研究生英語閱讀教程-基礎(chǔ)級第二版-第九課

墨慧強(qiáng)2011年6月研究生英語復(fù)習(xí)資料希望對你有所幫助扎西德勒云南昆明2011.6.12墨慧強(qiáng)攝READINGSELECTIONATheWeirdWorldofTobaccoByAnnaQuidlen注黃字體為課后生詞[1]ImaginethatmillionsofAmericansareaddictedtoalethal(poisonous/deadly)drug,yettheFoodandDrugAdministrationhadrepeatedlyrefusedtoregulate(control)it.Imaginethatwhen(while)theFDAdoesitsduty,anappealscourtdecidesitcannotdoso,thatthedrugissodangerousthatiftheFDAregulatedit,itwouldhavetobebanned.[2]Welcometothetopsy-turvy(是非顛倒的)worldoftobacco,wherenothingmuchmakessense(bemeaningful)exceptthevastprofits,wheretobacco-companyexecutivesslip-slidealongthecontinuum(連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體)fromaggrieved(sad)innocencetoheartfelt(sincere真誠的)regretwithoutbreaking(shedblood)asweat,andwheretheonlypeoplewhoseemtobeabletoshootstraight(hitthetarget命中目標(biāo)的)arethejurors(judges)whodecidetheubiquitous(common)lawsuits.[3]Themostrecentpanel(court)handeddownajudgmentof$145billion—thelargestjuryawardinhistory—onbehalfofsicksmokersinFlorida.Lawyersforthetobaccocompaniesthunderedthatthejudgmentwouldbankruptthem,yetthestockmarketscarcely(hardly)shuddered.Expertssaidtheamountwouldlikely(possible)bereducedwhencoolerjudicialheadsprevailed.[4]Thejurors—whogaveuptwoyearsoftheirlives,listenedtoendlesswitnessesandyetdeliberated(gave)onlyafewhours—couldbeforgiveniftheyfeltthey'dfallendownAlice'srabbitholeintoWonderland,wheretheQueenofHeartscries"Offwiththeirheads(Killthem)"butnooneiseverexecuted(killed).[5]AlGore,forinstance,inspired(=encouraged)bythedeathofhissisterfromlungcancer,hasinsistedthathewilldoeverythinghecantokeepcigarettesoutofthehandsofchildren.Buthesayshewouldneveroutlawcigarettesbecausemillionsofpeoplesmoke.Howmanyusersmandatelegality?Whatabouttheestimated3.6millionchroniccocaineusers,orthe2.4millionpeoplewhoadmittohavingshot(injected)orsnortedheroin?[6]Icanalmostfeelallthesmokers,tiredofstandingoutsidetheirofficebuildingspuffingintherain,jumpingupanddownandyelling,"Tobaccoisdifferentfromillicitdrugs!"Becauseitislegal?Nowthere'sacircularargument.[7]Ahundredyearsagothesaleofcigaretteswasagainstthelawin14states.TheSupremeCourthadconcludedof(about)cigarettes,"Theypossessnovirtue(goodquality),butareinherentlybad,andbadonly."Atthetime(Then),Coca-Colacontainedtracesofcocaine,andheroinwasincoughsyrups.[8]Sincethentobaccocompanieshavespreadpoliticalcontributionsaroundlikeweedkilleronthelawninsummer,supportinglargelycomplicitRepublicans,wholikefreeenterprise(andsoftmoney)morethantheyhateemphysema.(GeorgeW.Bushrespondedtoaquestionabouttherecentmega-settlement(judge/decision)bybemoaningalitigiousnation.)[9]Responsibility-mindedAmericansaccept(considered)theargumentthatindividualshavetherighttopoisonthemselves,althoughstudiesshowingthatthevastmajorityofsmokersbeganasminors(asyoungchildren)raisequestionsaboutinformedconsent.[10]Officialtobaccoapologists(apology.n./apologize.vt.)spentyearsinsistingtheirproductdidnotcausecancer,andthenthatitwasnotaddictive(n.).Nowthey'vedonea180,arguingthatsincethereisnosuchthingasasafecigarette,theFDA,createdtoregulatethesafetyofproducts,cannottouchthem.Ifthissounds(=is)likehavingitbothways,that'sbecauseitis.[11]Meanwhile(=atthesametime),PhilipMorrismakeslargecontributionstosoupkitchens,balletcompanies,museumsandshelters—beingagoodcitizenwiththeprofitsofaproductthatkills400,000peopleayear.Andmagazinesrunarticlesaboutthedangersofcigarettesinthesameissuesthatadvertisethem.[12]Eventobaccofoeshavefudged(hesitated).WhenDr.DavidKesslerran(administrate)theFDA,hepubliclyconcluded(said)whateveryonealreadyknew:thatcigarettesarenothingmorethanadeliverydevice(media)fornicotine,adangerousandaddictivedrug.Buttheagencydidnottaketheobviousnextstep.TheFood,Drug,andCosmeticActforbidsthesale(sell)ofanydrugthatisnotsafeandeffective,andpartoftheFDA'smandate(responsibility)istoregulatedevices.Cigarettesareadevice(media/equipment).Thedrugandchemicalstheydeliverarepatently(obviously)unsafe.Ergo(Therefore),cigarettesshouldbebanned.[13]That'snotgoingtohappeninourlifetime.Toomanytobaccofarmers,toomanytobaccoaddicts;arighttoalivelihood(happiness),arighttoalifestyle.[Thesearguments(reasons)holdfor(support)legalizingillicitdrugsaswell,butnevermind.][14]"Prohibition"isadirtywordinAmerica.Buttobaccocaninnowaybecomparedwithalcohol.Manypeoplecananddodrinksafelyandinmoderation,whileitisimpossibletosmokewithoutsomepernicioushealtheffects,andnearly(almost)allsmokerscanbedescribedasaddicts.[15]Public-serviceannouncements,catchy(attractive)commercials(advertisements)forkids,settlementswiththestatestorecover(pay)healthcarecosts:thetobaccocompanies,whichoncesworetheyweredoingnothingwrong,arenowwillingtolosesomeideologicalbattlestowinthewaroftheprofitmargin.OnePhilipMorrisexecutiveappearingatarecent(press)conferencetoldKessler,whoseeffortstorestrictsalesandadvertisingaimedatchildrenspawned(fought)abattleroyalofbillablehours,thathewelcomed"seriousregulation(control)ofthetobaccoindustryatthefederallevel".Nowtheytellus. [16]Whyshouldn'ttheMarlboromenplaytheangles?Thepublicandthepolshaveprovidedthemwithsomany(chancestoplayangles).[17]Hereisthebottomline:cigarettesaretheonlylegalproductthat,when(while)usedasdirected(directly)causedeath.(843words)II.VocabularyA.Readthefollowingsentence%anddecidewhichoftheJourchoicesbeloweachsentencesisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword.注每個(gè)題目后面出現(xiàn)的相同標(biāo)號的題目是備考查單詞在課文里出現(xiàn)的原句1.Wenowareprovidedwithseveraltelevisioncommentators(narrator)toexplaintheactiontous,withthehelpoftheubiquitousslow-motioninstantreplay.(providersb.withsth.)A.continuous(continue:vt./vi.) B.successful C.ever-present(everlasting/common) D.popular1/andwheretheonlypeoplewhoseemtobeabletoshootstraight(hitthetarget命中目標(biāo)的)arethejurors(judges)whodecidetheubiquitous(common)lawsuit2.Thejurydeliberated(gave/discussed)foreighteenminutesandrecommendedasentenceoffromtwotofiveyearsinthestatepenitentiary(監(jiān)獄,收容所,教養(yǎng)所).A.spoke B.discussed C.complained D.inquired2/Thejurors—whogaveuptwoyearsoftheirlives,listenedtoendlesswitnessesandyetdeliberated(gave)onlyafewhours—couldbeforgiveniftheyfeltthey'dfallendownAlice'srabbitholeintoWonderland,3.Mr.Annaformallydisbandedthefact-findingteamThursdaybecauseofIsrael'sobjectionstothemission'scompositionandmandate.A.motivation B.identity C.purpose D.authority3/Howmanyusersmandatelegality?Whatabouttheestimated3.6millionchroniccocaineusers,orthe2.4millionpeoplewhoadmittohavingshot(injected)orsnortedheroin?3/TheFood,Drug,andCosmeticActforbidsthesale(sell)ofanydrugthatisnotsafeandeffective,andpartoftheFDA'smandate(responsibility)istoregulatedevices.4.Thenumberofoldpeopleisontherise(increasing),andwiththisfactcomesthenumberofpeoplewithchronicdiseasesassociatedmorewitholdage.A.enduring(lasting) B.painful C.severe D.incurable4/Whatabouttheestimated3.6millionchroniccocaineusers,orthe2.4millionpeoplewhoadmittohavingshot(injected)orsnortedheroin?5Inthe1984revisedversionofTheBlackandWhiteTruthaboutBasketball,Greenfieldagainchallengeshisreadersbyassertingthatthetworaceshaveinherentlydifferentstylesonthecourt.A.importantly B.intrinsically C.inevitably(=unavoidably) D.interestingly5/"Theypossessnovirtue(goodquality),butareinherentlybad,andbadonly."Atthetime(Then),Coca-Colacontainedtracesofcocaine,andheroinwasincoughsyrups.6.Ididn'tspeaktoDominickDunneorMarkFuhrman,becausetheirpointsofviewareunclear,andtheirfactualrecitationsarepatentlyfalse.(insincere)A.obviously B.improperly C.unfortunately D.favorably(bein/outoffavor)6/Thedrugandchemicalstheydeliverarepatently(obviously)unsafe.Ergo(Therefore),cigarettesshouldbebanned7.Sophieaskedhermothertopickherupfromthecampadayearlierthanscheduled(planned).AlthoughSophiewas"sickofcampandready(willing)tocomehome",Ms.Wexlerobjected,andfinallyprevailed.A.consented (=agreed) B.disagreed C.triumphed(=won) D.changed7/Expertssaidtheamountwouldlikely(possible)bereducedwhencoolerjudicialheadsprevailed.8.Intheyears1659to1681thecelebrationofChristmaswasactuallyoutlawedinBostonandtheChristmasspiritwasfined.A.forgone(goneforever) B.disliked C.condemned D.forbidden8/Buthesayshewouldneveroutlawcigarettesbecausemillionsofpeoplesmoke.9.Thepersonalcomputerisonlyadecadeold,andthelanguageitspawned(broughtabout)hasmadeonlyminor(small/unimportant)inroadsinEnglish,butthiswillchange.A.processed (processedfood) B.prohibited C.produced D.pronounced9/whoseeffortstorestrictsalesandadvertisingaimedatchildrenspawned(fought)abattleroyalofbillablehours,10.ThecaseofHemantLakhani,theBritonchargedintheUSAwithattemptingtosellamissiletoanundercoveragentfromtheFBI,hashighlightedthethreatposedbytheever-expandingillicitarmstrade.(accusesb.ofsth./chargesb.withsth./highlighter)A.profitable B.illegal(=illicit) C.unacceptable D.notorious10/Tobaccoisdifferentfromillicitdrugs!"Becauseitislegal?Nowthere'sacircularargument.10/[Thesearguments(reasons)holdfor(support)legalizingillicitdrugsaswell,butnevermind.]

B.Choosethebestwordorexpressionfromthe givenforeachblankUseeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.thebottomline onbehalfof pernicious bankrupt heartfelthanddown addictedto lethal judicial catchy注每個(gè)題目后面出現(xiàn)的相同標(biāo)號的題目是備考查單詞在課文里出現(xiàn)的原句1.Smokersbecomeaddictedtonicotine,andonstoppingsmoking(when)thesuddenlossofnicotinecancauseunpleasantsymptomssuchasirritability,restlessnessandcravingfor(longingfor)acigarette.1/ImaginethatmillionsofAmericansareaddictedtoalethal(poisonous/deadly)drug,1/Officialtobaccoapologists(apology.n./apologize.vt.)spentyearsinsistingtheirproductdidnotcausecancer,andthenthatitwasnotaddictive(n.).1/WhenDr.DavidKesslerran(administrate)theFDA,hepubliclyconcluded(said)whateveryonealreadyknew:thatcigarettesarenothingmorethanadeliverydevice(media)fornicotine,adangerousandaddictivedrug.Buttheagencydidnottaketheobviousnextstep1/Toomanytobaccofarmers,toomanytobaccoaddicts;arighttoalivelihood(happiness),arighttoalifestyle.1/whileitisimpossibletosmokewithoutsomepernicioushealtheffects,andnearly(almost)allsmokerscanbedescribedasaddicts.2.Iftheseareadheredtotheygoalongwaytoensuringthatthose(thosepeople)whoaredyingmaydosowithdignityandwithouttheneedtoresorttoalethaldoseofdrugs.(touristresort;turntosb.forhelp)(touristresort/resorttofight=turntosb./sth.forhelp)2/ImaginethatmillionsofAmericansareaddictedtoalethal(poisonous/deadly)drug,3.Weshouldtakesomecomfortfromtheabilityofthejudicialsystemtofightbackagainstcorruption(corruptedofficials).3/Expertssaidtheamountwouldlikely(possible)bereducedwhencoolerjudicialheadsprevailed.4.Tougher(severe/harsh)punishmentsarebeinghandeddown(carriedout)thesedays.4/Themostrecentpanel(court)handeddownajudgmentof$145billion—thelargestjuryawardinhistory—onbehalfofsicksmokersinFlorida.5.RobinThompsonspokeonbehalfofhiscolleaguesabouttheissue(=problem).5/Themostrecentpanel(court)handeddownajudgmentof$145billion—thelargestjuryawardinhistory—onbehalfofsicksmokersinFlorida.6.ThebottomlinewastheywouldendupthecontractifIeverrevealedthetruthofwhathappened.6/Hereisthebottomline:cigarettesaretheonlylegalproductthat,when(while)usedasdirected(directly)causedeath.7.Thereisaperniciouscultureofexcellence:everythinghastobenotmerely(only)goodbutthebest.7/Manypeoplecananddodrinksafelyandinmoderation,whileitisimpossibletosmokewithoutsomepernicioushealtheffects,andnearly(almost)allsmokerscanbedescribedasaddicts.8.NeithertheTrustFundBureau,thecoreofthesystem,noranyotherpartsoftheFILPhaveanyloanstoborrowerswhohavegone(become)bankrupt,nordotheyhaveanyoverdueloanstopublic(institute->)institutions.8/Lawyersforthetobaccocompaniesthunderedthatthejudgmentwouldbankruptthem,yetthestockmarketscarcely(hardly)shuddered.9.Weexpressedourheartfelt(sincere)thanksforhelpinguscareforDaisy.9/wheretobacco-companyexecutivesslip-slidealongthecontinuum(連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體)fromaggrieved(sad)innocencetoheartfelt(sincere真誠的)regretwithoutbreaking(shedblood)asweat,10.Thecardhasacatchy(=attractive)message:"Myheartbeatsat90/minforyou,mybloodpressurerisesto120/80thinkingofyou."10/Public-serviceannouncements,catchy(attractive)commercials(advertisements)forkids,settlementswiththestatestorecover(pay)healthcarecosts課文參考譯文第九課A奇怪的煙草世界安娜·昆德倫[l］設(shè)想一下，數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的美國人都沉溺于一種致命的藥品，而食品和藥品管心立知理局卻再三拒絕對其進(jìn)行管制。設(shè)想一下，當(dāng)食品和藥品管理局履行其職責(zé)時(shí)，上訴法院卻判決它不能如此，因?yàn)檫@種藥品非常危險(xiǎn)，一旦受到管制就不得不被禁用。[2]歡迎來到混沌顛倒的煙草世界。在這里，除了巨大的利益，沒有什么具有重要意義；在這里，煙草公司的負(fù)責(zé)人不費(fèi)吹灰之力就能穿梭于不同角色之間，從表現(xiàn)為憤憤不平的無辜轉(zhuǎn)而變?yōu)檎\心誠意的悔過；在這里，似乎唯一能夠言行正直的人就是那些判定隨處可見的煙草訴訟案的陪審員們。

[3］最近一次陪審團(tuán)宣判向佛羅里達(dá)州患病的吸煙者賠償1450億美元―有史以來最大一筆判決賠償。煙草公司的律師大呼此判決將使煙草公司破產(chǎn)，但是股市卻幾乎雷打不動。專家們說如果頭腦更加冷靜的人主持再審，這個(gè)數(shù)字很有可能會減少。[4］這些陪審員放棄了生命中的兩年時(shí)光，聆聽了無數(shù)證人證言，卻僅用了兒個(gè)小時(shí)就商議定案。如果他們感覺像是愛麗絲跌下兔子洞進(jìn)入仙境，聽著紅心王后高喊“砍掉他們的腦袋”，卻從未有一個(gè)人被砍頭，這種感覺是可以諒解的。[5］以阿爾·戈?duì)枮槔?，在受到姐姐死于肺癌的影響后他?jiān)持說要盡其所能使香煙遠(yuǎn)離孩子。但是他卻說永遠(yuǎn)不會取締香煙因?yàn)橛袛?shù)以百萬的人吸煙。有多少數(shù)量的使用者就能準(zhǔn)予合法化呢？據(jù)估計(jì)有360萬人長期使用可卡因，有240萬人承認(rèn)曾經(jīng)注射或吸食過海洛因，他們也能使毒品合法嗎？

[6］我兒乎能夠感覺到所有的吸煙者，厭倦了雨天站在辦公大樓外吞云吐霧，上躥下跳大聲叫喊：“香煙和非法毒品不一樣！”就因?yàn)橄銦熓呛戏ǖ膯?？這可成了一個(gè)循環(huán)論證。

[7]100年前銷售香煙在14個(gè)州被視為違法。最高法院曾斷定：“香煙沒有好處，本性有害，而且只有害處?！倍诋?dāng)時(shí)可口可樂卻含有微量可卡因，海洛因也被用于止咳糖漿。

[8］從此以后，煙草公司就像夏天在草坪上播撒除草劑一般四處提供政治獻(xiàn)金，主要支持立場相似的共和黨人，因?yàn)楣埠忘h人雖然痛恨肺氣腫，但卻更喜愛自由企業(yè)（以及軟資金）。（喬治·布什在對有關(guān)最近巨額賠償案件的提問進(jìn)行回答時(shí)就感嘆美國人愛打官司。）

[9］責(zé)任意識強(qiáng)的美國人接受任何人都有權(quán)毒害自己的觀點(diǎn)，但是研究顯示絕大多數(shù)吸煙者開始吸煙時(shí)仍未成年，這就對知情吸煙提出了疑問。

[10]煙草公司的官方辯護(hù)人多年來一直堅(jiān)稱他們的產(chǎn)品不會引起癌癥，也不會使人上癮?，F(xiàn)在卻是180度大轉(zhuǎn)彎，辯稱既然不存在安全的香煙這種東西，那么為管理產(chǎn)品安全而設(shè)立的食品和藥品管理局就無權(quán)對其進(jìn)行管理。如果這聽起來像是兩面占全，那是因?yàn)楸揪腿绱恕?/p>

[ll]與此同時(shí)，菲利普·莫里斯公司向救濟(jì)處流動廚房、芭蕾舞團(tuán)、博物館和收容所大量捐資―靠著從每年殺死40萬人的產(chǎn)品中獲得的利潤當(dāng)上了模范市民。而雜志也會在同一期中既刊登有關(guān)香煙危害的文章也做著香煙廣告。

[12］甚至煙草的反對者也猶豫不決。戴維·凱斯勒博士主持食品和藥品管理局時(shí)曾公開對每個(gè)人己知的事實(shí)做出結(jié)論：香煙只不過是尼古丁，一種危險(xiǎn)的、使人上切奮癮的藥物的載體工具。但是該機(jī)構(gòu)卻沒有采取明顯該做的下一步措施?！妒称?、藥品和化妝品法》禁止銷售任何不安全和無效的藥品，而食品和藥品管理局的權(quán)限也包含了管理工具。香煙即是一種工具。它們承載的藥物和化學(xué)物質(zhì)顯然是不安全的。因此，香煙應(yīng)該被禁。

[13]這在我們的有生之年是無望發(fā)生了。有太多種植煙草的農(nóng)民，有太多吸煙成