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2018年高考英語真題卷(北京卷)一、單項填空1.(2018?北京)—Hi,I'mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven'tseenyouaround?—Hello,Peter.I'mBob.Ijust_________onMonday.A.
start
B.
havestarted
C.
started
D.
hadstarted2.(2018?北京)_________wedon'tstopclimatechange,manyanimalsandplantsintheworldwillbegone.A.Although
B.While
C.If
D.Until3.(2018?北京)_________alongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperience.A.
Travel
B.
Traveling
C.
Havingtraveled
D.
Traveled4.(2018?北京)Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband_________asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.A.
isworking
B.
wasworking
C.
hasworked
D.
hadworked5.(2018?北京)Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,_________helpsthemkeepfit.A.
which
B.
who
C.
as
D.
that6.(2018?北京)DuringtheMid-AutumnFestival,familymembersoftengathertogether_________ameal,admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.A.
share
B.
toshare
C.
havingshared
D.
shared7.(2018?北京)China'shigh-speedrailways_________from9,000to25,000kilometersinthepastfewyears.A.
aregrowing
B.
havegrown
C.
willgrow
D.
hadgrown8.(2018?北京)Inanyunsafesituation,simply_________thebuttonandahighly-trainedagentwillgetyouthehelpyouneed.A.press
B.topress
C.pressing
D.pressed9.(2018?北京)Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho_________inthemountainsfortwodays.A.
aretrapping
B.
havebeentrapped
C.
weretrapping
D.
hadbeentrapped10.(2018?北京)Ordinarysoap,_________correctly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.A.
used
B.
touse
C.
using
D.
use11.(2018?北京)Withouthissupport,wewouldn'tbe_________wearenow.A.
how
B.
when
C.
where
D.
why12.(2018?北京)Intoday'sinformationage,thelossofdata_________causeseriousproblemsforacompany.A.need
B.should
C.can
D.must13.(2018?北京)Theymighthavefoundabetterhotelifthey_________afewmorekilometers.A.
drove
B.
woulddrive
C.
weretodrive
D.
haddriven14.(2018?北京)—Goodmorning,Mr.Lee'soffice.—Goodmorning.I'dliketomakeanappointment_________nextWednesdayafternoon.A.
for
B.
on
C.
in
D.
at15.(2018?北京)Thisis_________myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.A.
how
B.
which
C.
that
D.
what二、完形填空16.(2018?北京)完形填空TheHomelessHero
Formany,findinganunattendedwalletfilledwith£400incashwouldbeasource(來源)oftemptation(誘惑).Butthe1
wouldnodoubtbegreaterifyouwerelivingonthestreetswithlittlefoodandmoney.AllofthismakestheactionsofthehomelessTomSmith2
moreremarkable.
Afterspottinga3
onthefrontseatinsideaparkedcarwithitswindowdown,hestoodguardintherainforabouttwohourswaitingforthe4
toreturn.
Afterhoursinthecoldandwet,he5
insideandpulledthewalletouthopingtofindsomeIDsohecouldcontact(聯(lián)系)thedriver,onlyto6
itcontained£400innotes,withanother£50insparechangebesideit.
Hethentookthewallettoanearbypolicestationafter7
anotebehindtolettheownerknowitwassafe.Whenthecar'sownerJohnAndersonandhiscolleagueCarolLawrencereturnedtothecar—whichwasitselfworth£35,000—inGlasgowcitycentre,theywere8
tofindtwopolicemenstandingnexttoit.ThepolicementoldthemwhatMr.Smithdidandthatthewalletwas9.
ThepairwerelaterabletothankMr.Smithforhis10.
Mr.Andersonsaid:"Icouldn'tbelievethattheguynevertookapenny.Tothinkheissleepingonthestreetstonight11
hecouldhavestolenthemoneyandpaidforaplacetostayin.Thisguyhasnothingand12
hedidn'ttakethewalletforhimself;hethoughtaboutothers13.It'sunbelievable.Itjustprovesthereare14
guysoutthere."
Mr.Smith'sact15
muchofthepublic'sattention.HealsowonpraisefromsocialmediausersafterMr.Anderson16
abouttheactofkindnessonFacebook.
NowMr.Andersonhassetupanonlinecampaignto17
moneyforMr.Smithandotherhomelesspeopleinthearea,whichbyyesterdayhadreceived£8,000."Ithinkthefaiththateveryonehasshown18
himhastouchedhim.Peoplehavebeenapproachinghiminthestreet;he'shadjob19
andallsorts,"Mr.Andersoncommented.
ForMr.Smith,thisisapossiblelife-changing20.Thestoryonceagaintellsusthatonegoodturndeservesanother.1.A.hopeB.aimC.urgeD.effort2.A.stillB.evenC.everD.once3.A.walletB.bagC.boxD.parcel4.A.partnerB.colleagueC.ownerD.policeman5.A.turnedB.hidC.steppedD.reached6.A.discoverB.collectC.checkD.believe7.A.takingB.leavingC.readingD.writing8.A.satisfiedB.excitedC.amusedD.shocked9.A.safeB.missingC.foundD.seen10.A.serviceB.supportC.kindnessD.encouragement11.A.whenB.ifC.whereD.because12.A.ratherB.yetC.alreadyD.just13.A.tooB.thoughC.againD.instead14.A.honestB.politeC.richD.generous15.A.gaveB.paidC.castD.drew16.A.learnedB.postedC.caredD.heard17.A.borrowB.raiseC.saveD.earn18.A.ofB.atC.forD.in19.A.detailsB.changesC.offersD.applications20.A.lessonB.adventureC.chanceD.challenge三、閱讀理解17.(2018?北京)閱讀理解A
MyFirstMarathon(馬拉松)
Amonthbeforemyfirstmarathon,oneofmyankleswasinjuredandthismeantnotrunningfortwoweeks,leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain.Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.
Irememberbacktomy7thyearinschool.InmyfirstP.E.class,theteacherrequiredustorunlapsandthenhitasoftball.Ididn'tdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas"notathletic".
TheideathatIwas"notathletic"stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s,Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself,notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills!
Thenightbeforemymarathon,IdreamtthatIcouldn'tevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeupsweatingandnervous,butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.
Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline,myshoelaces(鞋帶)becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.NotthestartIwanted!
Atmile3,Ipassedasign:"GOFORIT,RUNNERS!"
Bymile17,Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain,Istayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.
Bymile21,Iwasstarving!
AsIapproachedmile23,Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenevermindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a.m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.
Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.
Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗標(biāo)簽),Icannowcallmyselfa"marathonwinner".(1)Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor____________.A.
waswelltrained
B.
feltscared
C.
madeuphismindtorun
D.
losthope(2)WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.
Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.
B.
Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.
C.
Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.
D.
Toshareapreciousmemory.(3)Howwastheauthor'sfirstmarathon?A.
Hemadeit.
B.
Hequithalfway.
C.
Hegotthefirstprize.
D.
Hewalkedtotheend.(4)Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.
Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.
B.
Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.
C.
Failureisthemotherofsuccess.
D.
Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.18.(2018?北京)閱讀理解B
FindYourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation(航空)Center
Ifyou'relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.TheCenteroffersprogramsdesignedtochallengeandinspirewithhands-ontasksandlotsoffun.
Morethan750,000havegraduatedfromSAC,withmanyseekingemploymentinengineering,aviation,education,medicineandawidevarietyofotherprofessions.Theycometocamp,wantingtoknowwhatitisliketobeanastronautorapilot,andtheyleavewithreal-worldapplicationsforwhatthey'restudyingintheclassroom.
Forthetrainees,theprogramsalsoofferagreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(榮譽徽章).AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模擬)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.TheAviationChallengeprogramgivestraineesthechancetoearntheirAviationbadge.Theylearntheprinciplesofflightandtesttheiroperatingskillsinthecockpit(駕駛艙)ofavarietyofflightsimulators.TraineesalsogetagoodstartontheirWildernessSurvivalbadgeastheylearnaboutwater-andland-survivalthroughdesignedtasksandtheirsearchandrescueof"downed"pilot.
Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.
Allthisfunisavailableforages9to18.Familiescanenjoytheexperiencetogether,too,withFamilyCampprogramsforfamilieswithchildrenasyoungas7.
Stayanhourorstayaweek—thereissomethinghereforeveryone!
Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlineat.oursac.(1)WhydopeoplecometoSAC?A.
Toexperienceadventures.
B.
Tolookforjobsinaviation.
C.
Togetadegreeinengineering.
D.
Tolearnmoreaboutmedicine.(2)ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto
.A.
flytospace
B.
getanAviationbadgefirst
C.
studytheprinciplesofflight
D.
buildandfiremodelrockets(3)Whatisthemostimportantfortrainees?A.
Leadership.
B.
Teamspirit.
C.
Taskplanning.
D.
Survivalskills.19.(2018?北京)閱讀理解C
Plastic-EatingWorms
Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.
ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms'chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊狀物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms'stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.
FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms'abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic."Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,"sheexplains,"Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond."
JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?
Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply"millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic."(1)Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.
Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.
B.
Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.
C.
Theycanconsumeplastics.
D.
Theywindupinlandfills.(2)AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto
.A.
identifyothermeansofthebreakdown
B.
findoutthesourceoftheenzyme
C.
confirmtheresearchfindings
D.
increasethebreakdownspeed(3)Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight
.A.
helptoraiseworms
B.
helpmakeplasticbags
C.
beusedtocleantheoceans
D.
beproducedinfactoriesinfuture(4)Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.
Toexplainastudymethodonworms.
B.
Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.
C.
Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.
D.
Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.20.(2018?北京)閱讀理解D
PreparingCitiesforRobotCars
Thepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It'shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.
Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.
Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫車)services.
AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責(zé)任與維護(hù)問題).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.
Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.(1)Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.
helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems
B.
providebetterservicestocustomers
C.
causedamagetoourenvironment
D.
makesomepeoplelosejobs(2)Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern?A.
Safety.
B.
Sideeffects.
C.
Affordability.
D.
Management.(3)Whatdoestheunderlinedword"fielded"inParagraph4probablymean?A.
Employed.
B.
Replaced.
C.
Shared.
D.
Reduced.(4)Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.
Doubtful.
B.
Positive.
C.
Disapproving.
D.
Sympathetic.四、任務(wù)型閱讀21.(2018?北京)任務(wù)型閱讀WhyDoWeGetAngry?
Angerseemssimplewhenwearefeelingit,butthecausesofangerarevarious.Knowingthesecausescanmakeusexamineourbehavior,andcorrectbadhabits.Themainreasonswegetangryaretriggering(觸發(fā))events,personalitytraits(特征),andourassessmentofsituations.________
Triggeringeventsforangeraresomanythattodescribethemallwouldtakehundredsofpages.However,herearesomeexamples:beingcutoffintraffic,adeadlineapproaching,experiencingphysicalpain,andmuchmore.________
Thereasonwhysomeoneistriggeredbysomethingandothersarenotisoftenduetoone'spersonalhistoryandpsychologicaltraits.
Eachperson,nomatterwhotheyare,haspsychologicalimbalances.Peoplewhohavepersonalitytraitsthatconnectwithcompetitivenessandlowupsettolerancearemuchmorelikelytogetangry.________
Also,sometimespre-angerdoesnothavetodowithalastingcondition,butratheratemporarystatebeforeatriggeringeventhasoccurred.
________Sometimesevenroutineoccurrencesbecomesourcesofpre-anger,orangeritself.Sometimesignoranceandnegative(消極的)outlooksonsituationscancreateanger.
________However,angercaneasilyturnviolent,anditisbesttoknowthereasonsforangertoappearinordertopreventitspresence.Withthesemainreasonsinmind,wecanevaluateourlevelofangerthroughoutthedayandpreventcasesofoutburstsbycomprehendingthereasonsforourfeelings.
A.Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituationscancreateangerwithinusaswell.
B.Butsometypesofsituationscanhelpustogetridoftheoccurrenceofanger.
C.Angerisrarelylookeduponasabeneficialcharactertrait,andisusuallyadvisedtoreduceit.
D.Angerisaparticularlystrongfeelingandmaybepeoplethinkthattheyhavereasonstofeelangry.
E.Havingthesepersonalitytraitsimpliesthepre-angerstate,whereangerisinthebackgroundofyourmind.
F.Understandingthesereasonswillcontrolourownangerifwearewillingtoevaluateourselveswithacriticaleye.
G.Noteveryoneactsthesameinresponsetoevents,andthatiswhywhattriggersonepersonmayormaynottriggeranother.五、書面表達(dá)22.(2018?北京)假設(shè)你是紅星中學(xué)高三學(xué)生李華,你的英國朋友Jim在給你的郵件中提到他對中國文化感興趣,計劃明年來北京上大學(xué)。他向你咨詢相關(guān)信息。請給他回郵件,內(nèi)容包括:
1)表示歡迎;
2)推薦他上哪所大學(xué);
3)建議他做哪些準(zhǔn)備工作。
注意:1)詞數(shù)不少于50;
2)開頭和結(jié)尾已給出,不計入總詞數(shù)。
DearJim,
________
Yours,
LiHua23.(2018?北京)假設(shè)你是紅星中學(xué)高三學(xué)生李華,請根據(jù)以下四幅圖的先后順序,寫一篇英文周記,記述你們上周接待外國學(xué)生,帶領(lǐng)他們體驗中國茶文化的全過程。
注意:詞數(shù)不少于60。
答案解析部分單項填空1.C2.C3.B4.B5.A6.B7.B8.A9.D10.A11.C12.C13.D14.A15.D二、完形填空16.(1)C;(2)B;(3)A;(4)C;(5)D;(6)A;(7)B;(8)D;(9)A;(10)C;(11)A;(12)B;(13)D;(14)A;(15)D;(16)B;(17)B;(18)D;(19)C;(20)C;三、閱讀理解17.(1)C(2)C(3)A(4)B18.(1)A(2)D(3)B19.(1)C(2)B(3)D(4)C20.(1)A(2)D(3)A(4)B四、任務(wù)型閱讀21.F;G;E;A;D五、書面表達(dá)22.DearJim,
I'msogladtohearyourfutureeducationplaninBeijinginyourlastletter.FirstIwouldliketoexpressmywarmestwelcometoyouandIamsureyouwillhavethemostunforgettableexperienceduringyourcollegeinBeijing.
LearningyourkeeninterestinChineseculture,IsuggestyouapplyforPekingUniversity,oneofthebestuniversitiesinChina.ItsChineseLiteraturemajorisperfectforyouwhereyoucanbecompletelysoakedinChineseprofoundhistoryandrichculture.Asforpreparation,somereadinginadvanceinneededlikeTheStoryoftheStonewhilesomeonlinecoursesofspokenChinesecanbehelpfulforyoutoadaptintotheChineselanguageenvironment.
Isincerelyhopeyourdreamwillcometrueandit'smypleasuretoshowyouaroundinBeijingwhenthatdaycomes.Ifyouhavefurtherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoletmeknow.
Yours,
LiHua23.
Lastweek,wetooktheforeignstudentsinourschooltoexperiencetheauthenticteaculture,whichturnedoutbetoextremelyrewarding.
Onarrivingattheteahouse,theforeignstudentswereimpressedbytheuniqueteapotsandteacups.Igavethemavividandinformativeintroductionofteaculture,includingitsprofoundhistory,itsrichvariety,andtheexquisitecraftsmanshipofmakingteawiththeirinterestgreatlysparked,Ithenbegantoteachthemhowtomaketea.
Inordertodeliveraclearpresentation,Islowlyexplainedthetraditionalprocedureofmakingteaindetail.Absorbedineverymoveofmine,theforeignstudentswereonceagainamazedbythisuniquecultureandtheycouldn'thelptakingpicturesfromtimetotime.
NextcamethemomentwhenIaskedthemtohaveatrythemselves.Washingtheteapots,addingtealeaves,andpouringwaterintothecups,theyfollowedmyinstructionsandwerereallyimmersedincharmingteaculture.Theteahousewitnessedareallyenjoyabletimeforallofus.
Attheendoftheactivity,holdingtheteabagsinourhands,wetookapicturetomemorizetheunforgettableday.Itsuddenlyhitmethattraditionalcultureliketeaculturewasofgreatcharmandhugevalue.AndIswelledwithpridetospreadourownculturetopeopleallovertheworld.《高中英語語法大全》第01章
名
詞
一、概說名詞是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名稱的詞,如boy
男孩,mother
母親,news
消息,progress
進(jìn)步,computer
計算機,Tom
湯姆,Paris
巴黎,Japan
日本,furniture
家具,等。名詞根據(jù)其詞匯意義,通常分為專有名詞和普通名詞。專有名詞主要指人、地方、組織、機構(gòu)等的專有的名稱,專有名詞的第一個字母通常大寫,如Mary
瑪麗,MrGreen
格林先生,Beijing
北京,等;普通名詞通常指人、物、概念等的一般名稱。根據(jù)普通名詞的語法性質(zhì),它又可以細(xì)為個體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、集合名詞和抽象名詞四類:個體名詞表示人或物的個體,如girl
女孩,pen
鋼筆,等;物質(zhì)名詞表示無法分為個體的實物,如wood
木頭,meat
肉,等;集合名詞表示若干個體組成的集合體,如:family
家庭,crowd
人群,等;抽象名詞表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情等抽象概念,如work
工作,happiness
幸福,等。二、名詞的數(shù)1.
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法(1)
在一般情況下,加詞尾
-s:book/books
書pen/pens
鋼筆face/faces
臉(2)
以
s,x,z,sh,ch
等結(jié)尾的名詞,通常加詞尾
-es:bus/buses
公共汽車box/boxes
盒子dish/dishes
盤子注:有些以
ch
結(jié)尾的名詞,由于其發(fā)音不是
[k]
而是
[tf],那么其復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)加詞尾
–s,如stomach/stomachs
胃。(3)
以y
結(jié)尾的名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成要分兩種情況:以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,將
y
改為
ies;以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,直接加詞尾s:city/cities
城市boy/boys
男孩key/keys
鑰匙注:以
y
結(jié)尾的專有名詞,若在某些特殊情況下需要復(fù)數(shù),通常加
s
構(gòu)成:Mary/Marys
瑪麗Germany/Germanys
德國(4)
以
o
結(jié)尾的名詞,有些加詞尾
-s,有些加
-es,有些加
-s
或
-es
均可:piano/pianos
鋼琴tomato/tomatoes
西紅柿zero/zero(e)s
零注:有人對英語中所有以o結(jié)尾的名詞作了統(tǒng)計,一共近200個,其中絕大部分的復(fù)數(shù)形式通過加詞尾-s構(gòu)成,少數(shù)加詞尾
es。在中學(xué)英語范圍內(nèi),加詞尾
es
的主要有以下4個:tomato
西紅柿,potato
土豆,hero
英雄,Negro
黑人(5)
以
f
或
fe
結(jié)尾的名詞,也有兩種可能:即有些直接加詞尾-s,有些則把
f/fe
改為
ves:chief/chiefs
首領(lǐng)roof/roofs
屋頂
knife/knives
小刀注:在中學(xué)英語范圍內(nèi),要改
f/fe
為
ves
的只有以下10個詞(它們都是日常生活中的常用詞):wife妻子,life
生命,knife
小刀,leaf
樹葉,thief
賊,half
一半,self
自己,shelf
架子,loaf
面包,wolf
狼。另外,中學(xué)英語中的handkerchief(手帕)一詞的復(fù)數(shù)有兩種形式:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,但在現(xiàn)代英語中,以用
handkerchiefs
為多見。2.
單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)同形式的名詞。中學(xué)英語中主要的有:sheep
綿羊,fish
魚,deer
鹿,Chinese
中國人,Japanese
日本人,Portuguese
葡萄牙人,Swiss
瑞士人,aircraft
飛行器,means
方法,series
系列,head(牛等的)頭數(shù),works
工廠,等。注:fish
有時也用
fishes
這樣的復(fù)數(shù)形式,尤其表示種類時;head
若不是牲口的“頭數(shù)”,而是表示“人的頭”或“人數(shù)”,則要用
heads
這樣的復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.
不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。有的名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時,沒有一定的規(guī)則:man/men
男人woman/women
女人
child/children
小孩tooth/teeth
牙齒
foot/feet
腳
goose/geese
鵝mouse/mice
老鼠ox/oxen
公牛注:(1)
一些以
man,woman
結(jié)尾的合成詞,在構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)與
man,woman
的變化形式相同,如:policeman/policemen
警察,gentleman/gentlemen
紳士,Englishman/Englishmen
英國人,等等。但是
human(人),German(德國人)不是合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)不能仿
man
的變化規(guī)律,而是按規(guī)則變化,即用
humans,Germans。(2)
foot表示“英尺”時,其復(fù)數(shù)可以有兩種形式
feet/foot,如:Heisaboutsixfeet/foottall.
他大約6英尺高。4.
復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。通常是將其主要名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù):passer-by/passers-by
過路人
shoe-maker/shoe-makers鞋匠looker-on/lookers-on
旁觀者on-looker/on-lookers旁觀者father-in-law/fathers-in-law
岳父若沒有主要名詞,則通常在最后一個詞加s:go-between/go-betweens
中間人,媒人
know-all/know-alls
萬事通注:由man/woman用于另一名詞前構(gòu)成的合成名詞,兩者均變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù):mandoctor/mendoctors
男醫(yī)生
womanwriter/womenwriters
女作家5.
字母、文字、數(shù)字、符號等的復(fù)數(shù)形式。原則上加詞尾
-’s:Therearetwoi'sintheword“skiing”skiing.
這個詞里有兩個字母i。Mindyourp’sandq’s.
要謹(jǐn)言慎行。Allthe–’sshouldbechangedto+’s.
所有的正號應(yīng)改為負(fù)號。若不至于發(fā)生混淆,也可只加詞尾
s。如:Hewasborninthe1930(')s.
他出生在20世紀(jì)30年代。Your3(')slooklike8(')s.
你寫的3看起來像似8。6.
度量衡單位的縮寫詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。一般不加詞尾-s:m(meter,meters)
米km(kilometer,kilometers)
千米kg(kilogramme,kilogrammes)
千克cm(centimeter,centimeters)
厘米有的縮寫詞也加
s:hr(hours)/hrs(hours)
小時No(number)/Nos(Numbers)
號碼有個別縮寫詞采用重復(fù)最后一個字母的方式構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式:p.10(page10)
第10頁pp.10(pages10through15)
第10至15頁7.
名詞的可數(shù)性。名詞根據(jù)其可數(shù)性,可分為可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。一般說來,個體名詞和大部分集合名詞是可數(shù)的;而專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞以及少部分集合名詞則通常是不可數(shù)的。但是這種區(qū)分只是大致的,原則性的,并不是絕對的。英語有些名詞往往既是可數(shù)也可以是不可數(shù)的:A:Wouldyoulikeacake?
要吃塊蛋糕嗎?B:No,Idon'tlikecake.
不吃,我不喜歡吃蛋糕。以上第一句用
acake,這是把
cake
視為一塊一塊的“蛋糕”,所以它是可數(shù)的;而第二句只用
cake,這是把它當(dāng)作物質(zhì)名詞看待,
所以它成了不可數(shù)名詞。下面我們按照名詞的不同類別,分別討論名詞的可數(shù)性問題。(1)
專有名
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