創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神和創(chuàng)業(yè)家課件

EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPartI:

創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神第一章創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神和創(chuàng)業(yè)家TheNatureandImportanceofEntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactiveTheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurshipSmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity學(xué)習(xí)要點：Tointroducetheconceptofentrepreneurshipanditshistoricaldevelopment.Toexplaintheroleofentrepreneurshipineconomicdevelopment.Toexplaintheentrepreneurialdecisionprocess.Toidentifythebasictypesofstart-upventures.Why?What?Who?EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity新聞（新浪王志東，新希望等）大公司的企業(yè)家精神（GE，F(xiàn)edEx）經(jīng)濟學(xué)家（小企業(yè)在國家經(jīng)濟中的作用）大學(xué)Entrepreneurship教育課程的開設(shè)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity問題：為什么創(chuàng)業(yè)（企業(yè)）家和小企業(yè)如此吸引人？在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟即意味著有效率，但為什么又有大量的小企業(yè)存在？Stevenson和Sahlman（1989）認為：Economicimportanceofentrepreneurship:70年代AppleComputer的成功

GDP和就業(yè)：SMEsconsistingofover95％ofallenterprises,employingupto80％oftheworkforceandcontributing30to60％oftheGNPofAPECeconomiesandaccountingfor35％ofexportsintheregion.

創(chuàng)新：4－24倍每1美元和2.5倍每雇員創(chuàng)新數(shù)。EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPsychologicalandpersonalrewardsofentrepreneurs（PushorPull)我們討厭了大組織的官僚氣氛？追求財富？人的特性即欣賞在那些小企業(yè)成功或失敗后面企業(yè)家的故事？或者我們都有一種愿望設(shè)立自己的企業(yè)，成為成長企業(yè)的老板，欣賞企業(yè)的成長？EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityTable1Jobsatisfyingpersonalvalues

Self-employed(%)Workforothers(%)Toagreatextent53.634.6Toasignificantextent33.342.2Tosomeextent9.415.4Notsignificantly3.67.8Source:StenensonandSahlman(1989),Surveyof6000HBSgraduatesEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityTable2Thefourmostimportantjobvalues

Self-employed(%)Notself-employed(%)Economic39.231.6Otherjobfeatures29.940.2Externalrewards10.811.6Life-stylevalues19.916.5Table3Financialnetworthfifteenormoreyearsfollowinggraduation(%)($1000)

<5050-249250-499500-9991000-2499>2500SE1111.217.714.629.224.8NonSE1.920.124.322.819.111.8EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPeters（1998）認為一個主要的原因是在企業(yè)背后的：創(chuàng)業(yè)家和創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneur:Anindividualwhoestablishesandmanagesabusinessfortheprincipalpurposeofprofitandgrowth.Theentrepreneurischaracterizedprincipallybyinnovativebehaviorandwillemploystrategicmanagementpracticesinthebusiness.Smallbusinessowner:Anindividualwhoestablishesandmanagesabusinessfortheprincipalpurposeoffurtheringpersonalgoals.Thebusinessmustbetheprimarysourceofincomeandwillconsumethemajorityofone’stimeandresources.Theownerperceivesthebusinessasanextensionofhisorherpersonality,intricatelyboundwithfamilyneedsanddesires.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity“Anentrepreneurissomeonewhoexercisesbusinessjudgement

inthefaceofuncertainty”(Cantillon,1755)“Thefunctionoftheentrepreneuristoreformorrevolutionizethepatternofproductionbyexploitinganinventionor,moregenerally,anuntriedtechnologicalpossibilityforproducinganewcommodityorproducinganoldoneinanewway,openinganewsourceofsupplyofmaterialsoranewoutletforproducts,byreorganizinganewindustry”(Schumpeter,1936)“Entrepreneurialjudgement:theabilitytodiscovernewwaysofdealingwithknownproblemsornewcombinationsofgivenknowledge”(Penrose,1959)“Entrepreneurshipisdefinedastherelentlesspursuitofopportunitywithoutregardtoresourcescurrentlycontrolled.”(Stevenson,1983)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityCreationofvalueTimeandeffortReadinessforriskRewardsofmonetaryorindependence“Entrepreneurshipistheprocessofcreatingsomethingnewwithvaluebydevotingthenecessarytimeandeffort,assumingtheaccompanyingfinancial,psychic,andsocialrisks,andreceivingtheresultingrewardsofmonetaryandpersonalsatisfactionandindependence.”(Peters,1998)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneurialmodelFocusAssumptionSituationClassicaloreconomicalInnovationEntrepreneurshipisdoingratherthanowningStart-upandearlygrowthPsychologicalUniquecharacteristicsPeoplebehaveinaccordancewiththeirvaluesStart-upSociologicalFamilyandenvironmentaldynamicsEarlychildhoodinfluencesaffectcareerdecisionStart-upManagementPlanning,organizing,leadingandcontrolEntrepreneurscanbedevelopedandtrainedEarlygrowthandmaturityIntrapreneurshipVentureteamswithinorganisationsEntrepreneurseffectchangewithinorganisationsMaturityandchangeEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneurUncertainty(Cantillon,1755)(Knight,1921)Risk-taker(Cantillon,1755)(Knight,1921)(Mill,1948)MarketOpportunities(Kirzner,1973)(Kirchhoff,1994)(Leibenstein,1978)NewProductcombinations(Schumpter,1934)Manager(Marshall,1920)(Say,1845)Capitalist(Smith,1776)Decision-maker(Keynes,1936)(Menger,1871)(Mises,1949)OrganisesProduction(Coles,1959)(Say,1845)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityOpportunity:Adesiredfuturestatewhichisdifferentfromthepresent,anditisabeliefthatanachievementofthatstateispossible.

Seeingandbelievingthat,andhowgreatthingsarepossible,isreallytheheartofopportunity.Capitalresourceshavebeenover-emphasized.

Buildingteamsofpeople,exploitingtechnology,anddevelopingtrustandmobilityofresources.

“Entrepreneurshipisdefinedastherelentlesspursuitofopportunitywithoutregardtoresourcescurrentlycontrolled.”(Stevenson,1983)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityStevenson(1989):Entrepreneurshipisaprocess，arangeofbehavioralphenomenon.PressurestowardthissidePromoterKeybusinessdimensionTrusteePressurestowardthissideDiminishingopportunitystreamsRapidlychanging:TechnologyConsumereconomicsSocialvaluesPoliticalrulesDrivenbyperceptionofopportunityStrategicorientationDrivenbyresourcescurrentlycontrolledSocialcontractsPerformancemeasurementcriteriaPlanningsystemsandcycleEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityActionorientationShortdecisionwindowsRiskmanagementLimiteddecisionconstituenciesRevolution-arywithshortdurationCommitmenttoOpportunity

EvolutionaryoflongdurationAcknowledge-mentofmultipleconstituenciesNegotiationofstrategyRiskreductionManagementoffitLackofpredictableresourceneedsLackoflong-termcontrolSocialneedformoreopportunityperresourceunitInternationalpressureformoreefficientresourceuseMultistagedwithminimalexposureateachstageCommitmentofResourcesSingle-stagedwithcompletecommitmentupondecisionPersonalriskreductionIncentivecompensationManagerialturnoverCapitalallocationsystemFormalplanningsystemEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityIncreasedresourcespecializationLongresourcelifecomparedtoneedRiskofobsolesceRiskinherentinanynewventureInflexibilityofpermanentcommitmenttoresourcesEpisodicuseorrentofrequiredresourcesControlofResourceOwnershiporemploymentofrequiredresourcesPower,statusandfinancialrewardsCo-ordinationEfficiencymeasuresInertiaandcostofchangeIndustrystructuresEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityCo-ordinationofkeynon-controlledresourcesChallengetolegitimacyofowner’scontrolEmployee’sdesireforindependenceFlatwithmultipleinformalnetworksManage-mentStructureFormalizedhierarchyNeedforclearlydefinedauthorityandresponsibilityOrganizationalcultureRewardsystemsManagementtheoryIndividualexpectationsCompetitionIncreasedperceptionofpersonalwealthcreationpossibilitiesValue-basedTeam-basedUnlimitedCompensation/RewardpolicyResource-basedDrivenbyshort-termdataPromotionLimitedamountSocietalnormsImpactedinformationSearchforsimplesolutionsforcomplexproblemsDemandsofpublicshareholdersEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityChangefrompresentlife-style:WorkenvironmentDisruptionFormnewenterprise:DesirableCulturalSubculturalFamilyTeachersPeersPossibleGovernmentBackgroundMarketingFinancingRolemodelsEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsandPotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipOpportunitytocerateyourowndestiny;Opportunitytomakeadifference;OpportunitytoreachyourfullpotentialOpportunitytoreapunlimitedprofits;Opportunitytocontributetosocietyandberecognizedforyourefforts;Opportunitytodowhatyourenjoyandhavefunatit;ChallengeEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipUncertaintyofincomeRiskoflosingyourentireinvestmentLonghoursandhardworkLowerqualityoflifeuntilthebusinessgetsestablishedHighlevelsofstressCompleteresponsibilityDiscouragementEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactiveTheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThe‘itworks’:Aproductwhichhasbeenworkedonformanyyears,eitherasahobbyoratwork,finallygels.The‘eureka’:Anideacompletelyoutoftheblue,butwhichisoftensimplyanewwayofpackagingoldproductsorideas.The‘ifonly’:“IfonlyIcouldbuyproductsinsmallerpackages”.The‘highcomfortlevel’:Constantencouragementfromfamilyandfriends.The‘friendlypush’:Suddenlythepathismadeclear.The‘misfit’:Thepersondoesnotfitasanemployeefinallydawnsuponhim.The‘unfriendlypush’:Unemploymentorenforcedredundancy.The‘noalternative’:Physicaldisabilityorillness.The‘graytowhite’:Parttimetofulltime.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurshipSmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityYoungentrepreneurs(<30yearsold)Womenentrepreneurs(mainlyretailandservices)MinorityenterprisesImmigrantentrepreneursPart-timeentrepreneursHome-basedbusinesses(Highsurviverate)Familybusinesses(90%of23.3millionfirmsinUS)CopreneursCorporatecastoffsCorporatedropoutsEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySmallBusiness:EconomicDefinition:AccordingtotheBoltonCommittee(Bolton,1971),theeconomicdefinitionregardsfirmsasbeingsmalliftheysatisfiedthreecriteria:Theyhavearelativelysmallshareofitsmarket;Theyaremanagedbyitsownersoritsownerorpartownersinapersonalisedway,andnotthroughthemediumofaformalisedmanagementstructure;Theyareindependentinthesensethatitdoesnotformpartofalargerenterpriseandthattheowner/managersshouldbefreefromoutsidecontrolintakingtheirprincipaldecisions.

EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityStatisticDefinition:MicroSmallMediumEmployees<=10<=50<=300Totalassets$100,000$3million$15millionAnnualsales$100,000$3million$15millionEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity中國大陸的定義：但根據(jù)1999年科技部和財政部關(guān)于中小科技型企業(yè)創(chuàng)新基金條例，中小企業(yè)是指雇員數(shù)小于500人的各種所有制企業(yè)。中華人民共和國中小企業(yè)促進法:第二條本法所稱中小企業(yè)，是指在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)依法設(shè)立的有利于滿足社會需要，增加就業(yè)，符合國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營規(guī)模屬于中小型的各種所有制和各種形式的企業(yè)。中小企業(yè)的劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由國務(wù)院負責(zé)企業(yè)工作的部門根據(jù)企業(yè)職工人數(shù)、銷售額、資產(chǎn)總額等指標(biāo)，結(jié)合行業(yè)特點制定，報國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)。EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity創(chuàng)業(yè)家自測表>17:你有愿望、能力、適應(yīng)性等創(chuàng)立一家企業(yè)；13－17：創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神不顯著。當(dāng)你明確有能力成為一個創(chuàng)業(yè)家時，應(yīng)該確定你能夠應(yīng)付企業(yè)家面對的各種問題；<13：你的創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神不顯著，也許職業(yè)經(jīng)理人更適合你。但記?。哼@個測試并不十分科學(xué)；無論你的分數(shù)如何，在你真正想進入創(chuàng)業(yè)過程時，請花一些時間了解你感興趣行業(yè)的相關(guān)經(jīng)驗。EntrepreneurshipandNewBusin演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPartI:

創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神第一章創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神和創(chuàng)業(yè)家TheNatureandImportanceofEntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactiveTheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurshipSmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity學(xué)習(xí)要點：Tointroducetheconceptofentrepreneurshipanditshistoricaldevelopment.Toexplaintheroleofentrepreneurshipineconomicdevelopment.Toexplaintheentrepreneurialdecisionprocess.Toidentifythebasictypesofstart-upventures.Why?What?Who?EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity新聞（新浪王志東，新希望等）大公司的企業(yè)家精神（GE，F(xiàn)edEx）經(jīng)濟學(xué)家（小企業(yè)在國家經(jīng)濟中的作用）大學(xué)Entrepreneurship教育課程的開設(shè)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity問題：為什么創(chuàng)業(yè)（企業(yè)）家和小企業(yè)如此吸引人？在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟即意味著有效率，但為什么又有大量的小企業(yè)存在？Stevenson和Sahlman（1989）認為：Economicimportanceofentrepreneurship:70年代AppleComputer的成功

GDP和就業(yè)：SMEsconsistingofover95％ofallenterprises,employingupto80％oftheworkforceandcontributing30to60％oftheGNPofAPECeconomiesandaccountingfor35％ofexportsintheregion.

創(chuàng)新：4－24倍每1美元和2.5倍每雇員創(chuàng)新數(shù)。EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPsychologicalandpersonalrewardsofentrepreneurs（PushorPull)我們討厭了大組織的官僚氣氛？追求財富？人的特性即欣賞在那些小企業(yè)成功或失敗后面企業(yè)家的故事？或者我們都有一種愿望設(shè)立自己的企業(yè)，成為成長企業(yè)的老板，欣賞企業(yè)的成長？EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityTable1Jobsatisfyingpersonalvalues

Self-employed(%)Workforothers(%)Toagreatextent53.634.6Toasignificantextent33.342.2Tosomeextent9.415.4Notsignificantly3.67.8Source:StenensonandSahlman(1989),Surveyof6000HBSgraduatesEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityTable2Thefourmostimportantjobvalues

Self-employed(%)Notself-employed(%)Economic39.231.6Otherjobfeatures29.940.2Externalrewards10.811.6Life-stylevalues19.916.5Table3Financialnetworthfifteenormoreyearsfollowinggraduation(%)($1000)

<5050-249250-499500-9991000-2499>2500SE1111.217.714.629.224.8NonSE1.920.124.322.819.111.8EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPeters（1998）認為一個主要的原因是在企業(yè)背后的：創(chuàng)業(yè)家和創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneur:Anindividualwhoestablishesandmanagesabusinessfortheprincipalpurposeofprofitandgrowth.Theentrepreneurischaracterizedprincipallybyinnovativebehaviorandwillemploystrategicmanagementpracticesinthebusiness.Smallbusinessowner:Anindividualwhoestablishesandmanagesabusinessfortheprincipalpurposeoffurtheringpersonalgoals.Thebusinessmustbetheprimarysourceofincomeandwillconsumethemajorityofone’stimeandresources.Theownerperceivesthebusinessasanextensionofhisorherpersonality,intricatelyboundwithfamilyneedsanddesires.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity“Anentrepreneurissomeonewhoexercisesbusinessjudgement

inthefaceofuncertainty”(Cantillon,1755)“Thefunctionoftheentrepreneuristoreformorrevolutionizethepatternofproductionbyexploitinganinventionor,moregenerally,anuntriedtechnologicalpossibilityforproducinganewcommodityorproducinganoldoneinanewway,openinganewsourceofsupplyofmaterialsoranewoutletforproducts,byreorganizinganewindustry”(Schumpeter,1936)“Entrepreneurialjudgement:theabilitytodiscovernewwaysofdealingwithknownproblemsornewcombinationsofgivenknowledge”(Penrose,1959)“Entrepreneurshipisdefinedastherelentlesspursuitofopportunitywithoutregardtoresourcescurrentlycontrolled.”(Stevenson,1983)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityCreationofvalueTimeandeffortReadinessforriskRewardsofmonetaryorindependence“Entrepreneurshipistheprocessofcreatingsomethingnewwithvaluebydevotingthenecessarytimeandeffort,assumingtheaccompanyingfinancial,psychic,andsocialrisks,andreceivingtheresultingrewardsofmonetaryandpersonalsatisfactionandindependence.”(Peters,1998)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneurialmodelFocusAssumptionSituationClassicaloreconomicalInnovationEntrepreneurshipisdoingratherthanowningStart-upandearlygrowthPsychologicalUniquecharacteristicsPeoplebehaveinaccordancewiththeirvaluesStart-upSociologicalFamilyandenvironmentaldynamicsEarlychildhoodinfluencesaffectcareerdecisionStart-upManagementPlanning,organizing,leadingandcontrolEntrepreneurscanbedevelopedandtrainedEarlygrowthandmaturityIntrapreneurshipVentureteamswithinorganisationsEntrepreneurseffectchangewithinorganisationsMaturityandchangeEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityContentGrowinginterestinEntrepreneurshipDefinitionsofentrepreneurshipTheeconomicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurTheentrepreneurialdecisionprocessTheBenefitsofEntrepreneurshipThePotentialDrawbacksofEntrepreneurshipMovingfrompassivetoactive:TheCulturalDiversityofEntrepreneurship:SmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneurUncertainty(Cantillon,1755)(Knight,1921)Risk-taker(Cantillon,1755)(Knight,1921)(Mill,1948)MarketOpportunities(Kirzner,1973)(Kirchhoff,1994)(Leibenstein,1978)NewProductcombinations(Schumpter,1934)Manager(Marshall,1920)(Say,1845)Capitalist(Smith,1776)Decision-maker(Keynes,1936)(Menger,1871)(Mises,1949)OrganisesProduction(Coles,1959)(Say,1845)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityOpportunity:Adesiredfuturestatewhichisdifferentfromthepresent,anditisabeliefthatanachievementofthatstateispossible.

Seeingandbelievingthat,andhowgreatthingsarepossible,isreallytheheartofopportunity.Capitalresourceshavebeenover-emphasized.

Buildingteamsofpeople,exploitingtechnology,anddevelopingtrustandmobilityofresources.

“Entrepreneurshipisdefinedastherelentlesspursuitofopportunitywithoutregardtoresourcescurrentlycontrolled.”(Stevenson,1983)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityStevenson(1989):Entrepreneurshipisaprocess，arangeofbehavioralphenomenon.PressurestowardthissidePromoterKeybusinessdimensionTrusteePressurestowardthissideDiminishingopportunitystreamsRapidlychanging:TechnologyConsumereconomicsSocialvaluesPoliticalrulesDrivenbyperceptionofopportunityStrategicorientationDrivenbyresourcescurrentlycontrolledSocialcontractsPerformancemeasurementcriteriaPlanningsystemsandcycleEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityActionorientationShortdecisionwindowsRiskmanagementLimiteddecisionconstituenciesRevolution-arywithshortdurationCommitmenttoOpportunity

EvolutionaryoflongdurationAcknowledge-mentofmultipleconstituenciesNegotiationofstrategyRiskreductionManagementoffitLackofpredictableresourceneedsLackoflong-termcontrolSocialneedformoreopportunityperresourceunitInternationalpressureformoreefficientresourceuseMultistagedwithminimalexposureateachstageCommitmentofResourcesSingle-stagedwithcompletecommitmentupondecisionPersonalriskreductionIncentivecompensationManagerialturnoverCapitalallocationsystemFormalplanningsystemEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGu