企業(yè)組織形式

企業(yè)組織形式Chapter3ORGANIZINGANDFINANCINGANEWVENTURE

ENTREPRENEURIALFINANCE

2Chapter3:LearningObjectivesDescribetheproprietorship,partnership,&corporateformsofbusinessIdentifyalimitedliabilitycompany(LLC)Describethebenefits,risks,&basictaxaspectsofvariousorganizationalformsDiscusstheuseofpatents&tradesecretstoprotectintellectualproperty3Chapter3:LearningObjectives(continued)Discusstheuseoftrademarks©rightstoprotectintellectualpropertyDescribehowconfidentialdisclosureagreements&employmentcontractsareusedtoprotectintellectualpropertyrightsExplainhowfinancingisobtainedviafinancialbootstrapping&throughbusinessangels4FormsofBusinessOrganization

企業(yè)組織形式Proprietorships（獨資企業(yè)）Partnerships（合資企業(yè)）GeneralLimitedCorporations（股份公司）CcorporationsS(orSubchapterS)corporationsLimitedLiabilityCompanies(LLCs)（有限責任公司）5Proprietorships獨資企業(yè)Proprietorship:獨資企業(yè)定義 businessventureownedbyanindividualwhoispersonallyliablefortheventure’sliabilitiesUnlimitedliability: personalobligationtopayaventure’sliabilitiesnotcoveredbytheventure’sassets6Partnerships合伙（資）企業(yè)Partnership:合伙（資）企業(yè)定義 businessventureownedbytwoormoreindividualswhoarejointlyandpersonallyliablefortheventure’sliabilitiesJointLiability: legalactiontreatsallpartnersequallyasagroup7Partnerships(continued)

合伙（資）企業(yè)JointandSeveralLiability: allowssubsetsofpartnerstobetheobjectoflegalactionrelatedtothepartnershipLimitedPartnership: limitslimitedpartnerliabilitiesinapartnershiptotheamountoftheirequitycapitalcontributiontothepartnership8Corporations股份制公司Corporation:股份制公司定義 alegalentitythatseparatespersonalassetsoftheowners(shareholders)fromthefirm’sassetsLimitedLiability: creditorscanseizethecorporation’sassetsbuthavenorecourseagainsttheshareholders’personalassetsCorporateCharter:股份制公司章程 legaldocumentthatestablishesthecorporationSCorporation:小股份制公司 provideslimitedliabilityforshareholderspluscorporateincomeistaxedlikepersonalincometotheshareholders9LimitedLiabilityCompanies(LLCs)有限責任制公司LimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC):有限責任制公司定義 abusinessorganizationownedby“members”(shareholders)withlimitedliabilityMajorIncentiveforOrganizingasanLLCearningscanbetaxedatthepersonalincometaxratesofthemembers10BasesforComparingVariousBusinessOrganizationalForms

各類企業(yè)組織形式比較基數NumberofOwners&EaseofStartup（企業(yè)所有者數量及是否容易組建）InvestorLiability（投資者的償債責任）EquityCapitalSources（股權資本來源）FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership（企業(yè)的生命周期與所有權的流動性）Taxation（企業(yè)所得稅）11NumberofOwners&EaseofStartup企業(yè)所有者數量及是否容易組建Proprietorshipone;lowtime&legalcostsPartnership(general)twoormore;moderatetime&legalcostsLimitedPartnershiponeormoregeneral&oneormorelimitedpartners;moderatetime&legalcosts12NumberofOwners&EaseofStartup(continued)

企業(yè)所有者數量及是否容易組建Corporation(C)oneormore,withnolimit;hightime&legalcostsS(SubchapterS)Corporationlessthan75owners;hightime&legalcosts

LimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)oneormore,withnolimit;hightime&legalcosts13InvestorLiability投資者的償債責任ProprietorshipunlimitedPartnership(general)unlimited(joint&severalliability)LimitedPartnershiplimitedpartners’liabilitylimitedtotheirinvestments14InvestorLiability(continued)

投資者的償債責任Corporation(C)limitedtoshareholders’investmentsS(SubchapterS)Corporationlimitedtoshareholders’investmentsLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)limitedtoowners’investments15EquityCapitalSources

股權資本來源ProprietorshipownerPartnership(general)partners,families,&friendsLimitedPartnershipgeneralandlimitedpartners16EquityCapitalSources(continued)股權資本來源Corporation(C)ventureinvestors&commonshareholdersS(SubchapterS)Corporationventureinvestors&SubchapterSinvestorsLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)ventureinvestors&equityofferingstoowners17FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership

企業(yè)的生命周期與所有權的流動性Partnershiplifedeterminedbyowner;oftendifficulttotransferownershipPartnership(general)lifedeterminedbypartners;oftendifficulttotransferownershipLimitedPartnershiplifedeterminedbygeneralpartner;oftendifficulttotransferownership18FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership(continued)Corporation(C)unlimitedlife;usuallyeasytotransferownershipS(SubchapterS)Corporationunlimitedlife;oftendifficulttotransferownershipLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)lifesetbyowners;oftendifficulttotransferownership19Taxation公司所得稅ProprietorshippersonaltaxratePartnership(general)personaltaxratesLimitedPartnershippersonaltaxrates20Taxation(continued)公司所得稅Corporation(C)corporatetaxation;dividendssubjecttopersonaltaxratesS(SubchapterS)Corporationincomeflowstoshareholders;taxedatpersonaltaxratesLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)incomeflowstoowners;taxedatpersonaltaxrates21WhatisIntellectualProperty?

什么是知識產權？IntellectualProperty:知識產權定義

aventure’sintangibleassetsandhumancapitalandincludesinventionsandinnovationsthatcanbeprotectedfrombeingfreelyusedorcopiedbyothers22ProtectingValuable

IntangibleAssets

無形資產的保護措施ThereareFourFormsofProtection:Patents專利TradeSecrets商業(yè)秘密Trademarks商標Copyrights版權23IntellectualPropertyProtectionMethods:BasicDefinitionsPatents:(專利）

intellectualpropertyrightsgrantedforinventionsthatareuseful,novel,andnon-obviousTradeSecrets:（商業(yè)秘密） intellectualpropertyrightsintheformofinventionsandinformationnotgenerallyknowntoothersthatconveyeconomicadvantagestotheholders24IntellectualPropertyProtectionMethods:BasicDefinitions(cont’d)Trademarks:（商標）

intellectualpropertyrightsthatallowfirmstodifferentiatetheirproducts&servicesthroughtheuseofuniquemarksCopyrights:（版權） intellectualpropertyrightstowritingsinwrittenandelectronicallystoredforms25PatentBasics專利基礎知識Intellectualpropertyrightsgrantedforinventionsthatare“useful,”“novel,”and“non-obvious.”“創(chuàng)新的”、“非顯而易見”。PatentsaregrantedbytheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficePatentlawisverycomplex(youneedtohireapatentapplicationsspecialistlawyer)26FourKindsofPatents:四種類型的專利1.

UtilityPatents:實用專利 covermechanicalorgeneralinventions,chemicalinventions,&electricalinventions2. DesignPatents:外觀設計專利

coverthe“appearance”ofitems(e.g.,sportsuniforms,electronicproducts,&autos)3. PlantPatents:植物專利 protectdiscoveriesofasexualreproductionmethodsofnewplantvarieties保護無性繁殖方法發(fā)現(xiàn)的新植物品種4. BusinessMethodPatents:商業(yè)模式（方法）專利 protectspecificwaysofdoingbusinessandtheunderlyingcomputercodesandtechnology. 27UtilityPatents:BasicInformation

實用專利基本信息AnewideabyitselfcannotbepatentedTheideamustbepartofaninventionthathasa“physicalform”suchasaproductThephysicalformalsocanexistasasequenceofstepscontainedinaprocessorthedeliveryofaservice28UtilityPatents:ApplicationProcess實用專利：申請程序DeveloporconceiveaninventionPrepare(you,oraregisteredpatentattorneyonyourbehalf)apatentapplicationFiletheapplicationinU.S.Patent&TrademarkOfficeIfsuccessful,theutilitypatentlifewillbe20years(priortomid-1995thelifewas17years)29UtilityPatents:ProvisionalPatentApplication臨時專利申請Beginninginmid-1995,inventorswerepermittedtofileaprovisionalapplicationFilingdatescanbeestablishedmorequickly&atlowercosts,&smallentitiesarechargedlowerfilingfeesAllowstheinventortousetheterm“patentpending”ontheinventionHowever,patentrights&protectionoccuronlywhenapatentisissued30ProvisionalPatentApplicationRequirements&Conditions

臨時專利申請的要求與條件Aninventiontitle,theinventor’sname,residence,&addressforcorrespondenceClearlywrittendescriptionand“drawings”Apersonskilledintheartoftheinvention’sareashouldbeabletouseorpracticetheinventionHasalifeof12months&willbeabandonedunlessaregularpatentapplicationisfiled31RegularPatentApplicationRequirements常規(guī)專利申請要求Adetailedwrittendescriptionoftheinvention&detaileddrawingsofhowtheinventionworksOneormoreclaimsjustifyingwhytheinventionshouldbepatentedInventormustindicatethe“bestuse”ormethodofpracticingorcarryingouttheinvention32WhyMightYourPatentApplicationbeRejected?Forapatentapplicationtobeaccepted,theinventionmustbe:Useful有用 theinventioncannotjust“donothing”Novel新創(chuàng) theinventionwasnotpreviouslyproduced,describedinapublication,orpatentedNon-Obvious“非顯而易見” inventionshouldbe“non-obvious”toapersonwithordinaryskillsintheartoftheinvention’sareaorsubject33WhyMightYourPatentApplicationbeRejected(cont’d)?Timingoffilingtheapplicationmustbefiledwithinoneyearoffirstintroductiontothepublicinthefuture,itmaybenecessarytofilepriortoanypublicdisclosureoruse34WhatDoesHavingaPatentdofortheInventor?ThegovernmentdoesnotenforceyourrightsTheburdenofenforcingthepatentlieswiththeinventorandenforcementcanbecostlyRecordsindicatethatoverone-halfofpatentinfringementsuitstakentocourtarenotupheldonbehalfoftheinventor35TradeSecrets商業(yè)秘密Tradesecrets:intellectualpropertyrightsintheformofinventions&information(e.g.,formulas,processes,customerlists,etc.)Tradesecretsarenotgenerallyknowntoothers&conveyeconomicadvantagestotheholders36TradeSecrets(continued)WhyConsiderProtectionasaTradeSecretinsteadofasaPatent?tradesecretlawcansometimesprotectinventionsthatdidnotqualifyforpatentssomeinventorswanttoavoidthedetaileddisclosurerequiredbytheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficetherearenotimerestrictionsontradesecrets(incontrasttopatents)OtherMethods37TradeSecrets(continued)WhatareDrawbacksofSeekingProtectionunderTradeSecretsLaw?尋求商業(yè)秘密法律保護的缺陷是什么？thereisnoformalprocedureforobtainingprotectionasatradesecretprotectionisestablishedbythesecret’scharacteristics&effortstoprotectitholdersdonothaveexclusive“rights”towhatcomprisesthesecret(someonecouldindependentlyreplicatethesecret)OtherMethods38Trademarks商標WhatareTrademarks?Intellectualpropertyrightsthatallowfirmsorotherstodifferentiatetheirproducts&servicesthroughtheuseofunique“marks”Marksallowconsumerstoeasilyidentifythesource&qualityofproducts/services39Trademarks(continued)商標Mosttrademarkstaketheformofnames,words,orgraphicdesignsTrademarksalsocanbeontheshapeofpackages,colors,odors,&soundsTrademarksarethemostvaluableformofintellectualpropertyformanyfirmsAtrademarkshouldbesuggestiveof(butnotdescribe)aproductorproductline

40Trademarks(continued)商標HowdoYouObtainorDiscloseaTrademark(or?)?noformalgovernmentprocedureexistsforestablishingatrademarkownershipisestablishedbybeingfirsttousethemarkonproductsatrademarkcanbelostifthemarkbecomesagenerictermorlabel(e.g.,“aspirin”or“cellophane”)41Trademarks(continued)商標HowdoYouRegisteraTrademark?atrademarkcanberegisteredinindividualstatesorwiththeU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficeafederal