoabroad.萬(wàn)一她病了,她將失去出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì)。Intheevent(Incase)ofraintheceremonywillbeheldindoors.萬(wàn)一下雨,儀式將在室內(nèi)舉行。(in)dutybound,(in)honorbound(in)dutybound意為“有責(zé)任(做某事);感到應(yīng)該”;(in)honorbound指“道義感使不得不;在道義上應(yīng)該”,兩者均后接不定式。We'reindutyboundtohelptheneedyorthoseindistress.我們應(yīng)該幫助那些窮苦人或不幸的人們。Indutybound,hewentbacktoseehisparents.受責(zé)任驅(qū)使,他回去看了父母。You're(in)honorboundtogivehimhelpwhenhedidthesameforyou.他幫過(guò)你,你在道義上也應(yīng)該給他幫助。Ifelthonorboundtohelphimwhenhewasindifficulty.在他處于困難中時(shí),我覺(jué)得在道義上應(yīng)該幫助他。intheevening,ontheeveningof,towardsevening,ontheeveof(1)intheevening意為“在晚上”。在早晨/上午inthemorning;在下午intheafternoon;在夜間inthenight,atnight,duringthenight。Italwaystakesmeagestowakeupinthemorninginwinter.冬天早晨我總是需要很久才能醒來(lái)。(2)atnight與duringtheday(在白天)相對(duì)而言,是泛指。I'dliketoworkatnight,andsleepduringtheday.我喜歡夜間工作,白天睡覺(jué)。(3)如要具體說(shuō)哪一天的上午、下午、晚上等,或者要對(duì)其進(jìn)行描述,就要用on,而不用in。Seeyou(on)Mondaymorning.周一早晨見(jiàn)。OnacoldafternooninJanuary,JohncamefromWashingtontoseeme.在1月的一個(gè)寒冷的下午,約翰從華盛頓來(lái)看我。Thestoryhappenedonarainyevening/morning,inthemonthofMay.這故事發(fā)生在5月一個(gè)下雨的晚上/上午。Idon'tliketoseepeopleonthenightswhenI'vebeenworkinglate.在我工作到很晚的夜晚,我不喜歡會(huì)見(jiàn)人。HearrivedinNewYorklateontheeveningofthe15thofMay.他5月15日晚上很晚才到紐約。I'dliketostrollthewoodinasummerevening.(此處用in,并不特指某天晚上)我喜歡在夏天的晚上在這個(gè)小樹(shù)林里漫步。(4)ontheeveof意為“在······除夕;在······前夕”,也可用于比喻意義。OnNewYear'sEveIgotaletterfrommybrother.新年除夕,我接到弟弟一封信。Tryon.Don'tgiveup.You'reontheeveofsuccess.繼續(xù)來(lái),別放棄,你馬上就要成功了。towardsevening意為“天快黑時(shí),傍晚”。Itwasrainingharderandhardertowardseveningthatday.那天傍晚,雨越下越大。inthefield,inthefields,atthefield,onthefield(1)inthefield意為“在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)”,“參戰(zhàn)”,“參加比賽”,“在野外/實(shí)地/現(xiàn)場(chǎng)”,“在……領(lǐng)域/范圍/行業(yè)內(nèi)”。Areyouinthefieldforthe100-metrerace?你參加百米賽跑了嗎?Ineveryfieldofscience,artandliteraturetheyhavemadeoutstandingcontributions.在科學(xué)、藝術(shù)和文學(xué)的每一領(lǐng)域,他們都做出了卓越的貢獻(xiàn)。Thenewmachinehasyettobetestedinthefield.這臺(tái)新機(jī)器還需在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)試。Whenaboy,Iusedtoplayinthefieldwithmybrother.孩提時(shí),我常和我弟弟在野地里玩。Thegeneralservesbetterinthefieldthanatadesk.比起在寫字臺(tái)前,這位將軍在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上能更好地發(fā)揮自己的才能。(2)inthefields是“在田野里,在田地里”。Thoughitwasdrizzling,theywentonworkinginthefields.雖然下著毛毛雨,但是他們一直在地里干著活。(3)atthefield意為“在運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上”。Abasketballmatchwillbeheldatthefieldthisafternoon.今天下午,在運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上將舉行一場(chǎng)籃球賽。(4)onthefield是“在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上”,等于onthebattlefield,也可指在賽場(chǎng)上。Hewaskilledonthefield(ofbattle)intheHuaihaiCampaignof1948.他在1948年淮海戰(zhàn)役中犧牲在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上。Onthebaseballfield,theumpire'swordisfinal/theumpirehasthefinalword.在棒球場(chǎng)上,裁判具有決定權(quán)。inthenorth,onthenorth,tothenorth,atthenorth(1)①inthenorth意思是“在北部”,指在“在……之內(nèi)的北部”。Hishomeusedtobeinthenorthofthecity,butnowhehasmovedintothecitycenter.他家原來(lái)在該城的北部,但現(xiàn)在已遷入市中心了。②inthenorth還可籠統(tǒng)地指“在北方,在北部”。Cloudsaregatheringinthenorth—itlookslikerain/snowsoon.烏云在北面聚積,像是很快要下雨/雪了。(2)不跑也,意也是得接瓷”,“在北面”,兩者M(jìn)ongolialiesonthenorthofChina.蒙古位于中國(guó)之北。(3)1tothenorth是指外部的北部,如果兩者緊挨著,可用onthenorth,也可用tothenorth。Canadalieson/tothenorthoftheUnitedStates.加拿大位于美國(guó)的北面。TaiwanliestothenorthofthePhilippines.(不能用on)臺(tái)灣島位于菲律賓群島的北面。②tothenorth也可指“向北方”。Ihearheisgoingtothenorthnextweek.聽(tīng)說(shuō)他下周要去北方。(4)atthenorth是美式英語(yǔ)用法,英式英語(yǔ)用inthenorth。Beijingisat/inthenorthofChina.北京位于中國(guó)北部。(5)在用作方位,表示某個(gè)國(guó)家、地區(qū)東西南北界線時(shí),“onthe”可以省去不用。Switzerlandisbounded(onthe)northbyGermany,(onthe)westbyFrance,(onthe)eastbyAustriaand(onthe)southbyItaly.瑞士北鄰德國(guó),西接法國(guó),東靠奧地利,南接意大利。*southeast,west也可分別組成類似短語(yǔ),用法也與此相同。inspiteof,despite,forall,forallthat,withall,notwithstanding,regardlessof,withoutregardfor/to,withoutdistinctionof,withoutreferenceto,withoutrespectto/of(1)①inspiteof意為“盡管……”,為普通用語(yǔ),但語(yǔ)氣較重,差不多相當(dāng)于由although引導(dǎo)的從句。Wewentoutinspiteoftherain.(=...althoughitwasraining.)盡管下雨,我們還是出去了。Inspiteofthefactthathehadmadedesperateefforts,hefailedtheexaminEnglish.盡管他做出了極大努力,他英語(yǔ)考試還是不及格。②inspiteof與becauseof為反義詞。Hemarriedherbecauseofherlooks.(=.becauseshewasbeautiful.)因?yàn)樗南嗝?出眾)他娶了她。Hemarriedherinspiteofherlooks.(=..althoughshewasugly.)盡管她長(zhǎng)相丑陋他還是娶了她。(2)①despite為書面語(yǔ),意思與inspiteof相同,??蓳Q用。Hedecidedtokeepondespitehisfailureintheexperiment.盡管試驗(yàn)失敗了,他還是決定堅(jiān)持下去。Despitehisadvancedyears,he'slearningtodrive.盡管他上了年紀(jì),他仍在學(xué)習(xí)開(kāi)車。2despite可直接與that從句連用,inspiteof則不能。Theydecidedtogoforanoutingdespitethatitwasdrizzling.盡管下著毛毛雨,他們還是決定外出郊游。Despite/Inspiteofthefactthathehadbeenrunningahighfever,hekeptonfightingthefloodsonthebankoftheriver.盡管他發(fā)著燒,他還是堅(jiān)持在河堤上抗洪。(3)forall與withall意思相同,也是“盡管……;不顧·…·”,常用于書面語(yǔ),構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。for/withall常與inspiteofall換用。Forall/Withall/Inspiteofallhisachievements,heremainsmodestandprudent.盡管他取得了那些成就,他依然謙虛謹(jǐn)慎。Forall/Withallhisfaults,heisstilltrust-worthy.盡管他有缺點(diǎn),但他仍值得信任。(4)forallthat多用于口語(yǔ),意思是“盡管是那樣”。Hesayshedidn'tdoit,butI'msurehediditforallthat.(=..inspiteofwhathehassaid.)盡管他說(shuō)他沒(méi)做那件事,但我肯定他還是做了。Wesometimesquarreledwitheachother,butweweregoodfriendsforallthat.我們有時(shí)相互爭(zhēng)吵,盡管如此,我們還是好朋友。(5)①notwithstanding作介詞用時(shí),意為“盡管”,與inspiteof同義,語(yǔ)氣較輕,但文氣較重。Notwithstandingtheirnaughtiness,Ilovemylittlegirls.盡管我的小女兒們調(diào)皮,我仍然愛(ài)她們。Thematchwasheldasplannednotwithstandingthebadweather.盡管天氣不好,比賽還是如期舉行了。②notwithstanding可接that從句。Wewouldtakeupthetasknotwithstandingthattheyadvisedusnotto.我們將接受這次任務(wù),盡管他們勸我們不要接受。3notwithstanding可以用作副詞,意為“仍然,盡管如此”。Whateveryoumaysay,I'ldoitnotwithstanding.不管你說(shuō)什么我仍然要做這件事。regardlessof意為“不管··…··如何;不顧”;withoutregardfor/to意為“也不管……”,兩者意思近似。We'lldoitregardlessof/withoutregardtotheprice.不論代價(jià)如何,我們都要做這件事。Somepeopleactregardlessof/withoutregardforwhatwillhappenafterwards.有些人辦事不顧后果。(7)withoutdistinctionof意為“不加區(qū)分,不分,不論”。ThePresidentshookhandswitheveryone,withoutdistinctionofrank.不論職位高低,總統(tǒng)跟每一個(gè)人都握了手。(8)withoutreferenceto意為“不論······;不管……”與regardlessof,withoutregardfor/to,withoutdistinctionof??苫Q。Thistestistobetakenbyallpupilswithoutreferencetoageorgrade.這項(xiàng)測(cè)試,不論年齡和級(jí)別,所有小學(xué)生都將參加。(9)withoutrespectto/of意思也是“不論……;不管……”。Everybodycancometotheschool,withoutrespectto/ofclass,raceorsex.不論階級(jí)、種族或性別,誰(shuí)都可以來(lái)這所學(xué)校上學(xué)。Thosewhohavebrokenthelawmustbepunishedwithoutrespectofpersons.違反法律的人,不論是誰(shuí),都必須受到懲罰。inthestreet(s),onthestreet(s)(1)inthestreet(s)意為“在大街上”或“在戶外”。Imetanoldfriendofmineinthestreetyesterday.昨天我在大街上遇到一個(gè)老朋友。Itisdangeroustobeinthestreetsafterdarkinthattown.在那個(gè)鎮(zhèn)上,天黑以后還待在街上是危險(xiǎn)的。(2)在上述句子中,美國(guó)人用onthestreet,但在英式英語(yǔ)中,onthestreet卻意味著做妓女,等于tolive/goonthestreet(s)。Intheoldsociety,manywomenwereforcedtolive/togoonthestreets.舊社會(huì),許多婦女被迫做妓女。(3)在具體某一街道上英美人也分用in和on。Hishomeisin/onFifteenthStreet.他家位于第十五大街。HelivesonFifthAvenue.他住在第五大街。inviewof,with...inview,withaviewto,witha/theviewof,considering(that),onaccountof,seeingthat,takingintoaccountconsideration,inhopesofinthehope(of)這是一些意思和用法不盡相同的短語(yǔ)。將它們列在一起,是因?yàn)樵谀承┓矫嫒菀谆煜?1)inviewof意思是“有鑒于,考慮到;由于”,可與considering,takingintoaccount/consideration或seeingthat+從句形式換用。Inviewofwhatyoutellme,I'llthinkitoverbeforemakingthefinaldecision.鑒于你告訴我的情況,做最后決定之前我將仔細(xì)考慮一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Inviewofhissternopposition,noothercourseremainedtousbuttogiveupthewholeidea.由于他的堅(jiān)決反對(duì),我們只好放棄整個(gè)打算,別無(wú)他法。(2)with..inview意為“懷著(某種目的),想著,想到”。Withthisend/goalinview,wedecidedtocompileanewtextbook.懷著這樣一個(gè)目的,我們決定編一本新教科書。Shewasveryhappyatthetime,withinviewtheprospectofseeingherhusbandagainaftertwoyearsofparting.想到在分別兩年之后就要與丈夫重逢了,當(dāng)時(shí)她非常高興。(3)withaviewto是“為了……,為的是……;有……打算”。短語(yǔ)中的to是介詞,可接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。常用于書面語(yǔ)言,可用inordertodo的形式替換。I'mwritingwithaviewtoseeingifthereisanypossibilitythatyoumaycomeandworkhereforayearortwo.我寫信是為了看看你能否來(lái)這里工作一兩年。They'vedecidedtoconstructanewbuildingoffivestoreyswith24apartmentswithaviewtoimproving/inordertoimprovetheworkers'residentialconditions.為了改善工人的住宿條件,他們決定建一座5層24套房的新樓。Theworkersadoptedthenewmethodwithaviewtoafurtherimprovement.為了做進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn),工人們采用了這種新方法。t)witha/theviewof的意思與withaviewto相同,只是of后面須接動(dòng)名詞,不用名詞。They'vedecidedtobuildtwomoreworkshopswiththeviewofincreasingtheirproductionby20percent.為把產(chǎn)量提高20%,他們決定再建兩個(gè)車間。Ididitonlywithaviewofsavingyourtrouble.我做這件事只是為了省去你的麻煩。(5)①considering意為“考慮到;鑒于”,可作介詞,接名詞或名詞關(guān)系從句,與inviewof意思差不多,有時(shí)可以換用。Hedidpoorlyinhisexaminations,considering/inviewofhowhardhehadstudiedforthem.考慮到他為準(zhǔn)備考試那么用功,他考得不算好。Hedidaverygoodjob,consideringhisage.考慮到他的年齡,他做得很好。2considering也可接that從句,??膳cseeing(that)換用,“that”??墒÷?。Consideringthatthisisyourfirstattempt,itisverycreditable.鑒于這是你的第一次嘗試,因此是值得贊揚(yáng)的。Thepagodaisstillingoodconditionconsideringthatitwasbuilt1,500yearsago.鑒于這座寶塔建于1500年前,其狀況還算是好的。Considering/seeing(that)everyoneishere,wemayaswellgetintothetrain.考慮到大家都到了,我們不妨上車吧。③considering有時(shí)用作副詞,意思是“各方面都考慮進(jìn)來(lái),全面考慮起來(lái)”。Shedidtheworkperfectlywell,considering.考慮到各方面的情況,她干得十分好。That'snotsobadconsidering.全面考慮起來(lái),這不算怎么壞。onaccountof意為“由于,因?yàn)椤保山佣陶Z(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。Hedecidedtoputoffhisgoingabroadonaccountofthefinancialproblemhethenencountered.由于他當(dāng)時(shí)遇到的經(jīng)濟(jì)上的問(wèn)題,他決定推遲出國(guó)。I'mgoingtotheseasideformyholidayonaccountofmyhealth.鑒于我的健康問(wèn)題,我打算去海濱度假。seeingthat意為“既然,考慮到,鑒于”,后面接從句,與consideringthat??蓳Q用。在用作“既然”解時(shí),與用since或nowthat意思差不多。Seeing(that)/Since/Nowthatshe'snowlawfullyoldenoughtogetmarried,Idon'tseehowyoucanstopher.既然她已到結(jié)婚的合法年齡,我不知你怎樣才能阻止她。He'sdonewelltopasshisexaminations,seeingthat/consideringthathehasbeenillalot.考慮到他生病了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,他考試能及格就很好了。(8)takingintoaccount/consideration意為“考慮到;把……考慮進(jìn)去”,實(shí)際上也可看作是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作
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