中考英語(yǔ)初三總復(fù)習(xí)資料

初三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)資料八種動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，有的只要求達(dá)到理解層次，有的則要求達(dá)到熟練運(yùn)用層次。至少其中五種時(shí)態(tài)包括過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是要求達(dá)到熟練運(yùn)用層次的，而且其考查方式肯定不會(huì)以某一時(shí)態(tài)的獨(dú)立形式出現(xiàn)，而是時(shí)態(tài)的綜合運(yùn)用，尤其要重視各種時(shí)態(tài)之間的區(qū)別。找出它們之間的不同冠詞的用法.現(xiàn)以冠詞為例：Johnwasgivenorangebagforhisbirthdaybutbagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,theThere'soldtreenearhouse.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,aThereis___800-metre-longroadbehind___hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,thegood,kindgirlsheis!A.HowB.WhataC.WhatD.Howabadweather!Ihopeitwon'tlastlong.A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howatheyarelisteningtotheteacher!A.HowcarefulB.WhatcarefulC.HowcarefullyD.Whatcarefully由上例題我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)冠詞和感嘆句是必考內(nèi)容。同樣，象賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序、代詞的格、主謂語(yǔ)一致、動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配、近義詞的比較以及習(xí)慣表達(dá)法和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用等，無(wú)一不在考查之列。所有這一切語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，我都將通過(guò)對(duì)典型試題的解題分析，展開(kāi)討論，分層展示難易對(duì)比，系統(tǒng)歸納。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是這樣處理，那么對(duì)以能力測(cè)試為主要目的的中考其他試題形式又該怎么辦呢？這里我們以一篇完形填空題為例：Apoorfarmerhadneverlefthissmallvillage.Afterhe(1)alotofmoney,hedecidedtospendaholidayinanexpensivehotel(旅館)inabigtown.(2)lunchtimecameonhisfirstdaythere,hewenttoeatintherestaurant(餐館)ofthehotel(3)hisnewclothes.Theheadwaiter(月服務(wù)員)(4)himtothetable,tookhisorderandwentaway.Whenheturnedand(5)thefarmeragain,hehada(6)!Thefarmerhadtied(系)histableclothroundhis(7).Theheadwaitertoldanotherwaitertogotothefarmerand(8)himthatpeople(9)dosuchathinginhisrestaurant.Sothewaiterwenttothefarmerandsaidina(10)voice(聲音),"Goodmorning,sir.Wouldyoulikeahaircut?"1.A.lentB.madeC.paidD.gave2.A.DuringB.ThoughC.WhenD.Because3.A.forB.withC.onD.in4.A.wantedB.putC.showedD.brought5.A.lookedatB.watchedC.sawD.found6.A.lookB.restC.tableclothD.surprise7.A.armB.neckC.handD.head8.A.askB.tellC.taughtD.told9.A.can'tB.don'tC.won'tD.mustn't10.A.friendlyB.tiredC.sadD.ter要求考生從所給的選項(xiàng)中選出正確答案，使補(bǔ)足后的短文意思通順，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。對(duì)此，考生必須通篇考慮，不能拿來(lái)就做，那樣必然顧此失彼，前后意思不得連貫。目前的中考完型還側(cè)重于語(yǔ)法，這將在逐年試題的變革中轉(zhuǎn)向按上下文的要求來(lái)推斷理解。在解這類題時(shí)，必須掌握“詞感現(xiàn)象”注意學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分“干擾項(xiàng)”所謂詞感，“thesenseofword"是指一種對(duì)詞或詞群的感受能力。對(duì)詞的感受力強(qiáng)，在解題時(shí)會(huì)較為容易地找到它與情景的關(guān)系。詞感并不僅僅指詞與詞之間的細(xì)微差異，也并不注重詞的搭配與組合，它較多地強(qiáng)調(diào)選用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~，以利于對(duì)情景作出合乎邏輯的判斷。同時(shí)也就把其它三個(gè)作為干擾項(xiàng)的選擇項(xiàng)排除掉了。最后復(fù)讀一篇全文，就會(huì)語(yǔ)感流暢，句意明確。這兒舉例的目的是想說(shuō)明，我從一個(gè)較高的立意來(lái)對(duì)中考題型，特別是完形、閱讀等，進(jìn)行分析、探討，借以使同學(xué)們?cè)~獲匯得較（為一完整）的解題思路和解題方法。這一一講、里名，主詞要幫助同學(xué)們掌握名詞、冠詞、數(shù)詞的用法，特別是針對(duì)同學(xué)不易掌握的方面。一、名詞關(guān)于名詞，我們必須掌握名詞的數(shù)，名詞的格。單數(shù)可用a、an來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，在元音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的單詞前用an,而不是a復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法：（1）一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s,如：dog--dogs。（2）以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es,如：watch--watches。（3）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加es，如:country-countrieso請(qǐng)區(qū)別：如果是元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，則只須加s。如：monkey--monkeys。⑷以o結(jié)尾的名詞，只有potato（土豆），tomato（西紅柿）加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。⑸以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f、fe為v再加es，如:knife--knives。單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞：sheep--sheep，fish--fishChinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese特殊變化的單詞有：（1）tooth--teeth，foot--feeth（2）man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen請(qǐng)區(qū)別：German（德國(guó)人）一Germans（3）child—children4.常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞：people（人），clothes（衣服），trousers（褲子）glasses（眼鏡）,這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)特別注意它們的謂語(yǔ)，用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Myclothesare（be）newerthanyours.5?有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式，實(shí)際上是單數(shù)。這一點(diǎn)是同學(xué)不易掌握的，應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如：news(消息)，maths(數(shù)學(xué))，physics(物理)Nonewsisgoodnews.6.可用howmany，many，afew，few，alotof,lotsof，some，any等來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。Howmanyarethereinyourpencil-box?(knife)不可數(shù)名詞：1.常見(jiàn)的不可數(shù)名詞有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。應(yīng)特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.不可數(shù)名詞無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常看成單數(shù)。如：Somebreadoverthere.(be)常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞。常用apieceof,acupof等來(lái)表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。如要表達(dá)“兩片面包”這樣的意義，bread仍為不可數(shù)名詞，不加s,而piece則可力口s。即：twopiecesofbread請(qǐng)區(qū)別：可數(shù)名詞也可用量來(lái)表示，如:三箱蘋(píng)果threeboxesofapples例：1、Thesetwopiecesofbreadoverthere.(be)2、CouldIhavethree,please？A.pieceofbreadB.pieceofbreadsC.piecesofbreadD.piecesofbreads名詞的格名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法，在名詞后加“'s”。如:Tom-Tom's譯為“…的”，若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則在s后加“’”即可。如：Teachers'Day,twoweeks'holiday，而不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格，仍按慣例加's。如：Children'sDay關(guān)于名詞所有格，應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn)：可用名詞所有格表示地點(diǎn)。如：myaunt's我姑姑家。gotothedoctor's去醫(yī)生家。表示兩人共同擁有，在最后一個(gè)名詞后加's如:LucyandLily's露西和莉莉的掌握詞組：agirloffive一個(gè)五歲的女孩afriendofmine我的一個(gè)朋友eg;Thew冠i!詞hirtisandblueoneis.A、Kate,myB.Kate's,mineC.Kate,mineD.Kate's,my冠詞是詞匯中的基礎(chǔ)的，也是簡(jiǎn)單的部分，所以同學(xué)們有必要掌握其基本用法，歸納起來(lái)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該掌握以下幾點(diǎn)：1.冠詞指不定冠詞a,an和定冠詞the2.不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開(kāi)頭的詞前，如：anhour,anEnglishcar.請(qǐng)區(qū)別：ausefulmachine3?指上文提到過(guò)的人或物，用定冠詞the在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前用定冠詞the.如：thesun,themoon,theearth定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前，表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前。如：thefirst,thebest,inthesouth在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the，表示XX一家人，常看成復(fù)數(shù)。如：TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.在介詞短語(yǔ)中常用定冠詞the，如：inthebox,behindthechair8?特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個(gè)方面：在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如：insummer,inAugust請(qǐng)區(qū)別：inthespringof1945.(這里表示特指，故加the)一日三餐和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名不用冠詞。如：havebreakfast,playfootball一些固定詞組中，如：gotobed,gotoschool,bybus,atnight.9.在有些詞組中，有冠詞和無(wú)冠詞意思不同，請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別：infrontof在…前面inthehospital在醫(yī)院里inthefrontof在…范圍內(nèi)的前部inhospital(生病)住院練習(xí):There's800-metre-longroadbehindhospital.三A°an數(shù)詞B.a,aC.an,theD.a,the同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)會(huì)讀會(huì)寫(xiě)所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，以及與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。對(duì)數(shù)詞的考查，中考常采用單選題及聽(tīng)力題，這些題型歸納起來(lái)，應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn)特別容易出錯(cuò)的地方?；鶖?shù)詞變序數(shù)詞。其規(guī)律為：1,2,3特殊記，加th從4起(first,second,third,fourth)8少t，9去e,千萬(wàn)別忘記(eighth,ninth)逢5逢12,ve變f(fifth,twelfth)20到90，y要變ie(twentieth,ninetieth)若是幾十幾，前基后序別倒位(ninety-first)hundred,thousand,million在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時(shí)用單數(shù)形式。如：fivehundredpeople.只有在表達(dá)籠統(tǒng)的多數(shù)時(shí)才加s,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。hundredsof數(shù)以百計(jì)的，成百上千的thousandsof數(shù)以千計(jì)的，成千上萬(wàn)的millionsof數(shù)百萬(wàn)的這些詞組前不能用具體數(shù)字。序數(shù)詞常與定冠詞the連用。練習(xí):①HenryhaslearnedeightFrenchwordsthisyear.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredofD.hundredsof②ThelessonisthemostdifficultoneinBookTwo.(twenty)另外，同學(xué)們還應(yīng)掌握與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點(diǎn)表達(dá)法。順讀法（鐘點(diǎn)＋分鐘）如：4:30fourthirty4:45fourforty-five4:15fourfifteen倒讀法（分鐘+to/past+鐘點(diǎn)）如：4:30halfpastfour4:15fifteenpastfour／aquarterpastfour4:45fifteentofive／aquartertofive練習(xí)題:Atthebeginningofthe（twenty）century,theworld'spopulationwasabout1700million.Arethese（watch）yours?Yes.Youdon'tlookwell.You'dbettergotothe（doctor）atonce.Wouldyougiveme,please?A.twopapersB.twopieceofpaperC.twopiecesofpaperD.twopiecesofpapersTherearethreeandseveninthepicture.A.monkeys,sheepsB.monkeys,sheepC.monkies,sheepD.monkies,sheepsAlotofaretalkingwithtwo.A.Germans,FrenchmansB.Germen,FrenchmansC.German,FrenchmenD.Germans,FrenchmenJune1is__.A.theChildren'sDayB.theChildrens'DayC.Children'sDayD.Childrens'Daypeoplewentouttoseewhathadhappened.A.ThousandsofB.ThreethousandofC.ThousandofD.ThreethousandsWehavebeenintheschoolfor.A.threeandahalfmonthB.threeandahalfmonthsC.threemonthandahalfD.threemonthsandhalfEnglishisusefullanguage.A.A,anB./,aC.The,anD.A,/Johnwasgivenorangebagforhisbirthdaybutbagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,theThere'soldtreenearhouse.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,aThereis800-metre-longroadbehindhospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the四.代詞①人稱代詞:主格:單數(shù)I、you、he、she、it復(fù)數(shù)we、you、they賓格:單數(shù)me、you、him、her、it復(fù)數(shù)us、you、them⑵物主代詞:形容詞性my、your、his、her、its、our、your、their名詞性mine、yours、his、hers、its、ours、yours、theirs③反身代詞:myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如：（1）Thesebooksaren'tours.Oursarenew.（這里ours=ourbooks）（2）Thisisnotourroom.Oursisoverthere.（這里ours=ourroom）"of+名詞性物主代詞"表示所屬如:asisterofhis他的一個(gè)妹妹afriendofmine我的一個(gè)朋友人稱代詞在并列使用時(shí)的順序?yàn)椋骸暗诙朔Q，第三人稱，第一人稱”。如：You,sheandIallenjoythemusic.關(guān)于反身代詞，同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu)：enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime（過(guò)得很愉快）byoneself=alone（單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自）helponeselfto…（隨便吃/喝些…）learnsth.byoneself=teachoneselfsth.（自學(xué)）練習(xí)題-Whosetrousersarethese?-,Ithink.A.TheyB.TheirC.TheirsD.ThemNobodytaught___English.Hetaught.A.him,himselfB.his,himselfC.him,byhimselfD.his,his（二）修飾可數(shù)名詞manyfew表否定意義afew表肯定意義修飾不數(shù)名詞muchlittle表否定意義alittle表肯定意義few和little與quite或only連用時(shí)，常加不定冠詞a.如:Therearequiteafewnewbooksinthelibrary.=用little,alittle,few,afew填空:1.IoftenstayathomebecauseIhavefriendshere.Jim,don'tgoandgetsomewater.Thereiswaterintheglass.ThoughhelearnedFrenchonlyweeks.Hecanspeakverywell.Lilyhadbreadbecauseshewashungryyesterday.（三）不定代詞:something,anything,nothing.當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個(gè)不定代詞時(shí)，常后置。如：somethingnewThere'sintoday'snewspaper.中考題A.importantanythingB.importantsomethingC.anythingimportantD.somethingimportant（四）另外，還要注意代詞some,every,all,both,either,anothersome（—些，某）一般用于肯定句中注：some有時(shí)也可用于表示請(qǐng)求的疑問(wèn)句中。any（任何）多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句①Willyougivemesomewater?②Wouldyoulikesomemeat?③MayIasksomequestions?④CouldIhavesomeapples?every+單數(shù)名詞“每一個(gè)”強(qiáng)調(diào)共性，作定語(yǔ)，形式上為單數(shù)。each“每一個(gè)”強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性，作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，常與of連用。如：Eachstudentwasaskedtotryagain.Eachofthemhasaniceskirt.Everychildlikesplayinggames.all“（全部）都”表示三者或三者以上，作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在連系、助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前。none“沒(méi)有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介詞of如:WeareallfromCanada.=AllofusarefromCanada.Noneofusis/areafraidofdogs.（單、復(fù)數(shù)均可）both“（兩者）都”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，看作復(fù)數(shù)；作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。either“兩者中任何一個(gè)”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用第三人稱單數(shù);作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，后跟名詞單數(shù)。neither“（兩者）都不”，含有否定意義，用法同eithero如：①Theybothswimwell.=Bothofthemswimwell.②Therearetreesonbothsidesofthestreet.=Therearetreesoneithersideofthestreet.?NeitherofusisgoingtoBeijingnextweek.?Neitheranswerisright.another+單數(shù)名詞，“另一個(gè)”one…theother“一個(gè)，另一個(gè)"theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=theothers“其他的人或物”（指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部）others“別人”（五）疑問(wèn)代詞5個(gè)“wh”,即who,whose,whom,what,which這里，which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容，其實(shí)，同學(xué)們只須記住，對(duì)作定語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容提問(wèn)，常用which.例如:Iliketheredshirt.doyoulike?練習(xí)：一、根據(jù)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，使句意通順，語(yǔ)法完整Canyoucomewithus?（we）Theseskirtsarehers.Yoursareoverthere.（she）Pleasetakecareofyourselves,boysandgirls.（you）Idon'tthinkthisismyfrisby,thoughitlookslikemine.（I）Lookatthosebooks.Aretheyyours?（that）二、根據(jù)首字母填空Isthereanythinginterestinginthenewspaper?Sheaskedustohelpeachother.Theoldmancanneitherreadnorwrite.Nothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish,Lucy.三、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換A:Thechildrenplayedhappilyinthezooyesterday.B:Thechildrenenjoyedthemselvesinthezooyesterday.A:Hedoesn'tlikemutton,andshedoesn't,either.B:Neitherhenorshelikesmutton.A:AlltheAmericanpeopledon'tlikesandwiches.B:NotalltheAmericanpeoplelikesandwiches.A:Theydon'toftenhearthetwinssingthesongintheschool.B:Neitherofthetwinsisoftenheardtosingthesongintheschool.[ZK）]四、單項(xiàng)選擇（C）20、-CanyouspeakChinese,Peter?—Yes,butonly.A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afew21、-DoyoulikeJane'snewskirt?-Yes,verymuch.I'llaskmumtobuyforme.A.oneB.itC.theotherD.a22、Thecolorofherskirtisdifferentfromofmine.A.oneB.thatC.itD.this23、Studentsareusuallyinterestedinsports.Somelikerunning,somelikeswimming.likeballgames.A.theothersB.othersC.theotherD.other24、-I'llgivetheboystoeat.-Oh,Iknow,fishandchips.A.somethingEnglishB.EnglishsomethingC.anythingEnglishD.Englishanything(D)25、-ShallIhelpyouwiththeheavybox?-No,thanks,Icandoit.A.meB.myC.mineD.myself(D)26、-Whattimeshallwemeetthisafternoon,3:00or4:00?-Idon'tmind.timeisOK.A.NeitherB.EachC.AnyD.Either27、-Mybagisfull,whatabout?-isfull,too.A.you,YoursB.his,HeC.yours,MineD.hers,She28、-I'vehadenoughbread,Wouldyoulike?-No,thanks.A.afewmoreB.onemoreC.anothermoreD.somemore(A)29、Therearemanytreesonsidesoftheriver.A.bothB.eitherC.neitherD.eachl、Hehastwobikes,oneisnew,isold.A.theotherB.otherC.theothersD.others2、Withoutthesun,couldgrowintheworld.A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything3、ofthemisgoingtoplaybasketballwithyouthisafternoon.A.AllB.NeitherC.SomeD.Both(B)4、-Canyoutellmewhatapandalookslike?-Look!Thisisapictureof.A.itB.oneC.twoD.some(B)5、Therearenotmanypearshere,butyoucantakifyouwantto.A.fewB.afewC.alittleD.little二、形容詞副詞大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個(gè)等級(jí)：原級(jí)：比較級(jí)：比較…，更…一些最高級(jí)：最…(A)1.構(gòu)成：(規(guī)則情況)情況變化方法例詞單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞：一般情況加er,estclever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e結(jié)尾力口r,stnice-nicer-nicest重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)雙寫(xiě)加er,estbig-bigger-biggest以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾變y為i加er,estearly-earlier-earliest部分雙-音節(jié)和多-音節(jié)詞在詞前力口more,mostslowly-moreslowly-mostslowly不規(guī)貝9變化，須熟記：good/well-better-bestmany/much-more-mostfar-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worstlittle-less-least(B)常見(jiàn)的使用情況as…as…和…一樣(中間用原級(jí))notas(so)…as和…不一樣(中間用原級(jí))3…than???...比…(用比較級(jí))4.有范圍修飾的用最高級(jí)如:in,of,among或用從句修飾的eg.⑴Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.（2）ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)意為“越來(lái)越….eg:wetterandwettermoreandmorebeautifulThe+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)越……就越…...eg:Themore,thebetter.越多越好（C）注意點(diǎn)：1.形容詞最咼級(jí)前一定要用the，副詞最咼級(jí)前可省略?？捎胢uch,alittle,even,still等修飾比較級(jí)。在比較級(jí)中為了避免重復(fù)，在than后常用one,that,those等詞來(lái)替代前面提到過(guò)的名詞。eg:TheweatherhereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.（D）掌握三種同義句轉(zhuǎn)換：Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.=Heisthetallest（student）inhisclass.Thisfilmislessinterestingthanthatone.=Thisfilmisn'tasinterestingasthatone.=Thatfilmismoreinterestingthanthisone.3.IprefermathstoEnglish.=IlikemathsbetterthanEnglish.Whichdoyoulike,fish,meateggs?A.best,orB.better,orC.best,andD.better,and此外，關(guān)于形容詞、副詞的內(nèi)容同學(xué)們還須掌握：形容詞修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)，跟在連系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)。副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞enough屬例外詞：形/副+enoughtodoenough+名詞例如;Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.她夠上學(xué)的年齡了。區(qū)別幾組易混淆的副詞:也too用于肯定、疑問(wèn)句also較為正式書(shū)面語(yǔ)either用于否定句已經(jīng)already常用于肯定句、疑問(wèn)句yet常用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句不再no（notany）longer從時(shí)間上講no（notany）more從動(dòng)作上講如此這樣such修飾名詞eg:suchabigboxso修飾形容詞、副詞eg:sobig單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自alone作表語(yǔ)=byoneself孤獨(dú)的lonely可作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)eg:Agroupofgirlsaresinginganddancingoverthere.（happy）練習(xí)題Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake._areclimbingthehill.A.OthersB.OtherC.AnotherD.TheotherThereisn'tintoday'snewspaper.A.importantsomethingB.importantanythingC.anythingimportantD.nothingimportant-Whosewatchisthis,Mary?Isityoursister's?-No,Mum.It'snot.It's.A.hers,myB.her,myC.Mine,hersD.hers,mine4..TheChangjiangRiveristhethird__riverintheworld.A.longB.longerC.longestD.thelongestAnelephantisthanahorse.A.morestrongB.muchstrongerC.themoststrongD.muchmorestrongWhichdoyoulike,tea,orangeorwater?A.goodB.WellC.BetterD.Best一、介詞1．與形容詞搭配的詞組有：beafraidof（怕）beangrywith（生某人的氣）beawayfrom（不在某地）bedifferentfrom（與…不同）begoodat（善于）begood/badfor（對(duì)…有益/有害）beinterestedin（對(duì)…感興趣）belatefor（遲到）be/getreadyfor（為作好準(zhǔn)備）besureof（對(duì)…有把握）beworriedabout（為…感到擔(dān)憂）介詞后常用人稱代詞賓格和動(dòng)詞-ing形式1）Youmusttakegoodcareofher.2）Thankyouforteachingussowell.3．幾組易混淆的介詞A．“在...之后”in+一段時(shí)間（用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)）after+一段時(shí)間（用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)）after+一點(diǎn)時(shí)間（常用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)）如：Thebabystoppedcryingafterhalfanhour.Thebabywillstopcryinginhalfanhour.TheywillvisittheirteacherafterFriday.B．for+一段時(shí)間since+過(guò)去的一點(diǎn)時(shí)間這兩者均用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，具體在時(shí)態(tài)部分，我會(huì)繼續(xù)向同學(xué)們講解。bemadeof"用制成"bemadein“由某地制造”bemadebysomebody“由某人制成”in,on,at表時(shí)間in“在某月（季節(jié)、年）等"eg:in1996,inJanuary,insummer固定詞組：inthemorning,inaweek,inaminute,intime,intheendon"用于指具體的某一天或?qū)Ｖ改骋惶焐衔?、下午或晚上?eg:onChristmasDay,onthenightofFebruary16at“用于具體時(shí)刻前和某些固定詞組中”固定詞組：atseven,atthemoment,atnight,atlast,atfirst,atnoon,attimes,atonce,atthistimeoftheyear,atthebeginningof,attheendofthismonth,atthesametime注意：在表時(shí)間里，下列情況下一般不用介詞。詞組里有：next,last,this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,one,every,all以及thedaybeforeyesterday和thedayaftertomorrow前不用介詞。如:不能說(shuō)intomorrow，只能說(shuō)tomorrow在明天except+賓格/doingsomething"除…之外”（不包括本身）EveryoneisatschooltodayexceptLinTao.同義句轉(zhuǎn)換）=OnlyLinTaoisn'tatschooltoday.“用”通過(guò)交通工具byplane用語(yǔ)言inEnglish通過(guò)媒介on/overthetelephone,on/overtheradio,onTV用工具手段withapen,withone'shandsbetween“在?和?（兩者）之間”between...and...,betweenthetwo...among在…之間（三者或三者以上）eg.Su連p詞tovertwohoursherhomeworkyesterdayevening.A.onB.withC.atD.over、并列連詞both-and既?又?謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞neither^nor既不?也不?含否定意義，（就近原則）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由靠近它的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定單復(fù)數(shù)。either-or-“或者…或者…”“不是…就是…”and“和”連接兩個(gè)并列成分，連接謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。but“但是”表轉(zhuǎn)折，不能與though同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中。or“或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列舉常用or,而不用and。Eg:Ihavebrothersandsisters.（否）Idon'thavebrothersorsisters.=Ihavenobrothersandnosisters.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞陳述句：that可省略一般疑問(wèn)句：if/whether“是否”特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)原因狀從的有：because（不能與so同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中）引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞：when（當(dāng)…時(shí)候），assoonas^C一…就），not^until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。Eg:Iwon'tleaveuntilhecomesback.since（自從…以來(lái)）引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，主句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。Eg：Wehaven'tmeteachothersincesheleftherelastyear.while（當(dāng)…時(shí)候，一邊邊…）它引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Eg:MyfathercameinwhileIwasdoingmyhomework.引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞：if“如果”，引導(dǎo)條件狀從，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。請(qǐng)區(qū)別于if“是否”相當(dāng)于whether，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境確定eg:1）Idon'tknowifit（rain）tomorrow.2）Ifit（rain）tomorrow,I（notclimb）thehills.3）JoanandMaryhaven'tseeneachothertheyleftschoolfiveyearsago.A.asB.beforeC.afterD.since三、構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞有法記無(wú)定法一、利用構(gòu)詞法記憶：合成法：note+bookfnotebook,school+yard—schoolyard,book+mark—bookmark派生法(即在詞根上加前、后綴記憶)：en—(使有)+courage—encourage；inter—(onewithanother；facetoface)+view—interview；foreign+er(人)—foreigner，play+er(執(zhí)行動(dòng)作的人)—player，sharpen+er(執(zhí)行動(dòng)作的物)—sharpener；library+(y—i)an(人)—librarian；miss(v.)+ing—missing(adj.)，probable(adj.)+(l)y—probably(adv.)，sad(adj.)+ly—sadly(adv.；compose(v.)+(e—i)tion—composition(n.),inform(v.)+(a)tion—information(n.)轉(zhuǎn)化法：know(v.)—knowledge(n.)二、意義關(guān)聯(lián)幫你記憶：dictionary—words，umbrella—rain，library—book—shelf，kitchen—cook三、英英解釋，溫故知新：interview—meetingwithsb.abroad——inortoanothercountryinterview—meetingwithsb.說(shuō)說(shuō)記憶單詞的方法詞是構(gòu)成句子的重要元素，詞匯量的多少在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中占有重要地位。今天我們講講怎樣記憶單詞。一、把單詞放入句子中，在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中記憶單詞。如果一旦忘記詞義，就回憶它所在的句子。很多成績(jī)較好的同學(xué)都有一個(gè)體會(huì)，抓住對(duì)句子的理解和背誦這樣一個(gè)關(guān)鍵，記憶單詞一般來(lái)說(shuō)是毫不費(fèi)力的。―、將單詞按歸類的方法進(jìn)行記憶。把同義詞歸成一類，如learnstudy，betweenamong；反義詞歸成一類，如leftright，highlow，strongweak；或根據(jù)含義和用途把同一類型的詞歸成一類，如交通工具類：car，bus，ship，plane，truck,…學(xué)科類：maths，science，art，geography,…頻度副詞類：always，usually，often，sometimes，never，…等等。這樣當(dāng)遇到其中一個(gè)詞時(shí)，頭腦中出現(xiàn)的就是一組詞，這樣記憶單詞的效率就會(huì)大大提高。同時(shí)，還可以掌握詞與詞之間的區(qū)別和各自特殊的用法，將平時(shí)極易混淆的單詞清楚地區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。

三、利用構(gòu)詞法記憶單詞。比如happy（幸福的），加前綴“un”成為unhappy（不幸福的），改“y”為“i”加后綴“ness”則變成了名詞：happiness（幸福）；“pea（豌豆）”與“nut（堅(jiān)果）”可合成為“peanut（花生）”；when（何時(shí)）+ever（在任何時(shí)候）=whenever（無(wú)論什么時(shí)候）等等。四、根據(jù)記憶與遺忘的規(guī)律來(lái)記憶單詞，即應(yīng)及時(shí)在第二天、第三天甚至以后再讀第一天記憶的單詞，定期作階級(jí)性的復(fù)習(xí)，同遺忘作斗爭(zhēng)。要記憶單詞就不能怕重復(fù)，重復(fù)也是記憶的一種好方法。五、初中階段還有一個(gè)很實(shí)用的記憶單詞的好方法就是根據(jù)音標(biāo)即單詞讀音來(lái)記單詞。只要你首先根據(jù)音標(biāo)把一個(gè)單詞讀準(zhǔn)、讀對(duì)，那么就可根據(jù)其讀音基本拼寫(xiě)出該單詞。首先這要掌握一定的拼讀規(guī)則。比如“dirty”，根據(jù)音標(biāo)我們就能拼寫(xiě)出d-ir—t—y（在非重讀音節(jié)中發(fā)［i］）。這種方法對(duì)于記憶字母較多的單詞尤其有效，如“contribution”，根據(jù)音標(biāo)我們可把它分成四部分來(lái)記憶：con—tri—bu—tion,這樣就能較快地記住單詞。以系統(tǒng)的方式來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)記憶知識(shí)能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背單詞時(shí)我們一定要留心觀察，尋找詞與詞之間的關(guān)系，這樣將合有助成于形我們?nèi)萦浽~憶單詞?？傊?，只要我們掌握一些科學(xué)的方法，并用心去記憶，就一定能記住英語(yǔ)單詞。英語(yǔ)中有許多種形式的合成形容詞，僅在初中階段需要學(xué)習(xí)使用的就達(dá)九種?，F(xiàn)分述如下：1．?dāng)?shù)詞＋單數(shù)名詞。如:20—minute20分鐘的Itzs20—minutewalk.步行20分鐘的路程。second—class二等的That'sthesecond—classroom．那是個(gè)二等房間。500—word五百字的Thisisa500—wordcomposition.這是一篇五百字的文章。數(shù)詞＋單數(shù)名詞＋形容詞。如：8—year—old八歲的MrGreenhasan8—year—oldchild.格林先生有個(gè)八歲的孩子。數(shù)詞+名詞的ed形式。如：three—legged三條腿的Tomboughtathree—leggedtableyesterday.昨天湯姆買了一張三條腿的桌子。4．形容詞＋名詞。如：round—trip來(lái)回的；往返的Doyouneedaround—tripticket?你想要一張往返的車票嗎？part—time非全部工作時(shí)間的；兼職的Hefoundapart—timejob．他找到了一份額外的工作。形容詞+名詞的ed形式。如：kind—hearted好心的FatherChristmasisverykind—hearted．圣誕老人的心腸非常好。6．名詞＋過(guò)去分詞。如：man—made人造的Chinahassentupmanyman—madesatellites．中國(guó)已發(fā)射了許多人造衛(wèi)星。7．名詞＋名詞的ed形式。如：glass—topped帶有玻璃罩的Iwanttoownaglass—toppedtable．我想要一張帶有玻璃罩的桌子。8．副詞＋過(guò)去分詞。如：so—called所謂的Idon'tlikethoseso—calledsingers．我不喜歡那些所謂的歌星。9．副詞＋副詞。如：so—so馬馬虎虎；不好不壞的MyEnglishisjustso—so．我的英語(yǔ)很一般。．Eg:ToanAmerican,aChineseisa.（foreign）前綴例詞派生詞un-“不”happyunhappylikeunlikeusualunusualfriendlyunfriendlyim“-不”possibleimpossible后綴例詞派生詞-e“r人”teach/play/cleanteacher/player/cleanerdrivedriver（以e結(jié)尾，-r）runrunner（重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫(xiě)-er）winwinnertraveltraveller-or“人”inventinventorvisitvisitor-ly（副詞后綴）badbadlyquickquicklycarefulcarefullyhappyhappilydeepdeeplyluckyluckilyusualusuallynoisynoisilyslowslowlyangryangrilystrongstronglyquietquietly特例：true-trulyterrible-terriblypossible-possibly-ful（形容詞后綴）carecarefulhelphelpfuluseuseful-y（形容詞后綴）rainrainyluckluckycloudcloudynoisenoisy（以e結(jié)尾,snowsnowysunsunny（雙寫(xiě)口-y）windwindyforgetforgetful去e,^口forgetforgetful去e,^口-y）-ion（名詞后綴）-ness（名詞后綴）一些特例：動(dòng)詞形容詞動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞sleepasleepboatboatingdiedeadbuildbuildingenjoyenjoyablebeginbeginningcrosscrossing名詞形容詞meetmeetingfriendfriendlyturnturningsouthsouthernshopshoppingwoolwoolendangerdangerous動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞differencedifferentfry

developfriedworryworried動(dòng)詞名詞breakbrokenknowknowledgeloselostflyflightpleasepleasedpleasepleasurecolourcoloured名詞名詞動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞farmfarmer農(nóng)夫followfollowinginterestinterested“感興趣的”只作表語(yǔ)，僅用于beinterestedininteresting“有趣的”可作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)developed“發(fā)達(dá)的”developing“發(fā)展中的”develop練習(xí)題1、Lucycanwritealetter___Japanesethoughshehaslearneditonlyafewmonths.A.fromB.toC.inD.with2、TheywillhaveanEnglishtest___twodays.A.forB.atC.inD.after3、WuDongwasborn___theeveningofApril2,1975.A.atB.inC.onD.to4、Ihaven'theardhershelefthome.A.from,sinceB.from,afterC.of,whenD.of,as5、Tomdidn'tknow___JackwouldleaveforBeijingtomorrow.A.howB.weatherC.whetherD.what6、Hisparentswere(happy)becausehehadfailedtheexamagain.7、Mrs.Greenlikedtostay(safe)atthesameplace.8、The(visit)fromFrancearegoingtovisitourschoolthisafternoon.思考題1、Thefarmerwas___tired___hecouldn'tfallasleep.A.very...toB.too...toC.so...thatD.neither...nor2、Workhard,___youwon'tcatchupwiththeothers.A.butB.andC.ifD.or3、Thegameisvery___andshe's___init.A.interesting,interestingB.interested,interestedC.interested,interestingD.interesting,interested重要的短語(yǔ)、句型和慣用法(一)geton/off(thebus)上/下車getup起床getreadyfor為...作準(zhǔn)備getoneselfdressed自己穿衣服getwell(better)身體好getin進(jìn)入，收集getsb.sth.=getsth.forsb.為某人買某物getonwellwithsb/sth.與某人相處很好，...進(jìn)展順利haveanaccident出事故haveagoodtime=enjoyoneself玩得很高興haveacoldwetday天氣又冷又濕haveacough咳嗽haveadrink(of)...喝一杯...haveatalk聽(tīng)報(bào)告havelunch吃午飯have...forlunch午飯吃...haveameeting開(kāi)會(huì)havenoidea不知道havearest休息一下makeamistake犯錯(cuò)誤mistakeAforB把A錯(cuò)認(rèn)為Btakesth.bymistake錯(cuò)拿某物makefriendswith與...交朋友makefaces做鬼臉makeafire生火makeanexcuse找籍口makea...sound發(fā)...音maketea沏茶makeroomfor...為...找出空間makeit如期赴約makeateam組成一個(gè)隊(duì)eg.Let'smakeithalfpastone.注意：時(shí)間前不用介詞atturnsth.on/off打開(kāi)/關(guān)掉...turnsth.up/down把...音量開(kāi)大/小注意：當(dāng)sth是代詞時(shí)，常放中間6.trysth.on試穿(衣、鞋、帽)注意：當(dāng)sth為it或them,常放中間tryout試驗(yàn)、嘗試tryone'sbesttodosth.盡力干某事=doone'sbesttodosth.sendsb.away開(kāi)除、解雇某人sendforsb.派人去請(qǐng)某人sendup發(fā)射hearfromsb收到...的來(lái)信hearof聽(tīng)說(shuō)hurryoff匆匆離去，趕快去hurryup趕快getto+名詞get+副詞(不用to)reach+名詞/副詞arrivein/at+大/小地點(diǎn)(后接副詞，不用at/in)eg.gettoShanghai、reachShanghai、arriveinShanghai到達(dá)上海eg.reachhome、gethome、arrivehome到家teachsb.English教某人英語(yǔ)teachoneself=learnsth.byoneself自學(xué)到...末為止bytheendof+過(guò)去時(shí)間(用于過(guò)去完成時(shí))bytheendof+將來(lái)時(shí)間(用于一般將來(lái)時(shí))attheendof+地點(diǎn)在…盡頭intheend=atlast最后，終于hundredsof成百上千thousandsof成千上萬(wàn)的millionsof成百萬(wàn)的bepleasedtodosth很高興地干某事bepleasedwithsth.為某事而高興beusedfor被用來(lái)beusedas被當(dāng)作beusedby被...所使用sofar到目前為止，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)onaTuesdaymorning一個(gè)星期二的早上onthemorningofJune15th.1998在1998年6月15日早上keepsb.doingsth.讓某人一直干某事keepdoingsth.繼續(xù)做某事keepondoingsth.持續(xù)不斷地做某事muchtoo+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)實(shí)在太...toomuch+不可數(shù)名詞相當(dāng)多的…eg.It'sexpensive.Ican'tbuyit.There'srainthisyear.thanksto...由于，多虧thankstoone'shelp=becauseofone'shelp由于某人的幫忙thanksforone'shelp謝謝某人的幫助befarawayfrom＋aplace/sb遠(yuǎn)離某地wearout穿壞、穿舊、用盡常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其P.P為wornsellout售完賣完two-monthholiday=twomonths'holiday二個(gè)月的假期fallasleep入睡（進(jìn)入狀態(tài)）gettosleep入睡（還沒(méi)睡著）stopsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人干某事eg.Shestoppedthechildfromlistening.stopdoingsth.停止干某事，不再干某事stoptodosth.停止下來(lái)干另一件事。hardlyany+n.幾乎沒(méi)有...quitea/an+形容詞+名詞一個(gè)相當(dāng)...eg.Twomonthsisquitealongtime.avery+形容詞+名詞eg.Englishisaveryusefullanguage.beafraidof+名詞害怕…beafraidto+動(dòng)詞擔(dān)心、害怕...beafraidthat+從句恐怕…so+形容詞sostrongsobeautifulsuch+形容詞+名詞（復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)）suchbeautifulpicturessuchnicesmellsuch+a/an+形容詞+名詞（單數(shù)）suchaninterestingstoryfeellikedoing想干某事bemade/grown/produced三個(gè)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)都可解釋為“生產(chǎn)”歸類：機(jī)器一類fmake（制造）鹽.糖.絲綢fproduce（經(jīng)機(jī)器加工生產(chǎn)）農(nóng)作物、水果fgrow（人工種出來(lái)的）finishdoingsth.做完某事bebusydoingsth.忙于干某事goondoingsth.繼續(xù)干某事bealwaysdoing老是干某事hopetodosth.希望干某事...hopethat...希望某人干某事，不可用hopesb.todosth.insurprise驚奇地（作狀語(yǔ)）besurprisedatsb.對(duì)某人的舉動(dòng)感到詫異besurprisedtodosth.對(duì)做某事感到驚訝nospace（room）tostandin沒(méi)有站的地方、空間beangrywithsb.生某人的氣agreewithsb.同意某人的觀點(diǎn)withone'shelp在某人的幫助下選擇題：Theyarrived___London___acoldwinternight.A.at，inB.in，onC.at，onD.in，at2.It'srathercoldtoday.You'dbetter___moreclothesbeforeyougoout.A.putonB.wearC.toputonD.towearYoumustbeverytired.Whynot___arest?A.stoptakingB.stoptotakeC.tostoptakingD.tostoptotake___，I'vecaughtupwithmyclassmatesinmyEnglishstudies