詞的生成1-前綴

詞的生成Ⅰ.Affixation(詞綴)Ⅱ.Compound(復(fù)合)Ⅲ.Conversion(轉(zhuǎn)化)Ⅳ.Blending(縮合)Ⅰ.Affixation(詞綴)詞綴法分為詞尾法(inflexion)和派生法(derivation)。詞尾法(inflexion)是指詞尾有表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)、格、第三人稱單數(shù)、動詞時態(tài)的后綴以及有表示形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的后綴。詞尾法是為了限定某詞的語法功能而添加詞綴或改變詞形。如books,boxes,father’s,working,worked,does,harder,hardest等Derivation-派生法派生法（derivation）,即由一個詞根加上前綴或后綴,構(gòu)成另一個單詞的構(gòu)詞法。在詞根上加后綴或前綴構(gòu)成的新詞，叫派生詞。添加在詞根前面的構(gòu)成部分叫前綴(prefix),它一般不改變原詞的詞性,只改變其詞義。如:happy+前綴un→unhappy

但able+前綴en→enable(改變了詞性和詞義)body+前綴em→embody(改變了詞性和詞義)添加在詞根后面的構(gòu)成部分叫后綴(suffix),它改變了原詞的詞性,有時也改變其詞義。

如：happy+后綴-ly→happilycare+后綴less→careless(改變了詞性和詞義)派生法—前綴(prefixes)的種類

1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴.2.表示“時間、序列關(guān)系”的前綴.3.表示“數(shù)字”的前綴.4.動詞化的前綴.5.表示“屬性”的前綴.6.表示“空間、位置”的前綴.7.表示“程度”的前綴.8.表“共同關(guān)系”的前綴.9.其他前綴.1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴.anti-contra-counter-de-dis-il-im-in-ir-mal-mis-non-pseudo-un-1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴:⑴anti-①Against②Oppositeof例詞anti-colonial（反殖民主義的）antimissile反導(dǎo)彈antisocial反社會的antimagnetic防磁的anti-aging=describessubstancesthatareintendedtopreventorlimittheprocessofbecomingoldanti-lockbrakes=stopthewheelsofavehiclelockingifyouhavetostopsuddenly,andsomakethevehicleeasiertocontrolLackofantifreezeisamajorcauseofhighwaybreakdowns.1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴

⑵Contra-⑶counter-⑵Contra-Contra=oppositeoragainstContradictioncontranatural

⑶counter-①Oppositecounteraction反作用；counteract抵抗；counterattack反攻；counterclockwise逆時針的

②correspondingcounterpart對手，副本；1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴:⑷de-de-1.showinganoppositeE.g:destruction破壞Decentralize(分散)Iwasinvolvedindecodingenemydocuments.

Everydaytheenvironmentisfurtherdegradedbytoxicwastes.(degrade=spoil)1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴:⑷de-2toremove,togetridofdefrost=todefrosttherefrigerator(=removelayersoficefromit)desalt除去鹽分3toreduceLastyearMexicowasforcedtodevaluethepeso.AfterrelocatingtoBritainwe'llneedafewdaysofftodecompress.(減壓)

1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴:⑸dis-,

⑹il-,⑺im-,⑻in-,⑼ir-⑸dis-notdisadvantagedisagreedisorderdisappear⑹il-(usedbeforel)notillegalillogicalilliterateillimitable⑺im-(usedbeforeb,m,p)notimbalanceimmoralimpossibleimpolite⑻in-notincapableinhumaninjusticeindirectinformal⑼ir-(usedbeforer)notirregular不規(guī)則的irrational不合理的

irrelative無關(guān)的irresolute無決斷力的

irrefutable無可反駁的

1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴:

⑽mal-⑾mis-⑽

mal-badorbadlyMalfunction(機(jī)器)失靈,出現(xiàn)故障malcontent不滿的malpractice不法行為malnutrition營養(yǎng)不良⑾mis-badorbadly;wrongorwronglyMisbehave行為不當(dāng)Mishandle處理不當(dāng)

Miscomprehension誤解MisleadIwasunderthemisapprehensionthatthecoursewasforcompletebeginners.

She'ssufferedagooddealofmisfortuneovertheyears.

1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴:⑿non-⑿non-notNon-alcoholic不含酒精nonsenseNon-compliance違反

Non-attendance缺席Gandhiwasanexponent(倡導(dǎo)者)ofnon-violentprotest.Let'sgetatableinthenon-smokingarea.Thesebottlesarenon-returnable(=cannotbetakenbacktoashoptobeusedagain).

1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴:⒀Pseudo-⒀Pseudo-notgenuine;falseorpretended(假的,冒牌的)pseudo-Christianity偽基督教pseudo-intellectual假知識分子pseudoscience偽科學(xué)Shewritesunderapseudonym(假名,筆名).Therebelchiefusesthepseudonym‘Tigrillo’.

1.表示“否定或反義”的前綴:⒁un-⒁un-①

not;theoppositeofunableunconsciouslyuntruthWhenIaminvolvedinreadingagoodnovel,Iamtotallyunawareoftheworldaroundme.Unofficialestimatesputthefigureatovertwomillion.

②

(inverbsthatdescribetheoppositeofaprocess)unbuttonuncoverundressIkeepworryingthatI'veleftthegaragedoorunlocked.

It'sverydifficulttoundothedamage

that'scausedbyinadequateparentinginachild'searlyyears.(=removeeffects)2.表示“時間、序列關(guān)系”的前綴

.⑴ex-formerex-presidentex-premierex-wife

另：ex-out“Inhaleasyouloweryourhead,"calledouttheexerciseinstructor,“andexhaleasyoudothesit-up.”Myuncleisn’taverygoodbusinessman.HeoncetriedtoexportricetoChinaandperfumetoFrance.⑵fore－inadvance,beforeforesight,foretell,forehead,forefather祖先⑶mid－middlemidnight,mid-summer,mid-autumn⑷post－afterpostwar,postgraduatepostposition(后置詞)2.表示“時間、序列關(guān)系”的前綴.⑸pre-Inadvance,beforeprehistoryprewarpre-election(大選前)premaritalcounselingpreseasontraining(賽季前的訓(xùn)練)Peoplewhobelieveinfatethinkourlivesaremainlypredeterminedandwethereforecan’tdomuchtochangethings.Iliketogettothetheaterintimetoseethepreviewsofcomingmovies.表示“時間、序列關(guān)系”的前綴.⑹re－again

review,retell,rewrite,rebuildrearrangeTenminuteslatershereappearedfromthestoreroomholdingthepaint.Reheatedcoffeetasteslikemud.Myauntboughtahousethatwasinpoorcondition,fixeditup,andthenresolditforaprofit.3.表示數(shù)字的常用前綴⑴semi-Half;partlysemiautomatic半自動的；semimechanized半機(jī)械化的Semicircle半圓Semi-final半決賽⑵mono-One;single

monomotor單發(fā)動機(jī)；monoplane單翼飛機(jī)monosyllable(單音節(jié)詞)3.表示數(shù)字的常用前綴⑶uni-One;single

unipolar單極的；unicellular單細(xì)胞的：

uniaxial單軸的；unilateralism單邊主義⑷bi-Two;twicedouble

bimetalic雙金屬的；bimotor雙發(fā)動機(jī)；

biweekly雙周(刊)；

biplane雙翼飛機(jī)3.表示數(shù)字的常用前綴⑸tri-threetriangle三角形；tripod三角架；

triple三倍的；tricar三輪車⑹centi-Hundredthpartofaunit

centimetre厘米centilitre厘升⑺kilo-thousandKilowatt千瓦；kilometer千米；kilogram(me)公斤⑻multi-manyMulti-colored顏色多樣的，Multi-national多民族的multilateral多邊的；Belleismultilingual–shespeaksEnglish,FrenchandChinese.Oursisamultiracialneighborhood.Infact,theareaattractspeoplewhowanttheirchildrentogrowupamongmanyraces.⑼poly-manyPolyclinic綜合診所；

polyatomic多原子的；

Polysyllable(多音節(jié)詞)4.動詞常用前綴be-

⑴be-totreatasthestatedthing;tomake;tobecomebelittle使縮小，貶低

Thoughshehadspenthoursfixingthecomputer,hebelittledherefforts.Stopbelittlingyourself-yourworkishighlyvalued.befall降臨Shouldanyharmbefallmeonmyjourney,youmayopenthisletter.

befriend友好相待tobefriendlytowardssomeone:Hewasbefriendedbyanoldlady.

befool欺騙bemoan:tocomplainorexpresssadnessaboutsomething.Researchersatuniversitiesarealwaysbemoaningtheirlackoffunds.動詞常用前綴em-⑵em-Tocausetobecomeembody體現(xiàn)；embrace擁抱；

empower使……能；Thisamendmentempowersthepresidenttodeclareanemergencyforawiderangeofreasons.動詞常用前綴:en⑶en-tocausetobecome,tomakeendangerencourageenjoyenvision

5.表示“屬性”的前綴.⑴macro-large;onalargescale

macroworld宏觀世界；macroclimate大氣候marcoeconomics⑵mini-small，littleminiskirt超短裙；minibus小公共汽車；⑶micro-extremelysmall微

microwave微波；microscope顯微鏡；

microbus微型公共汽車；⑷auto-Byoneselfautomate使自動化；autonomy自治,自治權(quán)；

autoignite自燃；6.表示“空間、位置”的前綴.⑴cross-across,goingbetweencross-country橫跨全國的crossbreed使雜交

cross-culturalcross-curricular跨課程的⑵inter-between；among；onewithoronanotherinterpersonal人與人之間的，internal內(nèi)部的，

international國際的；interconnect使互相聯(lián)系⑶intra-Insideintramolecular分子內(nèi)部的；intracellulor細(xì)胞內(nèi)部的；intrapersonal個人內(nèi)心的6.表示“空間、位置”的前綴⑷sub-Undersubwaysubmerge沉沒subterranean地下的⑸tele－atoroveralongdistancetelescope望遠(yuǎn)鏡；teleswitch搖控開關(guān)

telephone,telegram,telegraph⑹trans-across;fromoneplacetoanothertransoceanic橫渡大洋的；transnormal超出常規(guī)的：

transcentury（跨世紀(jì)）transnational（跨國的）6.表示“空間、位置”的前綴⑺out-(innounsandadjectives)outside;outward;awayfromoutside,outdooroutwardoutboardoutbuildings附屬建筑物outpatientclinic門診部Manyofthepupilstravelinbybusfromoutlyingareas.(outlying邊遠(yuǎn)的)Thistelephoneshouldbeusedforoutgoingcalls.Shewasalwayscheerfulandoutgoing.

6.表示“空間、位置”的前綴⑻over-aboveoverhead,overbridge天橋,overcoatoverlook=toprovideaviewof,especiallyfromaboveOurbalconyoverlookstheriver.Webookedaroomwithawindowoverlookingthepiazza.6.表示“空間、位置”的前綴⑼under-belowunderseaunderline,underground,underwaterunderwear內(nèi)衣

7.表示“程度”的前綴.⑴by-lessimportantbyroad輔路byway小道

bypass旁路bywork副業(yè)Buttermilkisaby-productofmakingbutter.Anewroadnowbypassesthetown.7.表示“程度”的前綴.⑵sub-,Below,lessthan;Sub-zerotemperature(零下)Subtropical(亞熱帶)substandard低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的；7.表示“程度”的前綴.⑶under-toolittleunderprepared準(zhǔn)備不足的underestimate對…估計不足

Theinfluenceofthemediashouldneverbeunderestimated.

Shehadatendencytounderestimateherson'spotential.

undervalue

→

Educationiscurrentlyundervaluedinthiscountry.Hebelieveshishousehasbeenundervalue7.表示“程度”的前綴.⑷out-(inverbs)greater,better,further,longer,etc.thanoutnumberoutwitoutgrowoutliveMyseven-year-oldhadnewshoesinAprilandhe'salreadyoutgrownthem(=hisfeethavegrowntoolargeforthem).Thecompanyoutgrew(=becametoolargefor)itsofficespace.

Theadvantagesfaroutweigh

thedisadvantages.(outweigh=tobegreaterormoreimportantthansth

)Therisksarevastlyoutweighedbythepotentialbenefits.Heoutlivedhiswifebythreeyears.Themachinehadoutliveditsusefulness(=wasnolongeruseful).Inthestory,thecunningfoxoutwitsthehunters.7.表示“程度”的前綴.⑸over-=toomuchoversleepoverconfidentovereat（暴食）

overwork（工作過度)Tomwassorrytohaveoverreactedtothecriticismofhisclassmates⑹vice-nexti