大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題

大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威

版后附試題大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題2022年詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamilies.ItincludesmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.Thoselanguages,whicharebelievedtohaveoriginatedfromthislanguagefamilyanddevelopedalonedifferentlines,showvariousdegreesofsimilaritytooneanotherTheyfallintoeightprincipalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternSet東部諸語族：Balto-Slavic波羅的-斯拉夫語,Indo-lranian印度伊朗語族,Armenian亞美尼亞語族andAlbanian阿爾巴尼亞語族；aWesternSet:西部諸語族Celtic凱爾特語族,Italic意大利語族，Hellenic希臘語族,Germanic日爾曼語族.AllthelanguagesinbothsetsshedsomeinfluenceonEnglishtoagreaterorlesserextentbecauseeachhaslentwordsintotheEnglishvocabulary.Prussian普魯士語Lithuanian立陶宛語Polish波蘭語Balto-Slavic波羅的■斯拉夫語Czech捷克斯洛伐克語Bulgarian保加利亞語Slovenian斯洛文尼亞語RussianAlbanian阿爾巴尼亞Persian波斯語Hindi北印度語Indo-lranian印度伊朗語系Bengali孟加拉語Romany,吉卜賽語Armenian亞美尼亞語PortugueseSpanishItalic意大利語族ItalianRoumanian羅馬尼亞語FrenchIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyIrishCeltic凱爾特語BretonScottishNorwegian挪威語Icelandic,冰島語Danish丹麥語GermanicSwedish瑞典語日爾曼語言EnglishDutchFlemishGermanHellenic,古希臘語-Greek大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題Chapter1AGeneralSurveyofAWordTheDefinitionofWordAwordisAminimalfreeformofalanguage;asoundunity;aunityofmeaning;aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformthathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Awordisasmallestunitofalanguage.1.ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyThehistoryofEnglishlanguagecanbedividedinto3periods:a/OldEnglishperiod(449—1100)Theformerinhabitants,theCeltic,theGermanictribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutesAnglo-SaxonasOldEnglish,OldEnglishcontains50-60thousandwords,whichconsistsofthebasicwordstock.b/MiddleEnglishperiod(1100-1500)characterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.TheFrenchloanwordswerefoundinlawandgovernmentaladministration(judge,justice)c/ModernEnglishperiod(1500--)theearlystageofthisperiod(includingtheyearsbetween1500-1700),theRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestothevocabulary,borrowingfromLatin,Latinwerenowmostlyconnectedwithscienceandabstractideas.Greekborrowingsweremostlyliterary,technicalandscientificwords2.ClassificationofEnglishWordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteriaA.ByOrigin:nativewordsandloan(borrowed)wordsInEnglishlanguage,mostnativewordsinModernEnglisharemonosyllabic.TheyformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockofEnglishlanguage.Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockare:Nationalcharacter;2.Stability;3.Word-formingability;4.AbilitytoformcollocationsSincethegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockarenativewords,theyarenaturallytheonesusedmostfrequentlyineverydayspeechandwriting.BylevelofusageCommonwords(Pllwordsconnectedwithordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife:DTherepeatedtelephonecallsonlyannoyedmebutmademysisterveryangry.||)Literarywords(P12wordsarechieflyusedinwriting,formalspeeches,e.g.Feelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.):a.Archaicwords;b.PoeticalwordsSeeP13Colloquialwords:WordsusedmainlyinspokenEnglish,inconversationamongfriendsandcolleagues,e.g.DJohnwasfiredforpettythieving||SlangwordsBynotion:functionwordsandcontent(P17)functionwordsareshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoon,theyservegrammaticalmeaning大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題Contentwordshavelexicalmeaning,suchasnouns,mainverbs,adjandadv.e.g.Thepasserbywashitbythetruck.Chapter2Word-StructureandWord-Formation(l)1.ThedefinitionofmorphemeWhatisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage?-morphemeWhatarewordscomposedof?-Wordsareformedbymorphemes.Awordisthesmallestunitthatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.WhataretheChineseequivalentsofmorpheme?語素詞素-形位2.1Morphemesmaybeclassifiedintofreeandbound.Freemorphemes,alsocalledcontentmorphemes,mayconstitutewordsbythemselves.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Sowemaysaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroots.Boundmorphemes=Boundroot+affixes,knownasgrammaticalmorphemes,mustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherfreeorbound.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords,e.g.recollection,idealistic,ex-prisonerMorphemesmayalsobeclassifiedintoroots(orrootmorphemes)andaffixes(oraffixationalmorphemes).Task:Readthefollowingwordsandfindtherootineachword.heart,hearten,dishearten,heartless,hearty,heartiness,sweetheart,heartbroken,kind-hearted,whole-heartedly.Whatisyourdefinitionofroot?Arootisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenalltheaffixeshavebeenremoved.Isarootnecessarilyafreemorpheme?Why?2.2.1Twotypesofroots-FreerootInEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes,suchasblackinblack,blackboard,blacksmith.-BoundrootHowever,therearequiteanumberofrootswhichcannotexistontheirownandthusbelongtotheclassofboundmorphemes.Forexample,ceiveinreceive,conceive,perceive,deceive;mitinpermit,commit,submit;taininretain,contain,maintain;curinrecur,occur,incur,etc.theserootscannotbeusedtoformnewwords.TwotypesofaffixesAffixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformative(構(gòu)詞成分)thatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.-Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)servetoexpressthefollowingmeanings:plurality:e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;eninoxen.thegenitivecase:e.g.'sinboy's,children's.theverbalendings:forexample,-(e)sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.-inginwordslikeeating,teachingshowsthepresentparticipleorgerund.-(e)dinwordslikeworked,savedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple.thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees:e.g.-erinwordslikesmaller,harder;-estinwordslikesmallest,hardest.-Derivationalaffixes(orderivationalmorphemes)canbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot,e.g:unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.task:listsomeprefixesthatcanmodifythepartsofspeech.-en-(em-)asinwordslikeembody,enrich-be-asinwordslikebefriend,belittle-a-asinwordslikeasleep,aside(2)Suffixesareaffixesaftertheroot,e.g.:darkness,worker.Bytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.2.3RelationshipbetweenthetwoclassificationsofmorphemesMorphemeItistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.a)Boundmorphemesaremorphemeswhichalonecanbeusedaswords.Whatisanallomorph?Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.語素/形位變體是同一個語素的不同形式。Amorphememaytakevariousshapesorforms.3.5MorphemeandWord-formation在構(gòu)詞法中，語素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。Twotypesofaffixes:InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折詞綴和派生詞綴Inflectionalaffixesfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示詞的語法意義的是屈折詞綴。-s，-esjng,-er,or-(e)d,estDerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemes(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.e.g.,unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodify(2)SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.Root,stem,base詞根、詞干、詞基Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Astemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional）canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。它與詞根有區(qū)別，因為它是可以從派生角度進行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生詞綴。但是詞根則不容許做進一步的分析。詞基與詞干也是不同的，因為派生詞綴和屈折詞綴都可以加在詞基上，而只有屈折詞綴可以加在詞干上。Task:Analysethewordintermsofroot,stemandbase.undesirable（n.）:不是詞根（可再分解）；是詞干（可以加屈折詞綴，如名詞復(fù)數(shù)-s）,也是詞基。（自由形位）boundroot（粘附詞根）（形位）（粘附形inflectionalaffix（屈折詞綴）affixprefix（前綴）（詞綴）derivationalaffix（派生詞綴）suffix（后綴）1.Affixation（derivation）詞綴法Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Accordingtothepositionsthataffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubclasses;prefixationandsuffixation.Prefixation:Prefixdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,present-dayEnglishfindsanincreasingnumberofclasschangingprefixes,e.g.asleepa(a-+v),encourageV(en-+n),unearthV(un-+n),de-oilV(de-+n),postwara(post-+n),intercollegea(inter-+n)andothers.ThesemakeuponlyaninsignificantnumberinthehugecontemporaryvocabularyThemajorityofprefixesarecharacterizedbytheirnon-class-changingnature.Theirchieffunctionistochangethemeaningofthestems.Suffixation:Suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole;theirprimaryfunctionistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Theymainlychangethewordclass.Therefore,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammatical大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題basisintofourpoundingCompounding,alsocalledcomposition,istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisa'lexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword*(Quirketal1985).Silkworm蠶andhone-ybee蜜蜂arecompounds;soareteargas催淚andeasychair安樂椅.Theseexamplesshowthatcompoundscanbewrittensolid(silkworm),hyphenated(honey-bee)andopen(teargasandeasychair)Asopencompoundsarethesameinformasfreephrases,whatisthedividinglinebetweenthem?2.1CharacteristicsofCompoundsCompoundsdifferfromfreephrasesinthefollowingthreeaspects.PhoneticfeaturesIncompoundsthewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstelementwhereasinnounphrasesthesecondelementisgenerallystressedifthereisonlyonestressIncasesoftwostresses,thecompoundhastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandthesecondarystress,ifany,onthesecondwhereastheoppositeistrueoffreephrases,e.gCompoundFreephrasea'hotlhouse溫房，暖房,干燥室ahot'housea'blackhorseablack'horsea'greenroomagreen'roomButthesestresspatternsofcompoundsarenotabsolute.Sometimes,theprimarystressmayalsofallonthesecondelementasinash-'blonde灰銀and,bottle-'green深綠色的aswellasincombining-formcompounds,socio-lin'guistic,psycho-a'nalysis.Therefore,thisisnotalwaysreliable.SemanticfeaturesCompoundsaredifferentfromfreephrasesinsemanticunity.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Forinstance,agreenhandisan'inexperiencedperson',notahandthatisgreenincolour;redmeatrefersto'beef'or'lamb'ratherthananymeatthatisredincolour;hotdogisbynomeansadogthatishot,butatypicalAmericansausageinbetweentwopiecesofbread.Themeaningsofsuchexamplescannotbeeasilyinferredfromthetwocomponentsofthecompounds.Nevertheless,alotofcompoundsaretransparent,thatisthemeaningcanbeinferredfromtheseparateelementsofcompounds.Considerthefollowingrandomexamples:disaster-related,flowerpot,washingmachine,dumbshow啞劇，scarletfever猩紅熱andmanyothers.Butthetwoelementsareinseparableandthechangeoftheelementwouldresultinthelossoftheoriginalidentity.GrammaticalfeaturesAcompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence,forexample,averb,anoun,oranadjective.Bad-mouthusedasaverbcantakethethirdpersonsingular-sandthepasttensemarker-ed,e.g.'Hebad-mouthedme.苛亥U批評’(BolingerandSears1981)Compoundnounsshowtheirpluralformsbytakinginflectional-sattheend,e.g.new-borns,three-year-olds,will-o'-the-wisps,majorgenerals.少將Ofcourse,thereareexceptionssuchasbrothers-in-law,lookers-on.Inspiteofthistheirsinglegrammaticalroleisapparent.Inadjective-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes,forexample:大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題CompoundFreephrasefineart美術(shù)finerart美藝術(shù)redtape官樣文章reddesttape最紅帶子hotlinehotterline線路，航線ConversionConversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.Thesewordsarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense.Sincethewordsdonotchangeinmorphologicalstructurebutinfunction,thisprocessisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.Lookatthewordroundinthefollowingsentences:[4a]Hewasknockedoutinthefirstround.[4b]Roundthenumberofftothenearesttenth[4c]Theneighboursgatheredroundourbarbecue.[4d]Themoonwasbrightandround.[4e]Peoplecamefromallthecountryround.(fromLodwigBarrett1973)Blending拼綴法4.1Whatisblending?Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedfromtwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablend,whichcombinesthesoundsandthemeaningoftwoothers.Themajorityofblendsarenouns,veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.Accordingtostructure,blendsfallintofourmajorgroups.4.2ClassificationofblendingStructurally,blendscanbesubdividedintothefollowingfivegroups:Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondone:head+tailChinglish,smogFirstpartofthefirstword+firstpartofthesecondword:head+headsci-fi,teleconWholeformofthefirstword+lastpartofthesecondone:word+tailnewscast,workfareFirstpartofthefirstword+wholeformofthesecondone:head+wordheliport,telediagnosisWholeformofthefirstword+firstpartofthesecondone:word+headskylabManyblendshaveonlyaveryshortlifeandareveryinformal.Theyareparticularlycommonincommercialandjournalisticlanguage.ClippingAnothercommonwayofmakingawordistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartoftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Inmoderntimes,peopletendtobeeconomicalinwritingandspeechtokeepupwiththetempoofnewlifestyle.Tosavetimeoneislikelytoclipwordsthatarefrequentlyused.Therearefourcommontypesofclipping:FrontClipping截前留后Quake(earthquake)copter(helicopter)scope(telescope)phone(telephone)gym(gymnastics)Backclipping截后留前Dorm(dormitory)memo(memorandum)stereo(stereophonic)disco(discotheque)Frontandbackclipping截前后留中間Flu(influenza)fridge()refrigeratorPhraseclipping截詞組Pub(publichouse)zoo(zoologicalgarden)pop(popularmusic)perm(permanentwaves)Acronymy首字母拼音法Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Dependingonthepronunciation,wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialisms詞首字母縮略詞oracronyms首字母拼音詞Lettersrepresentfullwords:VOA,BBC,c/o二careof由...轉(zhuǎn)交，p.c.二postcardLettersrepresentconstituentsinacompoundorjustpartsofaword:TV.ID二identitycard,GHQ=GeneralHeadquarters.AcronymsAwordformedfromtheinitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword,suchasradarforradiodelectingandranging.NATO,AIDSBASIC,TEFLN-bomb,D-day,V-dayBack-formation逆構(gòu)法Wordscreatedthroughthiswayaremostlyverbs.Stylistically,back-formedwordsarelargelyinformal.Whatisback-formation?Back-formationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofthesupposedaffix.Forinstance,theverbeditwasformedfromeditorbydroppingthesuffixCor.TheverbaggresswasformedfromthenounaggressionbyremovingthesuffixCion.大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題7.1Typesofback-formation(1)Verbsbackformedfromnounsendingin-er,-or,-ar:cobbler修鞋匠——tocobbleTomakeormend(bootsorshoes).修：制造或修理(長統(tǒng)靴或鞋)rover-wanderer.流浪漢；漫游者---torovebulldozer推土機..-tobulldozeToclear,digup,ormovewithabulldozer.用推土機整地：用推土機消除、削平或挖出sculptor雕塑家——tosculptToshape,mold,orfashionespeciallywithartistryorprecision:雕塑diaosuorator演說者，演講者---toorateliar---toliebeggar---tobegVerbsbackformedfromnounsendingin-tion,-sion:automation---toautomatetocontroloroperatebyautomation.通過自動化控制或操作destruction---todestructnegation---tonegatedonation---todonatetelevision---toteleviseVerbsbackformedfromabstractnouns:diagnosis---todiagnoseenthusiasm---toenthuseVerbsbackformedfromadjectives:drowsy todrowsegloomy---togloomlazy---tolazeVerbsbackformedfromcompoundwords:babysitter---tobaby-sithousesitter---tohousesitNounsbackformedfromadjectives:gloomy---gloomgreedy---greedAdjectivesbackformedfromnoun/adverb/adjective:difficulty---difficultutterly---utterunflappable不易驚慌的;鎮(zhèn)定的---flappable=Easilyexcitedorupset.易激動或不安的Lecture6WordMeaning1.ThemeaningsofDmeaning||(1)Reference所指ReferenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworldDBymeansofreference,aspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworld(includingpersons)arebeingtalkedabout.||Wordshavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquiredreference.Inotherwords,onlywhenaconnectionhasbeenestablishedbetweenthelinguisticsignandareferent,i.e.anobject,aphenomenon,aperson,etc.doesthesignbecomemeaningful.Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitraryandconventional.Thisconnectionistheresultofgeneralizationandabstraction,butwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.Thewordcatreferstoawholesetofanimalofthesamespecieswithoutthedistinctionofsize,colour,region,ownerandotherfactor.ltistheextensionofallcatsintheuniverse.,butitcanreferstoaparticularcatinJeanforgottofeedhercatyesterday.*Therefore,meaningcanbepinneddownbytheuser,time,place,etc.Thecatcanbereferredtoanimal,mydear,Jassay,this,sheandsoon.(2)Sense語義Sensedenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.Itisanabstraction,Everywordthathasmeaninghassense.(noteverywordhasreference).Forexample,probable,nearly,and,if,but,yes,noneofwhich大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題referstoanythingintheword,allhavesomesense.Justasonecantalkofthesameconceptindifferentindifferentlanguage,onecantalkofexpressionsindifferentdialectsofonelanguageashavingthesamesense:pavementinBritishEnglishandsidewalkinAmericanEnglishhavethesamesense.1.FourtypesofmotivationMotivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditsmeaning.語言符號，Incaseofmotivation,thegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarenotmotivated沒有根據(jù)的，sincetheyareconventional,arbitrarysymbols.Nevertheless,Englishdoeshavewordswhosemeaningcanbeexplainedtoacertainextent.Motivationcanariseinfourmajorways:a)OnomatopoeticMotivation擬聲理據(jù)Allthewordbasedonthesoundsmadebebirds,animals,insectsandsoonbelongtothiscategory.Butsuchechoicwordsarelargelyconventional,orthesoundswesayinEnglishmaynotbethesameinotherlanguage;baa-baadoesnotmean11羊口羊-PrimaryOnomatopoeia基本理據(jù)Itmeanstheimitationofsoundbysound.HerethesoundistrulyanDechotothemeaning||.e.g.cats--mew;miaowdogs--bow-wow;woof-woofsheep--baa-baapigeons--coocow--mooducks--quark-SecondaryOnomatopoeia次要理據(jù)Itmeansthatcertainsoundsandsound-sequencesareassociatedwithcertainsensesinanexpressiverelationship.e.g.ding-dongtick-tockgiggle-gaggleMorphologicalMotivation形態(tài)理據(jù)Compoundsandderivedwordsaremultimorphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.Soifoneknowsthemeaningofeachmorpheme,namelyaffixorstem,onecanfigureoutthemeaningoftheword.e.g.anticancer(anti+cancer),readable(read+able):somethingthatcanberead,toothache(tooth+ache)Inaword,mostofthecompoundwordsaremorphologicallymotivated,somearenot.e.g.egghead(書呆子)isacompoundthatwecannotguessthemeaningfromthetwofreemorphemes.Itisnotmotivatedmorphologically..SemanticMotivation語義理據(jù)SemanticMotivationreferstothementalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.文字意義和比喻意義metaphorMetaphorisafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyisusedofonething,nowisappliedtoanother.e.g.Thecurtainofnighthasfallen.Alltheworldisastage.Thelegofthetableisbroken.metonymy（借代）Metonymyisthedeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes（特征，ascrownforking）.e.g.Hesucceededtothecrown.Thekettleboils.（kettleforwater）synecdoche（提喻）Itmeansusingapartforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathingorthereverseofthese.大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題e.g.breadforfood;BeijingforChinaWashingtonfortheUSanalogy（類比）Analogyisaprocesswherebywordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords.e.g.marathon［體］馬拉松賽跑Ctelethon長期連續(xù)電視節(jié)目，talkathon冗長的討論，冗長的演說Moreexamplesare:blacklistCwhitelist白名單(如守法人士，合法機構(gòu)，可雇傭人員，可上映的電影、節(jié)目、可照顧的企業(yè)、工會滿意的機構(gòu)等等的名單，為blacklist黑名單之對),graylist(灰名單，指非明文查禁但仍屬不合法的人和物Fromwhite-collarorblue-collarworkerswehavegray-collarworkers(服務(wù)行業(yè)的職工).數(shù)字類比:therexamplesare:FirstMothertoFirstFamily,thentoFirstLady;theFirstworld一thesecondworldCthethirdworldCtheFourthWorld;thethreeP's(peace,petroleum,Palestine)andthethreeI's(inflation,interestrate,impeachment彈劾)arefromthethreeR's(reading,writing,arithmetic算)地點空間類比:arscape火星andmoonscapearefromlandscapeearthriseisfromsunriseEtymologicalMotivationThehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.Allthewordscommonizedfromthepropernounscanbeinterpretedintermsoftheirorigins.ThewordLaconicmeaningbrief*orshort*isderivedfromLacons,atribeofpeoplev/howereknownfortheirbrevityofspeech*andfortheirhabitofneverusingmorewordsthannecessary.2.TypesofmeaningWordmeaningismadeupofvariouscomponentswhichareinterrelatedandinterdependent.Thesecomponentsarecommonlydescribedastypesofmeaning.1)Grammaticalmeaning語法意義Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofthemeaningofthewordthatindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationships.Theybecomeimportartonlywhentheyareusedinactualcontext.Grammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-class詞類andinflectionalparadigm(詞形變換表).a)word-class:Inthedictionary,wordsareoftendescribedbyheirlexicalmeaningsandalsobywhatistraditionallyknownasthepartofspeech,whichmodernlinguistscalltheword-class.e.g.:realizewillbemarkedasaverbandrealizationasanoun.Whenweuseaword,wehavetoconsidertwoessentialfactors:itslexicalmeaninganditspartofspeech.Lexicalmeaningisdominantincontentwords,whereasgrammaticalmeaningisdominantinfunctionwords.Wecanneverusewordscorrectlywithoutknowingtheirword-classes.b.）Inflectionalparadigm:詞形變換Thesetofgrammaticalformsofaword（mainlynounsandverbs）iscalledinflectionalparadigmparadigm.e.g.:towork,works,worked,working;towrite,wrote,written,etc.herearetwosetsofinflectionalparadigmchanges.Nounsaredeclined（詞尾變化）,verbsareconjugated（詞形變化）,andgradableadjectiveshavedegreesofcomparison.Thelexicalmeaningofawordisthesamethroughouttheparadigm;thatistosay,alltheword-formsofoneandthesamewordhavethesamelexicalmeaning,yetthegrammaticalmeaningvariesfromoneword-formtoanother,e.g.:catisgrammaticallysingularinmeaningwhilecatsisplural;worksdenotesthirdperson,singular,presenttense,whereasworkeddenotespasttense.2)Lexicalmeaning詞匯意義Grammaticalmeaningsurfacesonlyinuse,butlexicalmeaningisconstantinallthecontentwordswithinorwithoutcontextasitisrelatedtothenotionthatthewordconveys,lexicalmeaninghastwocomponents:Conceptualmeaning概念意義Associativemeaning關(guān)聯(lián)意義大學(xué)英語詞匯學(xué)期末考試重點復(fù)習(xí)資料整理權(quán)威版后附試題AConceptualmeaning,isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.Beingconstantandrelativelystable,formsthebasisforcommunicationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaningtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.Forexample/Thesunrisesintheeast*Thewordsunheremeansaheavenlybodywhichgivesoflight,heat,andenergy.BAssociativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itisopen-endedandindeterminate不確定的andliabletotheinfluence.Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.AssociativemeaningcomprisesfourtypesConnotativemeaningConnotativemeaning（內(nèi)涵意義）:Connotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone'smind.e.g.thedenotativemeaningofthewordmotherisDfemaleparent||,butitgenerallyconnoteslovecare,tenderness.,forgivingThewordJanuarydenotesDthefirstmonthoftheyear||,butitconnotescoldweather,abitingnorthwind,snow,centralheating,skatingoreventheNewYear,home*,theconceptionalmeaningisadwellingplacedifferentpeoplemaymakeoutmoresensethanthat.Itmayremindthemoftheirfamily,friends,warmth,safety,love,convenience.Theseconnotationsareimpliedinthewell-knownsayingEastorwest,homeisbest.'Connotativemeaningisunstable,varyingconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceofindividual.Supposeachildisprejudicedagainst,oftenjeeredat,beatenorscoldedathome,thenhometohimisnothingbutahell,StylisticmeaningSocialorstylisticmeaning(文體意義):wordsusedindifferentcontextsorsituationsaccordingtotheirsocialorstylisticmeanings.Accordingtothesocialorstylisticmeaning,wordsmaybegroupedinto3levels:e.g,:maleparentfatherdaddyallyfriendbuddyWhat'sthestylisticdistinctioninthefollowingtwosentence?They